De bello Gallico with GDD
Author: Iulius Caesar
Date: 2014-07-27T17:42:14+00:00
Keywords: Latin
Publisher: A.S.Drury

De bello Gallico C. Julius Caesar

Editor T. Rice Holmes, 1914

Perseus Project, Tufts University

Principal Gregory Crane

Text prepared under the supervision of: Lisa Cerrato William Merrill Elli Mylonas David Smith DAS

Including annotations from J. B. Greenough, Benjamin L. D'Ooge, M. Grant Daniell, Commentary on Caesar's Gallic War. Boston. Ginn and Company. 1898.

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I. COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS
II. COMMENTARIUS SECUNDUS
III. COMMENTARIUS TERTIUS
IV. COMMENTARIUS QUARTUS
V. COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS
VI. COMMENTARIUS SEXTUS
VII. COMMENTARIUS SEPTIMUS
VIII. COMMENTARIUS OCTAVUS

I COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS

I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4 I.5 I.6 I.7 I.8 I.9 I.10 I.11 I.12 I.13 I.14 I.15 I.16 I.17 I.18 I.19 I.20 I.21 I.22 I.23 I.24 I.25 I.26 I.27 I.28 I.29 I.30 I.31 I.32 I.33 I.34 I.35 I.36 I.37 I.38 I.39 I.40 I.41 I.42 I.43 I.44 I.45 I.46 I.47 I.48 I.49 I.50 I.51 I.52 I.53 I.54

I.1. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. [2] Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. [3] Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, [4] proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. [5] [Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. [6] Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. [7] Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.]

I.1.1. Gallia : that is, Transalpine Gaul, excluding the Roman province ( Provincia ) in the southeast, as well as Gallia Cisalpina, now northern Italy. It occupied the territory of France, including the country to the Rhine boundary, with most of the Netherlands and Switzerland (see Map, Fig. 2 ). omnis (predicate), as a whole. est divisa , is divided: the adjective use of the participle, not the perfect passive ( § 495 (291. b) ; B. 337. 2 ; G. 250. R. 2 ; H. 640. 3 (550. N. 2) H-B. 320. iii. ) unam : sc. partem.

I.1.2. incolunt : in translation (not in reading the Latin to make out the sense), change the voice to the passive in order to preserve the emphasis in the English idiom. It is well to acquire the habit of making such changes. The natural English form would be: of which one is inhabited by the Belgians, etc., but the Latin uses the active voice. The moment you find an accusative beginning a sentence, if it seems from its meaning to be a direct object, you can at once think of it as a subject in the nominative (at the same time noticing that the Latin does not make it such). The verb can then be instantly thought of as a passive and the subject as agent. This inversion is so common in Latin for purposes of rhetoric that such a device is a very helpful one, and if properly used from the start need not obscure the Latin construction. The Latin plays upon the position of words to produce all sorts of shades of rhetorical expression, and it is never too early to observe these shades and try to render them in our own idiom. Belgae : probably of the Cymric branch of the Celtic race, allied to the Britons and the modern Welsh; they inhabited the modern Belgium and northern France, and were considerably mixed with Germans (see Bk. ii. ch. 1 ). Aquitani : of the Spanish Iberians (the modern Basques), inhabiting the districts of the southwest (see Bk. iii. ch. 20 ). aliam : here alteram would be more usual, as meaning the second in the list. qui ... appellantur : notice that in Latin any relative may suggest its own antecedent, as with the indefinite relative (whoever) in English. In English we have to supply a demonstrative (those) who. So here tertiam qui = tertiam partem ei incolunt , qui (see § 307. c (200. c) ; B. 251. 1 ; G. 619 ; H. 399. 4 (445. 6) ; H-B. 284. 1. ). ipsorum , etc.: notice that the position of words is so significant in Latin, through its indicated emphasis, that it may allow words to be omitted which must be supplied in the thought. In this case the English idiom is the same: in their own tongue ... in ours.

I.1.3. Celtae : probably of the Gaelic branch, represented by the Irish and the Highland Scotch. linguā : ABL of specification ( § 418 (253) ; B. 226 ; G. 397 ; H. 480 (424) ); H-B. 441 .

I.1.4a. differunt . The language of the Aquitani was Basque; of the Gauls proper, Celtic; of the Belgians, another dialect of Celtic mixed with German.

I.1.4b. inter se = from one another: the preposition inter may be used to show any reciprocal relation ( § 301. f (196. f) ; B. 245 ; G. 221 H. 502. 1 (448. N. ; H-B. 266 )). Gallos : see note on incolunt , l. 2.

I.1.5. dividit : the verb is singular, because the two rivers make one boundary ( § 317. b (205. b) ; B. 255. 3 ; G. 211. R. 1 ; H. 392. 4 (463. II. 3) ; H-B. 331. 3 ).

I.1.6. horum : part. gen. with fortissimi ( § 346. a (216. a) ; B. 201. 1 ; G. 372 ; H. 442 (397. 3) ; H-B. 346 ). propterea quod , because; lit. because of this, that, etc. The difference between this and the simple quod is only one of greater emphasis almost as strong as and the reason is or and it is because.

I.1.7. cultu , civilization, as shown by outward signs, dress and habits of life. humanitate , refinement, of mind or feeling. provinciae : the province of Gallia Narbonensis, organized about B.C. 120. Its chief cities were Massilia ( Marseilles ), an old Greek free city, and the capital, Narbo ( Narbonne ), a Roman colony. The name Provincia has come down to us in the modern Provence.

I.1.8. mercatores : these were traders or peddlers, mostly from the seaport of Massilia; they traveled with pack-horses, mules, and wagons. A very common article of traffic, as with our Indian traders, was intoxicating drinks, wines from the southern coast; which, especially, as Caesar says, "tend to debauch the character." These people, it is said, would give the traders a boy for a jar of wine. commeant : this verb means, especially, to go back and forth in the way of traffic. The main line of trade lay across the country, by the river Liger ( Loire ). ea : object of important , referring to the luxuries of civilization.

I.1.9. effeminandos : § 506 (300) ; B. 339. 2 ; G. 427 ; H. 628 (544). ; H-B. 612. iii. proximi : notice how the three superlatives, longissime , minime , and proximi , are arranged. After the emphatic idea of cultu , etc., is completed, the superlatives begin each its own phrase.

I.1.10. Germanis : dat. with an adjective of nearness ( § 384 (234. a) ; B. 192. 1 ; G. 359 ; H. 434. 2 (391. 1) ; H-B. 362. iii ). trans Rhenum : the Rhine was, in general, the boundary between the Gauls and the Germans, and has so remained till modern times. continenter (adverb from the participle of contineo , hold together ), incessantly; strictly, without any interruption. The pupil should begin at once to notice the way in which words develop into groups expressing the same idea in the forms of the various parts of speech. See p. 449 .

I.1.11. qua de causa , and for this reason ( § 308. f (180. f) ; B. 251. 6 ; G. 610 ; H. 510 (453) ; H-B. 284. 8 ): referring back to proximi , etc., and further explained by quod ... contendunt. Helvetii : here, it will be noticed, reckoned as Gauls. quoque : i.e. just as the Belgians.

I.1.12. reliquos , the rest of: § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; G. 291. R. 2 ; H. 497. 4 (440. 2, N. 1, 2) ; H-B. 346. c ; notice the emphasis of position; the others as opposed to the Helvetii. virtute , not virtue, but courage; for construction, see note on lingua , l. 3 . praecedunt , excel; lit. go ahead of.

I.1.13. proeliis : ABL of means; finibus : ABL of separation. cum prohibent , while they keep them off ( pro-habeo ).

I.1.14. ipsi (emphatic), themselves, the Helvetians; eos and eorum refer to the Germans.

I.2.1. eorum una pars , one division of them (the Gauls or Celts), the people being identified with the country. quam ... dictum est , which, it has been [already] said, the Gauls hold. Notice that in direct discourse it would be Galli obtinent: the subject NOM is changed to ACC, and the IND to the INF after the verb of saying, dictum est ( § 561. a (272. R. 2) ; B. 330 ; G. 527 ; H. 613. 2 (535. 1) ; H-B. 534. 1 , 590. 12 ). Here quam is the object and Gallos the subject of obtinere; while the clause is the subject of dictum est ( § 560, 561, 566. b (329, 330, a. 2) ; B. 330 ; G. 528 ; H. 615 (538) ; H-B. 238 , 590. 1. a ). obtinere ( ob-teneo ), not obtain, but occupy; strictly, hold against all claimants. Ob in composition almost always has the sense of opposing or coming in the way of something. This is one of the many words which have entirely changed their meaning in their descent from the Latin. Always be on your guard against rendering Latin words by the English one corresponding. Obtineo does not mean obtain, nor occupo occupy. The corresponding word is often suggestive as a guide to the meaning, but must not be used without careful examination.

I.2.3. ab Sequanis , on the side of, etc., regarded from the point of view of the Province; a very common use of ab ( § 429. b (260. b) ; G. 390. 2. N. 6 ; H. 490 (434. 1) ; H-B. 406. 2 ).

I.2.4. vergit , etc., slopes to the North; the highlands ( Cevennes ) are along the southern boundary, and the rivers in that quarter flow in their main course northerly. septentriones ( septem triones, "the seven plough-oxen"): i.e. the constellations of the Great and Little Bear. The word is used both in the singular, as below, and in the plural, as here.

I.2.5. Galliae : i.e. Celtic Gaul, the country just described, not Gallia omnis.

I.2.6. spectant : i.e. considered from the Province, it lies in that direction.

I.2.8. ad Hispaniam , next to Spain, i.e. the Bay of Biscay ( § 428. d (259. f) ; H. 420. 1 (433. 1) ).

I.2.9. spectat : cf. spectant above. inter occasum , etc., northwest, i.e. from the Province.

I.2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: [2] perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. [3] Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. [4] His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; [5] qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. [6] Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

a. I.2.11. nobilissimus , of highest birth. Popular revolutions had, among the Gauls as among the Greeks and Romans. mostly dispossessed the old chiefs, or kings; and they had established an annual magistrate called Vergobret ( ch. 16 ). But the heads of the ruling families would naturally be ambitious to recover what they could of the old class power and Orgetorix is represented as aspiring to create a monarchy in Gaul.

b. I.2.12. M. = Marco. Always read and translate these names without abbreviation. Messala , etc.: this was B.C. 61, three years before Caesar's first campaign in Gaul. This construction of consulibus (ABL absolute, § 419. a (255 and a) ; B. 227. 1 ; G. 409, 410 ; H. 489 and 1 (431 and 2) ; H-B. 421. 1 ) was the usual way of denoting the year; not so formal in English as while Messala and Piso were consuls, but merely in the consulship of.

c. I.2.13a. cupiditate : ABL of means ( § 409 (248. c) ; B. 218 ; G. 401 ; H. 476 (420) ; H-B. 423 ). coniurationem , a league sworn to fidelity by oath ( iuro ). nobilitatis : from the account given in ch. 4 , we see how immense was the class power still held by the nobles, and why they would naturally join in such a combination.

d. I.2.13b. civitati persuasit : § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 1 (385. ii) ; H-B. 362. ftn. 3. and 1. ; the direct object of persuasit is the clause ut ... exirent ( § 563 (331) ; B. 295. 1 ; G. 546 ; H. 564. i (498) ; H-B. 502 ); translate the latter by the infinitive according to the English idiom. Votes were easily "persuaded" by such means as Orgetorix possessed. For the sequence of tenses in exirent , see § 484 (286. R.) ; B. 267 ; G. 510 ; H. 545. ii. 1 (493. 1) ; H-B. 476 ; and for the plu., see § 280. a (182. a) ; B. 254. 4 ; G. 211. R. I ; H. 389 (636. IV. 4) ; H-B. 325 .

e. I.2.15. perfacile (predicate with esse , while its subject is the INF clause with potiri , § 289. d (189. d) ; G. 422. 3 ; H. 394. 4 (438. 3) ; H-B. 325. b ), showing that it was quite easy, since they exceeded all men in valor, to win the empire of all Gaul. esse : indir. disc., depending on some word implied in persuasit ( § 580. a (336. 2. N.2) ; B. 314. 2 ; G. 546. R. I, 649. R. 2 ; H. 642. 1 (523. 1. N) ; cf. H-B. 534. 1. a .). Notice that the Latin has the power of putting various dependent clauses after a single verb. Here the idea of persuading takes the thing that was to be done in an ut clause. The facts of which they were persuaded take the indir. disc. Careful attention to this usage will make many difficult passages easy. It is not the verb used, but the meaning, that decides the construction. cum praestarent : SUB after cum meaning since, § 549 (326) ; B. 286. 2 ; G. 586 ; H. 598 (517) ; H-B. 526 .

f. I.2.16. imperio : § 410 (249) ; B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 477 (421) ; H-B. 429 .

g. I.2.17. hoc facilius , all the easier: originally degree of difference, as in all ablatives with comparative; but hardly different in sense from the ABL of cause ( § 404 (245) ; B. 219 ; G. 408 ; H. 475 (416) ; H-B. 424. a ). id : object of persuasit ( § 369 (227. f) ; B. 176. 2. a ; G. 345 ; H. 426. 6 (384. 2) ; H-B. 364. 4 ): we should say, persuaded them of it. Usually with persuadere the dat. and ACC are both used only when the latter is a pronoun. loci natura , by the nature of the country.

h. I.2.18. una ex parte , on one side: cf. ab Sequanis above , so undique , on (lit. from ) all sides; hinc , on this side, etc. The effect on the senses is supposed to come from the direction referred to. latissimo , very broad.

i. I.2.19. qui takes its gender not from flumine , but from Rheno ( § 306 (199) ; B. 250. 3 ; G. 614. 3. b ; H. 396. 2 (445. 4) ; H-B. 326 ).

j. I.2.23. his rebus , etc.: lit. from these things it was coming about that they roamed about less widely and could less easily make war, etc. But this is obviously not an English mode of thought, nor a form which any English-speaking person would ever naturally use. So here, as always, you must see from this clumsy expression what is meant and then express it in the natural vernacular, something like, from all this they were getting less free to wander, and having less opportunity to make war, etc. Several other ways of expressing this may be imagined. One of the greatest advantages of classical study is to set the mind free from forms, and bring into prominence the possibility of saying the same thing in fundamentally different ways. fiebat : the imperfect expresses the continued effect of the causes ( § 470 (277) ; B. 260. 1 ; G. 231 ; H. 534 (468, 469) ; H-B. 468. 2 ); the subject of fiebat is the clause ut ... possent ( § 569 (332. a) ; B. 297. 2 , cf. 284. 1 ; G. 553. 3, 4 ; H. 571. 1 (501. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a ).

k. I.2.24. qua ex parte : here 'in which respect' hardly differs from 'from which cause.' homines (a sort of apposition) = being (as they were) men eager for war.

l. I.3.1. bellandi : § 349. a (218. a) ; B. 338. 1. b ; G. 374. 5 ; H. 626, 451. 1. (542. 1, 399. i. 1.) ; H-B. 612. 1 adficiebantur = afficiebantur : for the assimilation of consonants, see § 16 (11) ; B. 8. 4 ; G. 9 ; H. 374. 2 (344. 5) ; H-B. 51. 2 . In this edition the unchanged form of the preposition is usually preferred. pro , in proportion to; cf. our force of for.

m. I.3.2. multitudine : their numbers, including some small dependent populations, were 368,000 (see ch. 29 ).

n. I.3.3. angustos finīs = too narrow limits. So in English such words often suggest a negative idea; cf. a 'scant pattern.'

o. I.3.4. milia passuum miles (1000 paces), the regular way of stating this measure, milia being ACC of extent of space, and passuum part. gen. The passus was the stretch from heel to heel, i.e. from where one heel is raised mille passuum ) was about 400 feet less than ours; it measures the distance which a soldier would march in a thousand double paces. CCXL = ducenta quadraginta. Always give the Latin words for numerals in reading the text.

p. I.3.5. patebant : throughout the latter part of this chapter notice the use of the imperfect of description or general statement, compared with the perfect of simple narrative in persuasit above and constituerunt , etc., below. This distinction is very marked in Latin, and must always be noticed, though not always translated. Our progressive imperfect is much more limited in its use than the Latin imperfect. But the latter always describes a situation and never advances the narrative of occurrences.

I.3. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. [2] Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. [3] Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; [4] itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. [5] Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: [6] non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. [7] Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.

I.3.7. quae pertinerent : dependent clause in indir. disc. ( § 592. 3 (341. d) ; B. 323 ; G. 628 ; H. 649. i (528. 1) ; H-B. 535. 1 and a ) The mood shows that its clause expresses not the writer's statement, but that of the speaker or actor or some other person concerned. Always bear in mind that Caesar uses the subjunctive to express something different from the indicative, whether you can find the technical rule for it or not. comparare ... confirmare : these infinitives correspond exactly with our idiom to prepare, etc., but the same meaning is oftener expressed by a subjunctive clause with ut ( § 457 (271. a) ; B. 328. 1 ; G. 423 ; H. 607. 1 (533. i. 1) ; H-B. 586. e ).

I.3.8. iumentorum , beasts of burden; properly, yoke-animals (kindred with iungo , join, and iugum , yoke ); carrorum , a Celtic word, two-wheeled carts. See Fig. 56, p. 94 . quam maximum , as great as possible ( § 291. c (93. b) ; 321 (207) ; B. 240. 3 ; B. 177. 3 G. 303 ; H. 159. 2 (170. 2) ; B. 241. 4 ).

I.3.9. coëmere ... facere ... confirmare : notice that the Latin more easily dispenses with connectives than we do.

I.3.11. conficiendas , completing: con in composition may mean together; or, as here, may be simply intensive (cf. do a thing up ). This word is shown to be a gerundive by having a noun with which it agrees. Cf. proficiscendum , 3 7 , where there is no noun ( § 503 (296) ; B. 339. 2 ; G. 427 ; H. 623 (544. 1) ; H-B. 613. 1 ).

I.3.13. lege : probably a resolution passed in a public assembly, which is what a Roman would understand by lex.

I.3.12. in tertium annum confirmant , fix for the third year.

I.3.14. sibi suscepit , took on himself (for construction, see § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376 ). Observe the force of sub , as if he put his shoulders under the load.

I.3.15. civitatīs , clans, such as the Haedui, Sequani,etc., each constituting a commonwealth ( civitas ), about 60 in all. Their territory had no local name, but was known only by that of the clan, which was sovereign and wholly independent, except for voluntary alliances (see ch. 30 ). The name Gallia itself as was said of Italy a few years ago was only "a geographical expression," implying no united political sovereignty. persuadet , prevails on: suadet would be, simply, urges.

I.3.16. filio, Sequano : appositives with Castico .

I.3.17. obtinuerat , had held: see note on obtineo , 2 1 . The pluperfect implies that he had held it formerly, but had been ousted by some popular movement.

I.3.18. amicus : an honorary title given by the Roman Senate to friendly powers ( § 283 (185) ; 284 (185) ; 393. a (239. 1. N. 2) ; B. 168. 2. b ; G. 206 ; H. 393. 8 (362. 2, 2) ; H-B. 319. ii 392. b. ). ut ... occuparet , to lay hands on. This clause is the object of persuadet ( § 563 (331) ; B. 295. 1 G. 546 ; H. 565 (498. ii) ; H-B. 502. 3. a ); for the sequence of tenses, see § 485. e (287. e) ; B. 268. 3 ; G. 511. R. 1 ; H. 546 (495. ii) ; H-B. 491. 2 ;in English it would be expressed by the INF regnum : here, not hereditary authority, but personal rule, what the Greeks called tyranny.

I.3.19. quod : the relative. ante : i.e. before the popular movement. Dumnorigi (dat. after persuadet ): Dumnorix, a younger brother, restless, ambitious, and strongly attached to the old aristocracy of the clan; therefore a bitter enemy of the Roman supremacy. He afterwards headed a desertion of Caesar's cavalry, just before the second invasion of Britain, but was pursued and killed ( Bk. v. ch. 6 ). It is implied that in the popular movement Dumnorix had come into prominence. It must be borne in mind that the personal rule of a chief ( regnum ) was an entirely different thing from the prominence ( principatum ) which one man or another might have in the national councils, as the latter had no constitutional or official power.

I.3.20. Diviciaci : this Haeduan chief was of the order of Druids (see pp. 165. 168 ); he had been in Rome, where he made the acquaintance of Cicero and other eminent Romans. He was thoroughly impressed with the power andsuperiority of the Romans, and was a faithful friend and ally of Caesar. Theparty of Druids, represented by Diviciacus and Liscus ( ch. 16 ), was in a manner the popular party, strong especially in the large towns; it was opposed to the old clan feeling kept up for ambitious purposes by military or tribal chiefs ( principes ), such as Orgetorix and Dumnorix. The former, or popular party, was headed by the Haedui; the latter, or aristocratic, by the Sequani and Arverni. The Druids were a religious or priestly order, jealous of the aristocracy ( equites ) of the tribe or clan, which latter Bk. vi. chs. 12-17 ). A knowledge of this division helps to clear up many of the events of Caesar's campaigns. In fact, Gaul was conquered by the strategy underlying the maxim "divide et impera." qui : i.e. Dumnorix. The regular rule is that the relative should refer to the last person named. But this in all languages is often overborne by the prominence of some preceding person. principatum , highest rank, as distinct from political power (see above).

I.3.21. plebi acceptus , a favorite with the people (acceptable to the people). ut idem conaretur : i.e. put down the constitutional authority, and establish a rule of military chiefs. The expression here is a striking example of the tendency of the Latin to say things by verbs which we say by nouns; Lat. attempt the same thing, Eng. make the same attempt.

I.3.23. perfacile factu ( § 510 N. (303. R.) ; B. 340. 2 ; G. 436. N. 1 ; H. 635 (547) ; H-B. 619. 1 ): in predicate agreement with conata perficere ,which is subject of esse ,depending on probat. illis probat , undertakes to show them, i.e. to Casticus and Dumnorix (conative present, § 467 (276. b ) ; B. 259. 2. ; G. 227. N. 2 ; H. 530 (467. 6) ; H-B. 484 ). propterea quod : see note on 1 6.

I.3.24. ipse , etc., i.e. and so they could count on him for a powerful ally. non esse dubium quin , there was no doubt (he said) that: here esse is INF of indir. disc.; for the construction of quin , see § 558. a (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. 1 (504. 3. 2.) ; H-B. 521. 3. b For purposes of analysis we may consider the quin clause a, subject of esse , and dubium as a predicate adjective in the neuter to agree with the subject.

I.3.25. Galliae : part. gen. with plurimum ; § 346. a (216. a. 2) ; B. 201. 1 ; G. 372 ; H. 442 (397. 3) ; H-B. 346 .

I.3.26. se suis : begin as soon as possible to master the use of the reflexive in Latin, to which we have nothing that exactly corresponds in English. Our forms with self are emphatic and not ordinarily reflexive. The forms of se and suus refer (without emphasis) to the subject of their clauses, and in indir. disc. to the speaker. They take the place of an I or mine of the direct. Where no ambiguity would arise in English translate them by he and his. In case of ambiguity some device must be used to avoid it. Here there is an emphasis on se , but it comes from position. regna : translate by the singular. To a Roman each man's power would be a separate regnum , hence the plural here. conciliaturum : sc. esse , which is often omitted with the fut. INF

I.4.1. oratione , plea , or argument (abl. of means). fidem et ius iurandum : i.e. assurance confirmed by oath (hendiadys; § 640 (385) ; B. 374. 4 ; G. 698 ; H. 751. 3. N. 1 (636. iii. 2) ; H-B. 631. 5 ).

I.4.2. regno occupato (ABL absolute, expressing condition, § 419. 4, 521. a (255. 4, 310. a) ; B. 227. 2. b ; G. 409, 593. 2 ; H. 489. 1, 638. 2 (431. 2, 549. 2) ; H-B. 421. 6, 578. 6 ), in case they should get in their hands the royal power = si occupaverimus in the direct. per tres populos : i.e. Helvetii, Haedui, and Sequani; a league between these, they hope, will secure their power over all Gaul. firmissimos , most stable.

I.4.3. Galliae : governed by potiri ( § 410. a (249. a) ; B. 212. 2 ; G. 407. ; H. 458. 3 (410. v. 3) ; H-B. 353 ).— posse : equivalent to a fut. INF ( § 584. b ; B. 270. 3 G. 248. R. ; H. 618. 1 (537. N. 1) ; H-B. 472. d ).

I.4. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. [2] Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. [3] Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; [4] neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.

a. I.4.4. ea res , this (i.e. the conspiracy). The word res is constantly used in Latin where we use some more specific word in English, as action, fact, event, estate, etc., according to the passage. The conduct of Orgetorix was treated as criminal because, though the Helvetians were prepared to emigrate in a body and subdue the rest of Gaul, they would not give to Orgetorix the power thus acquired. moribus suis , according to their custom (abl. of spec. § 418. a and N (253. N.) ; B. 220. 3 ; G. 397 ; H. 475. 3 (416) ; H-B. 441, cf. 414 and a. ).

b. I.4.5. ex vinculis , out of chains, i.e. (standing) in chains; a Latin idiom; cf. ex equo , on horseback. causam dicere : a technical expression for being brought to trial. damnatum (sc. eum , object of sequi ), if condemned = si damnatus esset. The Latin may almost always omit a pronoun of reference, if there is a participle or adjective to show what its form would be if expressed. (In this sentence the subject of oportebat is the clause damnatum ... sequi; the subject of sequi is poenam; and ut ... cremaretur is in apposition with poenam , defining the punishment; § 562. 1, 571. c (329. 2, 332. f) ; B. 294, cf. 297. 3 G. 557 ; H. 571. 4 (501. iii) ; H-B. 502. 3. a. N ). Translate, he was doomed, if condemned, to be burned by fire; lit. it must needs be that the penalty should overtake him condemned of being burned with fire. (For the ABL in i , see § 76. b. 1 (57. b. 1) ; B. 38 ; G. 57. 2 ; H. 102. 4 (62. iv) ; H-B. 88. 2. c . This form is often used by Caesar and earlier writers.)

c. I.4.7. die constituta , on the day appointed ( § 423 (256) ; B. 230 ; G. 393 ; H. 486 (429) ; H-B. 439 ): for the gender of die , see § 97 (30. a, 73) ; B. 53 ; G. 64 ; H. 135 (123). ; H-B. 101 causae dictionis , for the trial (it would be more usual to say dicendae ); dictionis depends on die , and causae is the objective gen. after dictionis.

d. I.4.8. familiam , clansmen : by Roman use this would mean slaves ; but it is more probable that it here means all who bore his name or regarded him as their chief. ad (adv.) ... decem milia (in apposition with familiam ), to [the number of] ten thousand.

e. I.4.9. clientīs , retainers : volunteer or adopted followers. obaeratos , debtors , the only class of slaves that seems to have been known in Gaul; see Bk. vi. ch. 13.

f. I.4.10. eodem : an adverb. per eos , by their means ( § 405. b (246. b) ; G. 401 ; H. 468. 3 (415. i. 1, N. 1) ; H-B. 380. d ). ne ... diceret : a purpose clause.

g. I.4.12. cum ... conaretur , when the state attempted. The force of the SUB here cannot easily be made apparent in translation, and may be disregarded as too subtle for this stage of the pupil's advancement. It is perfectly manifest, however, and can be learned later. See § 546 (323) ; B. 288. 1. b ; G. 585 ; H. 600, ii. 1 (521. II. 2) ; H-B. 524
h. I.4.15. quin ... consciverit ( conscisco ), that he decreed death to himself (his own death), i.e. committed suicide. The construction of the clause is analagous to that with non dubito , etc.; see § 558 (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555. 2 ; H. 595. 1 (504. 3. 2.) ; H-B. 521. 3. b Observe that ipse , self, agrees in Latin rather with the subject; not, as in English, with the object.

I.5. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. [2] Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; [3] frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.

a. I.4.16. nihilo minus (often written in one word, as in English), nevertheless. constituerant , had resolved: observe the pluperfect, as following not a real but a historical present.

b. I.4.17. ut ... exeant , in apposition with id : as we should say, "namely, to go forth." Clauses thus used in apposition with a noun or pronoun take the form required by the verb on which the appositional word depends. Here facere would take a result clause with ut , and so this clause has that form. ubi arbitrati sunt , when they judged: observe the regular use of the perfect IND with ubi, postquam , etc., and cf. cum ... conaretur above ( § 543 (324) ; B. 287. 1 ; G. 561 ; H. 602 (518 N. 1) ; H-B. 557 ).

c. I.4.18. rem , enterprise ; cf. note on ea res , l. 4. oppida , towns , fortified and capable of defence.

d. I.4.19. vicos , villages , i.e. groups of houses about a single spot. The villages and houses were burned; partly to cut off hope of return, partly to prevent their being occupied by the Germans. ad : cf. l. 8 above . reliqua , etc.: i.e. isolated farmhouses not collected in villages.

e. I.4.21. portaturi erant = intended to carry : § 194. a (129) ; B. 115 ; G. 247 ; H. 2236 (233) ; H-B. 162 domum : following the verbal noun reditionis ( § 427. 2 (258. b) ; B. 182. 1. b ; G. 337 ; H. 419. 1 (380. 2, 1) ; H-B. 450. b ).

f. I.4.23. molita cibaria = meal. Food for 368,000 people (cf. 26 10 ) for three months required five or six thousand wagons and about twenty-five thousand draught animals. This would make a line of march of over thirty miles. domo : § 427. 1 (258. a) ; B. 229. 1. b ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462. 4 (412. ii. 1) ; H-B. 451. a .

g. I.5.1. Rauracis , etc. ( § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 2 (385, ii) ; H-B. 362 and 1 ): German tribes from the banks of the Rhine.

h. I.5.2. uti : the older form for ut , common in Caesar. eodem usi consilio , adopting the same plan : § 410 (249) ; B. 218. 1 ; G. 407. N. 3 ; H. 477 (421. 1.) ; H-B. 429 una cum eis , along with them. The use of eis avoids ambiguity, though secum would be more regular, referring to the subject of the main clause; cf. note on se , 3 26. oppidis ... exustis , having burned , etc. ( § 493. 2 (113. c. N.) ; B. 356. 2. b ; G. 410. R. 1 ; H. 640. 4 (550. N. 4) ; H-B. 602. 1 ).

i. I.5.3. Boios (from whom the name Bohemia is derived): a Celtic tribe, whom the great German advance had cut off from their kinspeople towards the west, and who were now wandering homeless, some of them within the limits of Gaul.

j. I.5.4. Noricum , etc., now eastern Bavaria and upper Austria oppugnarant = oppugnaverant : § 181. a (128. a) ; B. 116. 1 ; G. 131. 1 ; H. 238 (235). ; H-B. 163
k. I.5.5. receptos ... adsciscunt : in English, in a sentence like this, we should use a separate verb instead of the participle ( § 496. N (292. R.) ; B. 337. 2 ; G. 664. R. I ; H. 639 (549. 5) ; H-B. 604. 1 ). Translate, they receive the Boii into their own number ( ad se ), and vote them in as their allies. They do not merely unite with them, but incorporate them into their own body as a homeless people.

I.6. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; [2] alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. [3] Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.

a. I.5.6. erant omnino , there were in all , i.e. only. itinera, itineribus : observe the form of this relative sentence, common in Caesar, which gives the antecedent noun in both clauses. It is usually omitted in one or the other; in English, almost always in the relative clause; in Latin, quite as often in the other ( § 307 (200) ; B. 251. 3 ; G. 615 ; H. 399. 5 (455. 8) ; H-B. 284. 4 ).

b. I.5.7. possent : SUB in a relative clause of characteristic ( § 535 (320) ; B. 283 ; G. 631. 1 ; H. 591. 1 (503. 1) ; H-B. 521. 1 ), i.e. not merely 'by which they could,' but 'of the sort by which they could.' In such clauses, which describe something by its qualities, the SUB is regular in Latin. Sequanos : i.e. the region now called Franche Comté , north of the Rhone.

c. I.5.8. inter ... Rhodanum : the pass now guarded by the Fort l'Ecluse , about nineteen Roman (seventeen and a half English) miles below Geneva (see note on 7 13 ). The Rhone at this part was the boundary of the Roman province. The choice was either to cross the river and go through the country held by the Romans, or to proceed along its northern bank through the friendly Sequani. vix qua , etc., where carts could scarcely be hauled in single file ( § 137. a (95. a) ; B. 81. 4. a ; G. 97 ; H. 164. 1 (174. 2, 1) ; H-B. 133 ). See Fig. 55, p. 94 .

d. I.5.9. ducerentur : the same 'characteristic SUB' as in possent. The distinction is one that we rarely express in English; but a little study will make it appear in most cases. autem = then again.

e. I.6.1. possent : § 537 (319) ; B. 284. 1 ; G. 552 ; H. 570 (500. ii). ; H-B. 521. 2 .

f. I.6.2. multo facilius ( cf. nihilo minus , 4 16 ): much easier in itself; but it required them to crush the Roman legion at Geneva, and force their way through about fifty miles of territory occupied by the Roman arms. propterea quod : see note on 1 6 .

g. I.6.3. nuper pacati erant : a rebellion "of despair" (B.C. 61) had been subdued by C. Pomptinus.

h. I.6.4. locis : loc. ABL ( § 429. 2 (258. f) ; B. 228. 1. b ; G. 385. N. 1 ; H. 485. 1 (425. ii. 2) ; H-B. 436 ). vado : by ford ( wading , vadendo ). The bed of the Rhone must have changed somewhat since Caesar's time. There is now but one ford between Geneva and the Pas-de-l'Ecluse.

i. I.6.8. sese persuasuros [esse] (notice that in the fut. INF, used in indir. disc., esse is usually omitted (cf. conciliaturum , 3 26 ); in dir. disc. we should have persuadebimus ), they thought they should persuade; its object is Allobrogibus (cf. Rauracis , etc., 5 1 ). bono animo = well disposed ( § 415 (251) ; B. 224. 1 ; G. 400 ; H. 473. 2 (419. ii) ; H-B. 443 ): five years before, their envoys in Rome had intrigued with Catiline's agents, whom they at length betrayed (see Cicero, Cat. iii. ch. 9 ).

j. I.6.9. viderentur : § 580 (336. 2) ; B. 314. 1 ; G. 650 ; H. 643 (524) ; H-B. 535. 2 .

k. I.6.10. eos : again the demonstrative to avoid ambiguity; see note on eis , 5 2 . paterentur : the SUB with ut is the regular form of object clause after all verbs of commanding, inducing, and the like ( § 563 (331) ; B. 295. 1 ; G. 546 ; H. 564. 1 (498. ii) ; H-B. 502. 3. a ).

l. I.6.11. diem ... die : cf. itinera ... itineribus , 5 6 and note .

m. I.6.12. convenient the SUB is used because diem dicunt has the force of a command. The indict would mean 'on which they do assemble' ; this means 'on which they should. ' Technically, the clause is a purpose clause ( § 529 (317) ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 544. ii ; H. 590 (497. 1) ; H-B. 502. 2 ). a. d. v. Kal. Apr. ( ante diem quintum Kalendas Aprilīs ): nominally March 28 ( § 631, 424. g (376, 259. e) ; B. 371 and 6, 372 ; G. App. ; H. 754, 755 (642-644) ; H-B. 664, 667 ). But the calendar was in a state of great confusion at this time, and till Caesar's reform, twelve years later. L. Pisone , etc.: notice again the regular Roman method of giving dates; see Messala , 2 2 note on . Piso was Caesar's father-in-law.

I.7. Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. [2] Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. [3] Ubi de eius aventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; [4] neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. [5] Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

a. I.6.14. Caesari : the tendency is so strong in Latin to put the most emphatic word first that it is so placed even when the first clause is a dependent one, as here. We should say: Caesar, when it was reported, etc., hastened ; the Latin says: to Caesar, when it was reported, etc. [he] (which in such cases is unnecessary, having already been expressed in a different form) hastened. He was at this time at Rome, having laid down his consulship, preparing to set out for his province. Every consul was entitled to the governorship of a province for one year after his term of office, and, by a special law, Caesar's government (consisting of the three provinces of Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum) had been conferred for a term of five years. The news of the emigration hastened his movements. nuntiatum esset : the same idiomatic use of the SUB with cum as in 4 12 . The relation here, however, is more apparent. The clause gives not the time merely, but the circumstances, 'upon this being,' etc. id , in apposition with eos ... conari (the real subject of nuntiatum esset ), that they were attempting.

b. I.6.15. maturat : travelling, his biographers say, one hundred miles in a day, and reaching the Rhone in a week, according to Plutarch. ab urbe : this word, unless some other place is indicated, always means Rome, THE CITY. Caesar was near, but not in the city, not being permitted to enter it while holding the military authority ( imperium ) of proconsul. Hence he says ab , not ex. proficisci : the so-called complementary INF, used like our own with verbs which require another action to complete their sense.

c. I.6.16. quam maximis potest itineribus ( § 291. c (93. b) ; B. 240. 3 ; G. 303 ; H. 159. 2 (170. 2) ; H-B. 241. 4 ): potest is usual with Caesar in this phrase, which is elliptical. In full it would be tam magnis quam maximis , as great as the greatest , i.e. the greatest possible. ulteriorem : i.e. beyond the Alps. The northern part of modern Italy was still called Gallia Cisalpina , and was a part of Caesar's province.

d. I.6.17. ad = near to, as far as. provinciae (dat. § 369 (227. f) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 1 (385. i) ; H-B. 364. 4 ) imperat : i.e. Transalpine Gaul. Here impero is used in what seems to have been its original meaning, make requisition upon; see vocab.

e. I.6.18. erat omnino : cf. erant omnino , 5 6 and note.

f. I.6.19. legio : the tenth legion, which afterwards became so famous. With reference to the Roman legions, see chapter on military affairs, I. I .

g. I.6.20. rescindi : notice that iubeo and veto , unlike other verbs of commanding and forbidding, take the ACC and the INF
h. I.6.21. certiores facti sunt , were informed (made more certain): a technical expression for official communication or certain information.

i. I.6.23. qui dicerent , who were [instructed] to say : the same construction as qua die convenient above, l. II, see note. Notice the difference between obtinebant who did, etc., and dicerent , who should , etc. Treat your subjunctives according to the sense, and use the rules only to formulate the usages ( § 531 (317) ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 544 ; H. 590 (497. i) ; H-B. 502. 2 )

j. I.6.24. sibi ... liceat : observe carefully the construction of the indir. disc. ( § 584, 585 (336. a, b ) ; B. 317, 318 ; G. 650 ; H. 642-653 (523-531) ; H-B. 534. 1.2 ); in dir. disc. it would be: Careful attention to this construction in the beginning will be amply repaid later. sibi : dat. of possession ( § 373 (231) ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430 (387) ; H-B. 374 ); the subject of esse is the clause iter ... facere , while the whole passage, sibi ... liceat , is the object of dicerent. Render, that they had [it was to them] in mind to march, etc.

k. I.6.26. rogare : of this verb the subject is se , understood (often omitted by Caesar, contrary to the rule), and the object is the object clause ut ... liceat ( § 563 (331) ; B. 295. 1 ; G. 546 and R. I ; H. 565 (498. 1) ; H-B. 530 ). voluntate : ABL in accordance with which ( § 418. a (253. N.) ; B. 220. 3 ; G. 397 ; cf. H. 475. 3 (416) ; H-B. 414. a ).

l. I.7.1. L. Cassium ... occisum [esse]: object of memoria tenebat , as a phrase of knowing ( § 459 (272) ; B. 330 ; G. 527. 2 ; H. 613 (535. i. 1) ; H-B. 589 ). This defeat happened B.C. 107, in the terrible invasion of the Cimbri or Teutons, to whom the Helvetians were joined as allies. "The army of Cassius was one of six swept away by these barbarians."

m. I.7.2. sub iugum , under the yoke (hence the word subjugate ). The jugum was made by sticking two spears in the ground and laying another across them above. To pass under this was equivalent to laying down arms by a modern army.

n. I.7.3. concedendum [esse]: impersonal depending on putabat , thought that no concession should be made ; lit. "that it must not be yielded." homines : subject of temperaturos [esse], depending on existimabat.

o. I.7.4. inimico animo : ABL of quality; cf. bono animo , 6 8 . data facultate : ABL absolute, expressing a condition ( § 496, 521. a (292, 310. a) ; B. 227. 2. b ; G. 593. 2 ; H. 575. 9 (507. 3, N. 7) ; H-B. 421. 6 ); cf. 4 2. faciundi gerundive ( § 504 (297, 298) ; B. 339. 1 ; G. 428 ; H. 626 (544. 1) ; H-B. 612. 1 ).

p. I.7.5. iniuria : not 'injury' in our sense, but 'wrong,' 'outrage.'

q. I.7.6. dum ... convenirent : notice again the purpose expressed in this clause, until the men should , etc. Cf. qua die convenient , 6 12 , and qui dicerent , 6 23 ( § 553 (328) ; B. 293. iii. 2 ; G. 572 ; H. 603. ii. 2 (519. ii. 2) ; cf. H-B. 507. 5 ).

r. I.7.9. reverterentur (subjv. for imperat. § 588 (339) ; B. 316 ; G. 652 ; H. 642 (523. iii) ; H-B. 538 ): in dir. disc.: diem (= time) ad deliberandum sumam; si quid vultis, ad. Id. Apr. revertimini. Note the changes made, and the reasons for them.

I.8. Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. [2] Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. [3] Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim lacere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. [4] Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.

a. I.7.10. ea legione , with that legion (abl. of instrum.). In this sentence observe how all the qualifying clauses come first and the direct objects, murum, fossam , come next before the leading verb perducit ( § 596 and a (343) ; B. 348, 349 ; G. 674 ; H. 664 (560) ; cf. H-B. 623 ); while each relative belongs to the verb which comes next after it unless another relative intervenes, a very convenient rule in analyzing a long and difficult sentence.

b. I.7.13. milia : ACC of extent of space; cf. 3 4 ( § 425 (257) ; B. 181. 1 ; G. 335 ; H. 417 (379) ; H-B. 387 ). decem novem , nineteen : following the windings of the river (see note on 5 8 ). murum : this rampart, or earthwork, was on the south side of the river, leaving the passage undisputed along the northern bank. The banks of the Rhone in this part are generally rugged and steep, with sharp ravines; there are only five short reaches a little over three miles in all requiring defences. The current is in general quite rapid. Some remains of Caesar's works can still be traced, according to the French engineers who surveyed the ground under the orders of Napoleon III. According to Caesar's statement, the work was continuous (this is the meaning of perducit ). This undoubtedly means that, after the five accessible points were strengthened by artificial defences, the entire left bank of the Rhone, from Geneva to Pas-de-l'Ecluse (17 1/2 English miles), formed a continuous barrier against the Helvetians. The construction of any one of the fortifications may be described as follows: Along the crest of the ridge facing the river the slope was cut so as to be vertical, or nearly so, and then a trench was hollowed. The earth dug out was partly thrown up to increase the height of the wall, and quite likely in part thrown down the hill. At all events, it seems probable that the measure of 16 feet is the distance from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the wall. Thus the work formed really little more than a trench with scarp higher than the counterscarp. Then the crest was fortified with a breastwork of palisades, behind which the soldiers were protected while hurling their missiles at the enemy. This entire series of works, with the force at Caesar's command, could not have occupied more than two or three days. See Map, p. 5 .

c. I.7.14. pedum : § 345. b (215. b) ; B. 203. 2 ; G. 365 ; H. 440. 3 (396. V) ; H-B. 355 .

d. I.7.15. castella (lit. "little fortifications"), redoubts . (See treatise on military affairs, V ). In them were stationed guards ( praesidia ). The redoubts were sufficiently numerous so that the guard from one or another could quickly reach any point in the lines that might be threatened. quo facilius ... posset , that he may the more easily: the usual construction where a comparative is to be used; without the comparative it would be ut ... posset ( § 531. a (317. b) ; B. 282. 1. a ; G. 545. 2 ; H. 568. 7 (497. ii. 2) ; H-B. 502. 2 and b ).

e. I.7.16. se invito (ABL absolute), against his will : se is used because this is a part of what Caesar had in his mind ( § 300 (196. a. 2) ; B. 244. ii. a ; G. 521 ; H. 504 (449. 1) ; H-B. 262. 2 ). conarentur ... posset : note the sequence of tenses after the historical presents disponit and communit.

f. I.7.17. ubi ... vēnit : notice the difference between this clause and those above noted with cum and the subj. This one expresses a real time and not circumstance like the others. You cannot render it by "upon the coming" or any similar phrase.

g. I.7.18. negat se ... posse , says he cannot, etc. His words would be: More et exemplo populi Romani non possum iter ulli per provinciam dare; si vim facere conabimini, prohibebo. more et exemplo , according to the custom and precedents : always constituting the ruleof conduct with the conservative Romans.

h. I.7.19. si ... conentur : future condition in indir. disc.; see the direct as given in note to l. 18 .

i. I.7.20. prohibiturum [esse]: sc. sē subject and eōs object. deiecti , cast down : de in composition generally has the meaning down.

j. I.7.22. non numquam , sometimes ( § 326 and a (150 and a) ; B. 347. 2 ; G. 449 and R. 4 ; H. 656. 1 (553. 1) ; H-B. 298. 2 ).

k. I.7.23. si ... possent : practically an indir. quest. ( § 576. a (334. f) ; B. 300. 3 ; G. 601, 460. 1 (b) ; H. 649. ii. 3 (529. II. 1, N. 1) ; H-B. 298. 2 ), depending on conati , trying if (whether) they could break through.

l. I.7.24. conatu : ABL of separation, following destiterunt ( § 400 (243) ; B. 214 ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462 (414) ; H-B. 408. 2 ).

I.9. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant. [2] His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. [3] Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat et quam plurimas civitates suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. [4] Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant.

a. I.8.1. una , emphatic. via , only the way. qua : ABL of the way by which; § 429. a (258. g) ; B. 218. 9 ; G. 389 ; H. 476 (420. i. 3) ; H-B. 426 ). Sequanis invitis (ABL absolute expressing a condition), in case the, etc.

b. I.8.2. sue sponte , by their own influence : a rare meaning of this phrase, which is generally of their own accord.

c. I.8.3. possent cf. note on nuntiatum esset , 6 14 .

d. I.8.4. eo deprecatore (ABL absolute denoting means), by his means as advocate. impetrarent , they might obtain [it]: a purpose clause ( § 531 (317) ; B. 282 ; G. 545 ; H. 568 (497. ii) ; H-B. 502. 2 ).

e. I.8.5. gratiā , personal influence. largitione , lavish gifts and hospitalities : like those of old chiefs of the clan. These words are ablatives of cause ( § 404 (245) ; B. 219 ; G. 408 ; H. 475 (416) ; H-B. 444 ).

f. I.8.7. duxerat this word is used only of the man who marries a wife, i.e. he leads her to his own house.

g. I.8.8. novis rebus (dat. § 368. 3 (227. e. 3) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346. R. 2 ; H. 426. 1 (385. 1) ; H-B. 362. ii ), revolution, change in the government.

h. I.8.9. habere obstrictas , to keep close bound ( § 497. b (292. c) ; B. 337. 6 ; G. 238 ; H. 431. 3 (388. 1. N.) ; H-B. 605. 5 ).

i. I.8.10. impetrat has for object ut ... patiantur ; and perficit, uti ... dent : clauses of result ( § 568 (332) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 553 ; H. 571. 3 (501. ii. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a ).

j. I.8.11. obsides : these were persons of prominence given by one state to another as security for fidelity. If the compact were broken, the hostages, usually children of prominent persons, would be held responsible and punished.

k. I.8.12. ne ... prohibeant ... ut transeant : object clauses of purpose, depending on the idea of agreement implied in obsides ... dent. itinere : ABL of separation; cf. conatu , 7 24 .

I.10. Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. [2] Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae futurum ut homines bellicosos, populi Romani inimicos, locis patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. [3] Ob eas causas ei munitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi legiones conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. [4] Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. Compluribus his proeliis pulsis ab Ocelo, quod est oppidum citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.

a. I.8.14. renuntiatur , word is brought back : i.e. by messengers sent to ascertain, as the prefix re implies; the subject is the clause Helvetiis esse , etc. (see note on 6 24 ).

b. I.8.15. Santonum : a people north of the Garonne, on the Bay of Biscay. This is so far from the borders of the province as to show that Caesar was only searching for a pretext. But the conquest of Gaul was already determined upon, and the warlike Helvetii were too dangerous a people to be allowed to add their strength to that of the present inhabitants.

c. I.8.16. Tolosatium : the people of Tolosa, the modern Toulouse.

d. I.8.17. Id refers to the Helvetii marching into the territory of the Santones. fieret : the SUB of indir. disc. after intellegebat.

e. I.8.18. futurum [esse] ut haberet , etc., it would be to the great peril of the province that it should have , etc. ( § 561. N. 1 (329. N.) ; B. 294 ; G. 506 ; H. 571 (540) ; H-B. 238 ). ut ... haberet : a substantive clause of result used as the subject of futurum [esse] ( § 537, 568 (319, 332. a) ; B. 284. 1, 297. 2 ; G. 553. 4. R. 3 ; H. 571. 1 (501. i. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a ). Caesar's thought would be: 'Id si fiet, magno ... futurum est ut populus Romanus ... habeat.'

f. I.8.19. locis (loc. ABL) patentibus , in an open country : the southwest part of Gaul is a broad river valley, giving easy access to the province.

g. I.8.20. finitimos : predicate, have as neighbors , etc.

h. I.8.21. munitioni praefecit , he put in command of the fortification. Labienum : this was Caesar's best officer, a prominent and influential politician, of strongly democratic sympathies. He served Caesar faithfully through the Gallic wars, but when the civil war broke out he joined what he conceived to be the party of the republic went over to Pompey, and was killed at Munda, B.C. 45.

i. I.8.22. legatum , aide, lieutenant : no English word exactly translates this word. magnis itineribus : cf. quam maximis potest itineribus , 6 16 . It is the usual phrase for forced marches of an army. The ordinary day's march of the Romans was about 15 miles; a magnum iter was from 20 to 25 miles. Italiam probably only into his province of Cisalpine Gaul, but this was already regarded as a part of Italy.

j. I.9.1. Aquileiam : an important Roman colony at the head of the Adriatic. It continued to be the chief port of trade for this region till outgrown by Venice. qua proximum iter : i.e. by way of Turin and Susa, by Mt. Genèvre. Ocelum has been variously identified with Briançon and probably Grenoble.

k. I.9.5. compluribus ... pulsis : the order is interlocked, his agreeing with pulsis § 597. h (344. h) ; B. 350. ii. d .

l. I.9.7. Vocontiorum : this people extended from the Durance to the Isère.

m. I.9.8. Allobrogum : these extended as far south as the Isère, and had possessions north of the Rhone in the sharp angle at St. Didier.

n. I.9.9. Segusiavos : these were west of the Rhone in the region of Lyons and opposite Vienne. They probably extended across the Saône above Lyons, so that Caesar only crossed the Rhone above its junction with the Saône and did not cross the Saône also. He evidently had his camp in the heights above Lyons in the angle of the two rivers. His army amounted to six legions of nearly 25,000 men and an uncertain number of Gallic cavalry. He had doubtless been joined by Labienus with his legion from

I.11. Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. [2] Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: [3] ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi [eorum] in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore quo Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agris non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. [4] Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. [5] Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non expectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus, fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent.

a. I.9.11. iam , by this time. angustias : i.e. the Pas-de-l'Ecluse before described; see Figs. 6 , 7 . The entire train of the Helvetii has been reckoned at 8500 four-horse wagons, extending some 50 miles (cf. note on 4 23 ). The passage must have been extremely slow. They probably followed in the line of the modern railroad as far as Culoz, then to Amberieu and across the plateau des Dombes to the Saône between Lyons and Macon, a distance of nearly a hundred miles. It is calculated that Caesar must have been absent two months in Italy, and the march of the Helvetians probably took about the same time. This would make the time of these events about the latter part of June.

b. I.9.12. Haeduorum : it does not appear that these occupied the left bank of the Saône. But predatory excursions may have been made across the river, and in ch. 12 the Helvetians were engaged in crossing.

c. I.9.13. cum ... possent , not being able, etc.

d. I.9.15. rogatum : supine ( § 509 (302) ; B. 340 ; G. 435 ; H. 633 (546) ; H-B. 618 ). ita se , etc.: in English supply saying or some such word. In Latin, after the idea of speech or thought is suggested, as here by legatos and rogatum , no further expression of saying is necessary. In dir. disc: this would be, "Ita i.e. our services have been such, etc., that we did not deserve to have this happen (as it has). Probably the account is somewhat exaggerated.

e. I.9.16. meritos : "Alone among the Gauls," says Tacitus, "the Haedui claim the name of brotherhood with the Roman people" ( Ann. xi. 25 ). So, also, Cicero calls them fratres nostri.

f. I.9.17. eorum ]: words thus inclosed in brackets are of doubtful authenticity.

g. I.9.18. debuerint : if this were stated not as a result but independently, the form would be perf. IND, implying that the thing had happened contrary to what ought to be. According to the Latin idiom, the same tense is retained in such cases, contrary to the sequence of tenses. See § 485. c. N. 2 (287. c. N.) ; B. 268. 6 ; G. 513 ; H. 550 (495. VI) ; H-B. 478 . The Eng. idiom is that our lands, etc., ought not to have been, etc., putting the past idea into the INF ( § 486. a (288. a) ; B. 270. 2 ; H. 618. 2 (537. 1) ; H-B. 582. 3.a ftn. 2 ). Haedui Ambarri , the Haedui near the Arar (or Saône ), occupying the angle between that river and the Rhone. They were evidently closely akin to the Haedui and were their allies.

h. I.9.19. necessarii , bound by necessitudo , or community of interests of any kind. consanguinei , akin by blood.

i. I.9.20. depopulatis agris ... prohibere : i.e. their lands were already wasted, and it was with difficulty that they could keep off, etc. (see § 496. N. 1 (292. R.) ; B. 337. 2 ; G. 664. R. 1 ; H. 639 (549. 5) ; H-B. 421. 4 ); depopulatis is pass., though from a dep. verb (see § 190. b (135. b) ; B. 112. b ; G. 167. N. 2 ; H. 222. 2 (231. 2) ; H-B. 291. d ).

j. I.9.21. Allobroges : from Culoz the Rhone flows almost south and then makes a very sharp turn to the northwest. It was probably in this angle that the Allobroges overlapped the river.

k. I.9.23. sibi : § 373 (231) ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430 (387) ; H-B. 374 . sŏlum is a noun. nihil esse reliqui (part. gen., a common usage with neut. adjectives, § 346. a. 1 (216. a. 1) ; B. 201. 2 ; G. 369 ; H. 440. 5. N (397. 1) ; H-B. 346 ): i.e. they had nothing left, etc.; the land was completely stripped.

l. I.9.24. non exspectandum [esse]: impers., as this construction is always pass. Translate by the act., He must not ,etc. (see § 374 (232) ; B. 189. 1 ; G. 355, 251. 1 ; H. 302. 7, 431 (301. 2, 388) ; H-B. 373. 1 ).

m. I.9.25. sociorum : the Helvetians would be sure to levy upon the allies of the Romans wherever they found them.

n. I.9.26. Santonos : cf. 8 15 . pervenirent : see § 553 (328) ; B. 293. iii. 2 ; G. 572 ; H. 603. ii. 2 (519. ii. 2) ; H-B. 507. 5 . The SUB is used because of the idea, 'they should come,' technically called purpose.

I.12. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctis transibant. [2] Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. [3] Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgressus magnam partem eorum concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. [4] Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. [5] Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. [6] Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenam persolvit. [7] Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant.

a. I.10.1. flumen , etc., the Arar (Saône) is a river which flows through , etc.; not between , which would be expressed by dividit. The Saône joins the Rhone about seventy-five miles southwest of Lake Geneva.

b. I.10.2. lenitate , sluggish current , ABL of description.

c. I.10.3. in ... fluat , ind. quest., subject of iudicari possit (see § 574. N. (334. N) ; B. 300 ; G. 467 ; H. 649.ii (529. i) ; H-B. 537 ).

d. I.10.4. ratibus , rafts of logs; lintribus , canoes of hollowed logs, joined to make a kind of bridge. transibant : notice the imperf.; they were in the act of crossing.

e. I.10.5. partīs , object of duxisse; flumen governed by trans in composition ( § 395 (239. b) ; B. 179. 1 ; G. 331. R. 1 ; H. 413 (376) ; H-B. 386 ).

f. I.10.7. citra , i.e. on the east side. Ararim : for the ACC in im , see § 74.d, 75. a. 1 (55. d, 56. a. 1 ) ; B. 38.1 ; G. 57. 1 ; H. 102. 2 (62. iii. 1) ; H-B. 88.1 . It is to be noticed that Gallic names were felt by the Romans as Greek, and were treated accordingly. reliquam = relictam : in fact, this adjective is, from its meaning, a kind of participle. de tertia vigilia : the night, from sunset to sunrise, was divided into four equal watches, the third beginning at midnight. This movement took place soon after ( de ) the watch began.

g. I.10.10. eos impeditos , etc.: the emphasis gives a force like 'while these were hampered and not expecting, he engaged them,' etc. In Latin the two sentences are made into one; such telescoping of two coordinate ideas is almost regular in Latin.

h. I.10.11. concīdit : see vocab. mandarunt = mandaverunt ( § 181. a (128. a) ; B. 116. 1 ; G. 131 ; H. 238 (235) ; H-B. 163 ).

i. I.10.12. pagus : this "district" (Tigurinus) was about the modern Zurich. The inhabitants of the pagus probably composed a clan, and formed a division of the force.

j. I.10.15. L. Cassium : see 7 1, 2 .

k. I.10.17. deorum : this reference to a special providence is noticeable in so stern a realist as Caesar, and was possibly for political effect. Yet he often speaks of fortune as powerful in human affairs (cf. Bk. vi. ch. 42 ), and mentions divine omens which accompanied his victory over Pompey ( Bell. Civ. III. 105 ). A disbeliever in the superstitions of his day, he yet seems to acknowledge the presence of a controlling power. quae pars intulerat ... ea persolvit , render that part which , etc. (see § 307. b. N (200. b. N.) ; cf. B. 251. 4 ; G. 620 ; H. 399. 5 (445. 9) ; H-B. 284. 6 )

l. I.10.19. princeps poenas persolvit , was the first to pay the penalty ( § 290 (191) ; B. 239 ; H. 497. 3 (442. N) ; H-B. 243 .), referring to the complete overthrow of the rest later. Punishment was regarded among the ancients, not as suffering to be inflicted, but as of the nature of a fine or penalty to be paid; hence sumere, capere , to inflict , and dare or solvere , to suffer. In 1862 numerous remains hurled in two trenches were discovered near this spot, possibly of those slain in this battle.

m. I.11.1. iniurias , wrongs , not simply damage , as the word came to mean afterwards. From Caesar's point of view, an offensive war against Rome is necessarily wrong.

n. I.11.2. soceri : L. Calpurnius Piso, father of Caesar's wife, Calpurnia (Shakespeare's Calphurnia ), and consul of the present year (see end of ch. 6 ). legatum : notice how carefully titles are given, a matter of military and social etiquette; cf. consulem , 10 15 .

I.13. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut consequi posset, pontem in Arari faciendum curat atque ita exercitum traducit. [2] Helvetii repentino eius adventu commoti cum id quod ipsi diebus XX aegerrime confecerant, ut flumen transirent, illum uno die fecisse intellegerent, legatos ad eum mittunt; cuius legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. [3] Is ita cum Caesare egit: si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in eam partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset; [4] sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii qui flumen transissent suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret. Se ita a patribus maioribusque suis didicisse, ut magis virtute contenderent quam dolo aut insidiis niterentur. [5] Quare ne committeret ut is locus ubi constitissent ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exercitus nomen caperet aut memoriam proderet.

a. I.11.4. reliquas : the emphasis on this word displaces the connective ut , which would naturally stand first in its clause.

b. I.11.5. consequi , overtake (hence the frequent meaning acquire ). pontem faciendum curat , has a bridge made § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b. ; G. 430 ; H. 622 (544. 2. N. 2) ; H-B. 612. iii ). pontem : see chapter on military affairs, VI .

c. I.11.7. cum ... intellegerent ( § 546 (323, 325) ; B. 288. 1. b ; G. 585 ; H. 600. ii. 1 (521. ii. 2) ; H-B. 525 ): cf notes on 4 12 , 6 14 , 7 17 . Here cum may be translated when , but the clause gives the state of mind of the id : object of fecisse.

d. I.11.8. diebus XX , in the course of 20 days ( § 423 (256) ; B. 231 ; G. 393 ; H. 486 (429) ; H-B. 439 ). ut ... transirent : this clause is in app. with id , but, as it is through that app. the object of fecisse , it takes the result construction just as if it depended at once on the verb of effecting; cf. note on 4 17 ; and see § 568 (332) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 553 ; H. 573. 3 (501. ii. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a. N
e. I.11.9. legatos : a participle of lego ( depute ), used as a noun; hence, diplomatically envoy or ambassador , and in military affairs lieutenant.

f. I.11.10. Divico : now an old man, since the battle in which he was commander took place forty-nine years before. It was, of course, a piece of arrogance to send him.

g. I.11.12. si pacem , etc.: Direct — Si pacem p. R. cum Helvetiis This discourse, as well as Caesar's answer, is confused by a partial identification of Caesar and the Roman people. Hence, many of the forms might be either third person as referring to the Roman people, or second or first as addressed to Caesar, or spoken by him. The indirect discourse is found in almost all languages, and each one has its own methods of change from the direct. In English it is regularly introduced by that . This word, however, is often omitted, in which case only the persons and the tenses are changed to fit the new relations. Dependent clauses keep their connectives, but change, like others, their persons and tenses. In long passages, if that is omitted, parenthetical phrases are frequently introduced to keep the connection of the thought, like 'he said,' 'he asked,' 'he urged,' 'he begged.' The passage here may be translated: 'If the Roman people would make peace, etc. (that) the Helvetii would go ... and remain where Caesar should settle them and desire them to be; but if they (the Roman people) should persist in pursuing them, etc., let him remember (he said) (or he begged him to remember), etc. As to the fact that (because) he had attacked, etc., he should 12 8 , num ... posse , 'could they, he asked.'

h. I.11.13. in eam partem ... ubi , to whatever part , i.e. of Gaul. They were not, however, to be turned back from their migration.

i. I.11.15. bello : note the emphatic position as opposed to emphatic pacem , l. 12. reminisceretur , SUB for imperat. of the dir.: he should remember , or let him remember.

j. I.11.16. incommodi , disaster (lit. inconvenience ), a euphemism: cf. "the late unpleasantness" for our civil war; for the government of the gen., see § 350. c (219) ; B. 206. 2 ; G. 376 ; H. 454 (406. ii) ; H-B. 350 .

k. I.11.17. quod : conj., as to the fact that , § 572. a (333. a) ; B. 299. 2 ; G. 525. 2 ; H. 588. 3.N (516. ii. 2, N) ; H-B. 552. 2 . pagum : the Tigurini.

l. I.11.18. suis , to their people ( § 302. d (190. a) ; B. 236. 1 ; G. 204. N. 1 ; H. 494.1 (441. 1) ; H-B. 250. 2. a ).

m. I.11.19. ne tribueret : cf. reminisceretur , l. 15 , he should not ascribe it.

n. I.11.21. contenderent, niterentur : SUB of result. dolo , craft ; insidiis , ambuscade. For these ablatives see § 431 (254. b) ; B. 218. 3 ; G. 401. N. 6 ; H. 476. 3 (425. ii. 1, N) ; H-B. 438. 1 .

o. I.11.22. ne committeret ut , etc.: § 568. N. 1 (332. e) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 553. 1 ; H. 566. 1 (498. ii. N. 2) . ubi constitissent , where they had taken their stand.

I.14. His Caesar ita respondit: eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res quas legati Helvetii commemorassent memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre quo minus merito populi Romani accidissent; [2] qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere; sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret quare timeret neque sine causa timendum putaret. [3] Quod si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod eo invito iter per provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse? [4] Quod sua victoria tam insolenter gloriarentur quodque tam diu se impune iniurias tulisse admirarentur, eodem pertinere. [5] Consuesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. [6] Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, uti ea quae polliceantur facturos intellegat, et si Haeduis de iniuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satis faciunt, sese cum iis pacem esse facturum. [7] Divico respondit: ita Helvetios a maioribus suis institutos esse uti obsides accipere, non dare, consuerint; eius rem populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc responso dato discessit.

a. I.12.1a. eo sibi , etc.: Direct — Eo
b. I.12.1b. eo (cf. quo minus , l. 3 note on ) minus ... dari , he had all the less hesitation. dubitationis : § 346. a. 2 (216. a. 2) ; B. 201. 2 ; G. 369 ; H. 442 (397. 3) ; H-B. 346 .

c. I.12.3. eo gravius ... quo minus ( § 414. a (106. c, 250. R.) ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479 (423) ; H-B. 424 and a ), he was the more incensed ... in that ... not, etc.

d. I.12.4. qui si ... fuisset , now if they (the Roman people) had been.

e. I.12.5. non fuisse (for fuit of dir. disc.): translate as if futurum fuisse , it would not have been; and see § 437. a (264. b, 308. d. N.) ; B. 271. 1. b, 322. b ; G. 597. 3 (a) ; H. 525. 2, 583 (476. 5, 511. 1, N. 3) ; H-B. 582. 3. a. N. 2 . eo deceptum [esse], they had been deceived by this.

f. I.12.6. quare timeret = propter quod , with quicquam for its understood antecedent. The clause stands as subject of commissum [esse], which in turn depends on intellegeret : because they (the Roman people) did not know they had done anything to cause them to fear.

g. I.12.7. quod si ( § 397. a (240. b) ; B. 185. 2 ; G. 333. 1, 610. R. 1 ; H. 510. 9 (453. 6) ; H-B. 388. a ) ... vellet , but if they (or he ) should consent to forget , etc. contumeliae : for construction, cf. incommodi , 11 16 .

h. I.12.8. num ... posse , could they (or he ), he asked , etc. ( § 586 (338) ; B. 315. 2 ; G. 651. R. 1 ; H. 642. 2 (523. ii. 2) ; H-B. 591. a ). The INF is used because the question is not a real one expecting an answer, but a rhetorical one asked for effect, and implying its own answer. Such questions are treated in indir. disc. as declarative sentences. iniuriarum depends on memoriam below.

i. I.12.9. eo invito , against his will ; we should expect se , referring to the subject of posse , but Caesar's mind wavers between himself and the Roman people, so that the pronoun does not exactly refer to the subject.

j. I.12.10. quod ... vexassent is a clause of fact, properly IND ( § 572 (333) ; B. 286 ; G. 525. ; H. 588 (516) ; H-B. 555 ), but SUB by indir. disc.

k. I.12.11. quod : cf. quod , 11 17 note on . sua : i.e. the Helvetians; so se tulisse , that they had committed. quod ... admirarentur : the two quod clauses are used as the subject of pertinere , as for their boasting , etc., and as for their wondering , etc., it tended in the same direction ; i.e. it all belonged together in the divine purpose of exalting them expressly to make the fall more marked. "Divico had not said anything in the way of direct boasting. This eloquent passage was perhaps an answer to his manner, or to the fact that he was the same Divico who had slain Lucius Cassius."

l. I.12.13. consuesse : present in force, § 205. N. 2 (143. c. N.) ; B. 262. a ; G. 175. 5 ; H. 299. 2 (297. i. 2) ; H-B. 487 .

m. I.12.14. quo : cf. note on 7 15 .

n. I.12.15. quos ... his , to grant an interval of prosperity and longer impunity to those whom they wish to punish for their guilt ; the relative clause, as usual, preceding ( § 308. d (201. c) ; G. 620 ; H. 683. 2. N (572. ii. N.) ; H-B. 284. 5 ). Observe the change to primary tenses, when the language of Caesar expresses a general truth.

o. I.12.18. cum , though ( § 549 (326) ; B. 309 ; G. 587 ; H. 598 (515. iii) ; H-B. 526 ). sibi , to him , Caesar.

p. I.12.19. facturos [esse]: sc. eos. Haeduis : dat. after satisfaciant supplied from the next clause, pay damages.

q. I.12.20. ipsis (the Haedui): dat. after intulerint.

r. I.12.22.

s. I.12.24. testem : another allusion to the victory over Cassius.

I.15. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, quem ex omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt; et pauci de nostris cadunt. [2] Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere non numquam et novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere. [3] Ita dies circiter XV iter fecerunt uti inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis milibus passuum interesset.

a. I.13.2. equitatum. Who made up the cavalry? See chapter on military affairs, I. 2.

b. I.13.4. coactum habebat , lit. had collected : more strictly, held (had in hand) after being collected. : § 497. b (292. c) ; B. 337. 7 ; G. 238 ; H. 431. 3 (388. 1. N.) ; H-B. 605. 5 videant : SUB of purpose.

c. I.13.5. faciant : SUB of ind. quest., quas being interrog. cupidius , too eagerly ( § 291. a (93. a) ; B. 240. 1 ; G. 297. 2 ; H. 498 (444. 1) ; H-B. 241. 2 ). novissimum agmen , the rear ; agmen is the army in line of march ( ago ), and its newest part is that which comes along last. See chapter on military affairs, VI.

d. I.13.6. alieno loco , on unfavorable ground ; so suo would be favorable (cf. "one's own ground"). For construction, see § 429 (258. f. 1) ; B. 228. 1. b ; G. 385. N. 1 ; H. 485. 1 (425. ii. 2) ; H-B. 436 .

e. I.13.8. equitibus : ABL of means.

f. I.13.10. novissimo agmine (loc. ABL), at their rear. proelio : ABL of manner or means.

g. I.13.12. satis habebat , held it sufficient. hostem ... prohibere : in a kind of pred. agreement with satis , as object of habebat. rapinis : § 400 (243) ; B. 214. 2 ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462 (414. 1) ; H-B. 408. 2 .

h. I.13.13. ita ... uti , in such a way that (correlative). dies : cf. with diebus , 11 8 , and note the difference between the ACC and the ABL of time.

i. I.13.15. quinis aut senis : distributives, implying that this was the constant or average daily distance between the two armies. They apparently marched along the Saône, in the direction of Chalon. Their exact route from the Saône towards Autun is uncertain. The country here is very irregular and broken; so that it was impossible for Caesar to get any advantage by a rapid march or by an attack on the Helvetian rear. He consequently followed them, watching his chance. milibus : § 406 (247) ; B. 217 ; G. 296 ; H. 471 (417) ; H-B. 416. d .

I.16. Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum, quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare. [2] Nam propter frigora [quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est,] non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebat; [3] eo autem frumento quod flumine Arari navibus subvexerat propterea uti minus poterat quod iter ab Arari Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat. [4] Diem ex die ducere Haedui: conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. [5] Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Diviciaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat, quem vergobretum appellant Haedui, qui creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos habet potestatem, graviter eos accusat, [6] quod, cum neque emi neque ex agris sumi possit, tam necessario tempore, tam propinquis hostibus ab iis non sublevetur, praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit[; multo etiam gravius quod sit destitutus queritur].

a. I.13.17. Haeduos frumentum , demanded corn of the Haedui ( § 396 (239. c) ; B. 178. 1. a ; G. 339 ; H. 411 (374) ; H-B. 393 ).

b. I.13.18. essent polliciti : SUB because of the implied indir. disc., which (he said) they had promised. flagitare : histor. INF ( § 463 (275) ; B. 335 ; G. 647 ; H. 610 (536. 1) ; H-B. 595 ). Notice that this construction, like the imperfect tense, only describes a situation, and never advances the narrative. The word expresses an earnest and repeated demand accompanied with reproaches. frigora , the cold seasons, or spells of cold ; not the cold in general. The climate of Gaul in Caesar's day was much colder than that of France now. The change has come from clearing away the forests and draining the marshes, which then covered much of the country.

c. I.13.20. frumenta : the plu. is regularly used of standing grain. The crops of grain were not ripe because it was too early in the season (about the last of June); the green fodder ( pabuli ) was scarce because Caesar was following in the path of the Helvetians, whose thousands of cattle had swept the country bare. ne ... quidem , not even ; § 322. f (151. e) ; B. 347. 1 ; G. 448. 2 ; H. 569. iii. 2 .

d. I.13.22. frumento : ABL after uti. flumine : § 429. a (258. g) ; B. 218. 9 ; but G. 389 ; H. 476 (420. i. 3) ; H-B. 426 navibus : § 409 (248. c. 1) ; B. 218. 9 ; G. 401 ; H. 476 (420) ; H-B. 423 propterea ... quod : see 1 6.

e. I.13.23. ab Arari : i.e. towards the valley of the Loire, westerly, but by what road is unknown.

f. I.13.24. diem : ACC expressing duration of time. ducere : histor. INF
g. I.13.25. conferri , etc. [frumentum]: a climax. They said it was being gathered, it was on the way, it was already at hand.

h. I.14.1. quo die : note the repetition of the antecedent in the relative clause, but do not translate it. See § 307. a (200. a) ; B. 251. 3 ; G. 615 ; H. 399 (445. 8) ; H-B. 284. 4 .

i. I.14.2. metiri , serve. See chapter on military affairs, IV. f.

j. I.14.4. Diviciaco et Lisco : ABL in apposition with principibus. summo magistratui praeerat , held the chief office , of which the Celtic title was guerg breth, "executor of judgment," represented in Latin by vergobretus.

k. I.14.6. in suos , over his people.

l. I.14.7. posset : sc. frumentum. For the SUB, see § 593 (342) ; B. 324 ; G. 663. 1 ; H. 652 (529. ii). ; H-B. 539 .

m. I.14.8. propinquis (not attribute, but predicate), with the enemy so near , an ABL absolute
n. I.15.1. sublevetur : cf. essent polliciti , 13 18 , and note; also sit destitutus just below ( § 592. 3 (341. d ) ; B. 323 ; G. 508. 3 ; H. 649. 1 (528. 1) ; H-B. 535. 2. a ).

I.17. Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus quod antea tacuerat proponit: esse non nullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem plurimum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsi magistratus. [2] Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant quod debeant: [3] praestare, si iam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre, [4] neque dubitare [debeant] quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia Haeduis libertatem sint erepturi. [5] Ab isdem nostra consilia quaeque in castris gerantur hostibus enuntiari; hos a se coerceri non posse. [6] Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem coactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese quanto id cum periculo fecerit, et ob eam causam quam diu potuerit tacuisse.

a. I.15.4. quod : sc. id object of proponit.

b. I.15.5. esse non nullos , etc.: Direct —
c. I.15.6. privatim plus possint , have more power in private station ; see note on 3 20 .

d. I.15.7. improba oratione , reckless talk.

e. I.15.8. ne ... conferant , from bringing : ( § 558. b (331. e. 2) ; B. 295. 3 ; G. 548 ; H. 596. 2 (505. ii) ; H-B. 502. 3. b ).

f. I.15.11. neque dubitare quin : § 537. a (319. a) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555. 2 ; H. 595. 1 (504. 3, 2). ; H-B. 521. 3. b superaverint : perf. SUB una : an adv.

g. I.15.12. Haeduis : dat., § 558 (229) ; B. 188. 2. d ; G. 347 ; H. 427 (385. ii. 2) ; H-B. 371 . sint erepturi : the first periphrastic conjugation. It almost equals eripiant , but emphasizes the future intention of the Romans.

h. I.15.14. a se : i.e. by Liscus, as chief magistrate. quod ... enuntiarit : cf. 11 17 , 12 11 and notes.

i. I.15.15. coactus , on compulsion (lit. being forced).

j. I.15.16. quanto ... fecerit : cf. quas ... faciant , 13 5 , and note. id : i.e. quod ... enuntiarit.

I.18. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciaci fratrem, designari sentiebat, sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. [2] Quaerit ex solo ea quae in conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit; reperit esse vera: [3] ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Haeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. [4] His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse; [5] magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere, [6] neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo conlocasse; [7] ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororum ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates conlocasse. [8] Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter eam adfinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia eius deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus. [9] Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire; imperio populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea quam habeat gratia desperare. [10] Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus (nam equitatui, quem auxilio Caesari Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat): eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum.

a. I.15.19. pluribus praesentibus , in the presence of many ; observe that the ABL absolute will rarely bear a literal translation, but its force must be brought out in various ways.

b. I.15.20. iactari , bandied about (freq. of iacio ).

c. I.15.21. Liscum retinet , [but] keeps Liscus. The omission of the conj. (asyndeton) is very common in Caesar's rapid narrative. ex solo , from him in private.

d. I.15.22. secreto (from secerno ), each by himself.

e. I.15.23. esse vera (sc. haec ), that the facts are these. ipsum esse Dumnorigem , etc.: Direct—
f. I.15.24. summa audacia , [a man] of the utmost boldness. The general word is rarely, as here, omitted after a proper name with an ABL of quality.

g. I.15.25. rerum novarum : the regular expression for a change of government, revolution, or coup d'état. Such overturnings seem to have been frequent in Gaul. portoria , customs dues or tolls , levied at the frontier; collected, apparently, as by the Romans, through publicani , who bid for the contract at public auction and made what they could above the contract price. The Haedui controlled at least a part of the Saône, which was a water-way into the centre of Gaul. It was customary among the ancients to levy tolls or blackmail on goods passing through their territories.

h. I.16.1. redempta : agreeing with vectigalia , and taken with habere , had bought in (cf. 8 9 , 13 4 ).

i. I.16.2. illo licente , when he bid. See note on 15 19 .

j. I.16.4. ad largiendum , for bribery , to buy political support ( § 506 (300) ; B. 338. 3 ; G. 432 ; H. 628 (541. iii. N. 2) ; H-B. 612. iii ).

k. I.16.7. causā , for the sake : as always when thusfollowing a gen. potentiae , power , as an attribute of the person; potestas is power to do anything; facultas , opportunity; imperium , military authority.

l. I.16.8. Biturigibus : near the modern Bourges, west of the Hadui.

m. I.16.9. uxorem : the daughter of Orgetorix, see 3 22 . ex matre , on the mother's side (a half-sister).

n. I.16.10. nuptum : supine ( § 509 (302) ; B. 340. 1 ; G. 435 ; H. 633 (546) ; H-B. 618 ); see vocab. under conlocare.

o. I.16.11. Helvetiis : dat. ( § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 1 (385. 1) ; H-B. 362. ii ).

p. I.16.12. suo nomine , on his own account , a mercantile phrase applying to business debts, etc.

q. I.16.14. si quid accidat : a mild phrase, in case of any disaster ; future less vivid protasis with venire as apodosis ( § 589 (337) ; B. 319. B ; G. 658 ; H. 646 (527. ii) ; cf. H-B. 580 ).

r. I.16.15. obtinendi : gerund or gerundive? see 3 11 , and note.

s. I.16.16. imperio (abl. of time and cause): under the rule.

t. I.16.18. quod ... factum , in regard to the unsuccessful cavalry skirmish fought the other day. The idea expressed in English by whereas, as to the fact that, and the like is regularly expressed in Latin by a quod clause with the IND, almost independent of the rest of the sentence; cf. 11 17 , 12 11 , 15 14 , and notes.

u. I.16.19. initium fugae : it is implied that this action was treacherous.

v. I.16.21. auxilio Caesari : § 382. 1 (233. a) ; B. 191. 2. b ; G. 356 ; H. 433 (390. iii) ; H-B. 360 and b .

I.19. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu Haeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet. [2] His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Diviciaci fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, summum in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, temperantiam cognoverat; nam ne eius supplicio Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. [3] Itaque prius quam quicquam conaretur, Diviciacum ad se vocari iubet et, cotidianis interpretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo conloquitur; [4] simul commonefacit quae ipso praesente in concilio [Gallorum] de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. [5] Petit atque hortatur ut sine eius offensione animi vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat vel civitatem statuere iubeat.

a. I.16.24. res , facts ; see note on 4 4 . accederent : § 546 (325) ; B. 288. 1. b ; G. 585 ; H. 600. ii. 1 (521. ii. 2) ; H-B. 525 . This word is used as a kind of pass. of addo. quod ... traduxisset , the fact that (as he learned) he had led , etc. The verbs in these quod clauses are in the SUB on the principle of implied or informal indir. disc.; cf. 13 18 , 15 1 , and notes.

b. I.16.25. inter eos : i.e. the Helvetii and Sequani. dandos : cf. pontem faciendum curat , 11 5 , and note.

c. I.16.26. iniussu suo , etc., without his authority (see § 94. c (71. b) ; B. 57.1 ; G. 70. A ; H. 143. 1 (134) ; H-B. 106. 1 ) or that of the state ; here suo is equivalent to a genitive.

d. I.16.27. ipsis : himself and the Haedui. magistratu : see 14 4 .

e. I.16.28. causae : gen. depending on satis , which is used as a noun. in eum animadverteret , a clause of characteristic ( § 535 (320) ; B. 283. 1 ; G. 631. 1 ; H. 591 (503) ; cf. H-B. 521. 1 ), should proceed against or punish him (see vocab.).

f. I.17.3. quod ... cognoverat , that he well knew , etc. (the present inceptive, cognosco , having the meaning to learn ). This clause, in apposition with unum (only one thing), might in English be introduced by some such word as namely.

g. I.17.4. studium attachment , as a partisan.

h. I.17.5. voluntatem , good will as a friend. Note the absence of connectives in vivid narration.

i. I.17.6. eius : i.e. of Dumnorix. supplicio , punishment or execution. This word is derived from the adj. supplex , down-bent, signifying on the bended knee ; i.e. either as a suppliant for mercy, or, as here, to receive the blow of the executioner.

j. I.17.7. prius quam conaretur , before he should attempt ; see § 556. b (327) ; B. 292. 1. a ; G. 577 ; H. 605.ii (520. ii) ; H-B. 507. 4. a .

k. I.17.10. cui , etc.: an easier construction would be cuius fidei omnes res credebat ; summam fidem , full confidence.

l. I.17.11. eo : i.e. Diviciacus. commonefacit , reminds or notifies (see vocab.).

m. I.17.12. ipso : i.e. Diviciacus.

n. I.17.13. apud se , in his (Caesar's) presence.

o. I.17.14. ut ... statuat : cf. note on 6 10 . offensione animi , displeasure (of Diviciacus); ipse , which follows, refers to Caesar: the gist of the request is in sine eius offensione. Caesar hopes, in what steps he takes or orders to be taken against Dumnorix, not to incur the resentment of his brother.

p. I.17.17. complexus : i.e. he embraces Caesar's knees or falls at his feet.

I.20. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret: [2] scire se illa esse vera, nec quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter adulescentiam posset, per se crevisset; [3] quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. [4] Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua voluntate factum; qua ex re futurum uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur. [5] Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit; consolatus rogat finem orandi faciat; tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit uti et rei publicae iniuriam et suum dolorem eius voluntati ac precibus condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet; quae in eo reprehendat ostendit; quae ipse intellegat, quae civitas queratur proponit; monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet; praeterita se Diviciaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut quae agat, quibuscum loquatur scire possit.

a. I.17.18. ne quid gravius (a common euphemistic phrase), no severe measures. Notice that gravius is an adj., modifying quid (anything) , a subst. scire se , etc.: Direct —
b. I.17.19. plus doloris : except as an adv., this comparative is mostly used, as here, with the part. gen.

c. I.17.20. ipse, se, suam, sese : all refer to Diviciacus; ille to Dumnorix, which is also the subject of crevisset and uteretur.

d. I.17.22. opibus ac nervis = sinews of power , after uteretur ( § 410 (249) ; B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 477 (421. 1) ; H-B. 429 )

e. I.17.23. gratiam , as well as perniciem , takes suam.

f. I.17.24. amore fraterno ( § 348. a (217. a) ; B. 353. 5. b ; H. 439. 3 (395. N. 2) ; H-B. 354. d ), love to his brother.

g. I.17.25. si quid accidisset (a euphemism; cf. incommodi , 11 16 , and note): pluperf. representing fut. perf. indict ( acciderit ) of the direct by sequence § 516. f (307. f) ; B. 319. b ; G. 656, 657 ; H. 644. 2 (525. 2) ; H-B. 580. b. and N ). ei : i.e. Dumnorix.

h. I.18.1. futurum [esse] uti ... averterentur , the hearts of all the Gauls would be turned from him. : periphrastic fut. INF § 569. a (147. c. 3, 288. f) ; B. 115, 270. 3 ; G. 248 ; H. 619. 2 (537. 3) ; H-B. 472. c . Cf. 8 18 .

i. I.18.4. rogat [ut] ... faciat : see § 565. a (331. f. R) ; G. 546. b. 2 ; H. 565. 4 (499. 2).

j. I.18.5. tanti , of so great account ( § 417 (252. a) ; B. 203. 3 ; G. 380. i ; H. 448. 4 (405) ; H-B. 356. 1 ).

k. I.18.6. eius ... precibus , in deference to his wish and prayers. condonet (subjv. of result): this word means to give up a right to some one; here the just resentment of Caesar was given up to Diviciacus.

l. I.18.8. reprehendat : why SUB ? cf. 15 16 . Note the same construction in the next clause.

m. I.18.10. praeterita , things bygone, the past.

n. I.18.11. custodes : i.e. spies.

I.21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui cognoscerent misit. [2] Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et iis ducibus qui iter cognoverant summum iugum montis ascendere iubet; quid sui consilii sit ostendit. [3] Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere quo hostes ierant ad eos contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. [4] P. Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur.

a. I.18.15. qualis esset , etc.: indir. quest. after cognoscerent. natura , character. qualis ... ascensus : i.e. what kind of an ascent there was at various points of its circuit. qui cognoscerent ( § 531. 2 (317. 2) ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 630 ; H. 589.ii (497. 1) ; H-B. 502. 2 ): the antecedent of qui is eos, quosdam , or some such word, to be supplied as object of misit , he sent men to ascertain. Such a relative may in Latin always imply its own antecedent, as in English the relatives whoever and what; cf. qui ... appellantur , 1 2 and note.

b. I.18.16. facilem : sc. ascensum. de tertia vigilia : cf. 10 7 and note.

c. I.18.17. pro praetore , with powers of praetor. The praetor, like the consul, held the imperium or power to command; a legatus , not possessing this in his own right, might be temporarily invested with it by his commander. Labienus, and perhaps others of Caesar's lieutenants, had the imperium in their own right, by special grant.

d. I.18.18. ducibus , a kind of predicate apposition, as guides ; cf. § 283. a (185. a) ; B. 168 ; G. 325 ; H-B. 319. 1 qui ... cognoverant , i.e. who had been of the reconnoitering party.

e. I.18.19. consili : a predicate gen. after quid sit ( § 343. b (214. c) ; B. 198. 3 ; G. 366 ; H. 447 (402) ; H-B. 340 ). Such genitives are not rare in Caesar, and are probably more or less colloquial. sit : cf. reprehendat , l. 8 above.

f. I.18.20. de quarta vigilia , about 2 A.M., the sun at this season rising here about four o'clock.

g. I.18.22. rei : § 349. a (218. a) ; B. 204. 1 ; G. 374 ; H. 451. 1 (399. i. 2) ; H-B. 354
h. I.18.23. Sullae, Crassi : Sulla, the dictator, had conducted the war against Mithridates about thirty years before (B.C. 88-84), and Crassus that against Spartacus some years later (B.C. 71). in : sc. exercitu.

I.22. Prima luce, cum summus mons a [Lucio] Labieno teneretur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis passibus abesset neque, ut postea ex captivis comperit, aut ipsius adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, [2] Considius equo admisso ad eum accurrit, dicit montem, quem a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri: id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse. [3] Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare ne proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros expectabat proelioque abstinebat. [4] Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra, movisse et Considium timore perterritum quod non vidisset pro viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die quo consuerat intervallo hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit.

a. I.19.1. teneretur : SUB after cum , describing the situation; cf. 4 12 , 6 14 , 7 17 , and notes.

b. I.19.2. ipse : Caesar.

c. I.19.3. passibus : ABL of degree of difference after abesset ( § 425. b (257. b) ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479 (423) ), not after longius (see § 407. c (247. c) ; B. 217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4 ; H. 471. 4 (417. 1, N. 2) ; cf. H-B. 416. d ).

d. I.19.4. aut Labieni : after adventus and coordinate with ipsius. equo admisso = at full speed (with reins thrown loose).

e. I.19.6. armis : the shields and helmets of the Gauls were distinctly different from those of the Romans; see Fig. 11 , Fig. 28 , Fig. 87 , etc.

f. I.19.7. insignibus : i.e. devices on shields and helmets, stags' horns, eagles' plumes, etc.; see Fig. 11 . The inference from this report would be that Labienus and his force had been cut to pieces, and Caesar must expect an attack at once. This accounts for his next movement, which was to fall back and wait in line of battle, while Labienus was vainly expecting him.

g. I.19.8. ut , as.

h. I.19.9. ne ... committeret ... essent : subject of erat praeceptum ; see § 566 (331. h.) ; B. 295. 1
i. I.19.10. ut ... fieret : a purpose clause, in order that the attack might be made on all sides at once.

j. I.19.11. monte occupato , etc., having seized the height, continued to look out for our men. Observe how the imperfects exspectabat and abstinebat describe the situation. See note on 3 5.

k. I.19.12. multo die : ABL of time, late in the day. denique , not till ; see vocab.

l. I.20.2. quod non vidisset , what he had not seen ; sc. id , object of renuntiasse. pro viso , as if seen ; viso is used here as a noun. quo , sc. eodem , at the same interval as usual, i.e. five or six miles; see 13 15.

m. I.20.3. milia : ACC of extent, § 425. b (257. b) ; B. 223 ; G. 335 ; H. 417 (379) ; H-B. 387 .

I.23. Postridie eius diei, quod omnino biduum supererat, cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus passuum XVIII aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit; itaque iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte ire contendit. [2] Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur. [3] Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos Romanos discedere a se existimarent, eo magis quod pridie superioribus locis occupatis proelium non commisissent, sive eo quod re frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent, commutato consilio atque itinere converso nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ac lacessere coeperunt.

a. I.20.5. diei : § 359. b (214. g) ; B. 201. 3. a ; G. 360 ; H. 446. 5 (398. 5) ; H-B. 380. c ; making postridie more formal and precise. omnino , in all (i.e. only ).

b. I.20.6. cum , within which , a common Latin idiom. metiri cf. 14 2 and note. Bibracte , the modern Mont Beuvray, a considerable hill, about ten miles west of Autun (Augustodunum). The place afterwards became a Roman colony, and contains numerous Roman remains.

c. I.20.8. milibus : cf. 19 3 and note. rei frumentariae (dat.), the supply of corn.

d. I.20.9. prospiciendum : impers.; sc. esse. itaque words in Italics are conjectural readings. avertit : towards the north, as the Helvetii were travelling westward to reach the Loire.

e. I.20.10. fugitivos , runaways , i.e. fugitive slaves.

f. I.20.11. decurionis : see chapter on military affairs, I. 2.

g. I.20.12. existimarent : the SUB is here used idiomatically because Caesar was not sure of the real reason (see § 540 (321) ; B. 286. 1 ; G. 541 ; H. 518.ii (516. ii) ; H-B. 535. 2. a ).

h. I.20.13. eo magis : cf. note on 2 17 , all the more. superioribus , etc.: concessive, i.e. though they had gained an advantageous position, still they did not attack the Helvetii.

i. I.20.14. commisissent : see note on existimarent above, l. 12. eo quod , etc., for this reason, because they felt sure that they (the Romans) could be cut off from their supplies; eo is ABL of cause, not different in sense from eo (magis) above, though its origin is different. re : ABL of separation.

j. I.20.15. itinere converso : i.e. instead of continuing on their way, by which they might have reached the coast, their vain confidence led them to return and give Caesar the chance that he had been waiting for.

I.24. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subduxit equitatumque, qui sustineret hostium petum, misit. [2] Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem aciem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum; in summo iugo duas legiones quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat et omnia auxilia conlocavit, [3] ita ut supra se totum montem hominibus compleret; impedimenta sarcinasque in unum locum conferri et eum ab iis qui in superiore acie constiterant muniri iussit. [4] Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsi confertissima acie, reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta sub primam nostram aciem successerunt.

a. I.20.18. id : governed by animum advertit treated as active compound verb. The tense of the verb is perfect, as usual after postquam; cf. note on arbitrati sunt , 4 17 .

b. I.20.19. sustineret : SUB of purpose (see § 531. 2 (317. 2) ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 630 ; H. 589.ii (497. i) ; H-B. 502. 2 ).

c. I.20.20. ipse : Caesar himself as opposed to the cavalry, which he had sent elsewhere. medio : see vocab. and cf. § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; G. 291. R. 2 ; H. 497. 4 (440. 2, N. 1) ; H-B. 244 . triplicem aciem : see chapter on military affairs, VII.

d. I.20.21. legionum : gen. of material § 344 (214. e) ; B. 197 ; H-B. 349 .The four veteran legions stood side by side, each in three lines; see plan, Fig. 16 .

e. I.20.22. summo : cf. note on medio , l. 20 . proxime : these new legions last raised (cf. 8 23 ) were not as yet sufficiently steady to bear the brunt of a battle, and so they were set to guard the camp.

f. I.20.23. auxilia : see chapter on military affairs, I. 3 . [ ac totum , etc.]: this clause may well be read in this connection, though many ditors omit it; cf. note on eorum , 9 17 . The force of ac is and thus; see vocab.

g. I.20.24. sarcinas : see chapter on military affairs, I. 6 and III. , and Fig. 14 . In a regular battle these were left behind in camp. So here, they were deposited in one spot, which was to be the site of the camp when made muniri , 21 2 ) by the less trustworthy troops. Nothing is said of the baggage train ( impedimenta ), but it probably was sent on towards Bibracte.

h. I.21.1. eum : i.e. the spot chosen ( locum , 20 24 ). his : i.e. the soldiers last mentioned. superiore : i.e. those who were at the top of the hill. constiterant , were stationed (cf. § 476 (279. e) ; B. 262. a ; G. 241. 3. R. ; H. 538. 4 (471. 3) ; H-B. 487 ).

i. I.21.2. cum omnibus suis carris , etc.: i.e. not sending a force of fighting men, but following with their whole train. It seems to have been the habit of these peoples to go to battle with their families and their carts for encouragement as well as for defence.

j. I.21.3. confertissima acie ... phalange facta : see introductory chapter on Gaul and the Gauls.

k. I.21.4. reiecto , etc.: the ancient cavalry were no match for any considerable number of foot-soldiers, and hence were not depended upon for themain engagement. They opened the fight, but were expected to flee as soon as the foot advanced.

I.25. Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit. [2] Milites loco superiore pilis missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disiecta gladiis destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. [3] Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedimento quod pluribus eorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transfixis et conligatis, cum ferrum se inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, [4] multi ut diu iactato bracchio praeoptarent scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore pugnare. [5] Tandem vulneribus defessi et pedem referre et, quod mons suberit circiter mille passuum spatio, eo se recipere coeperunt. [6] Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, Boi et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus circiter XV agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros ab latere aperto adgressi circumvenire, et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. [7] Romani [conversa] signa bipertito intulerunt: prima et secunda acies, ut victis ac submotis resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret.

a. I.22.1. suo [equo remoto], etc.: i.e. his own and those of the officers and staff. This was as often done before an engagement (cf. Sall. Cat. 59 ). Caesar is reported to have said to his men, "I will mount again when the enemy run." omnium : notice that the poss. gen. and the poss. adj. have the same sense, and so may be coordinated; cf. 19 4 and note.

b. I.22.4. pilis : see chapter on military affairs, IV. , and Fig. 15 .

c. I.22.6. Gallis ... impedimento : dat. of service and of person affected; § 382. 1 (233. a) ; B. 191. 2. b ; G. 356 ; H. 433 (390) ; H-B. 360 and b .

d. I.22.7. pluribus , several.

e. I.22.8. inflexisset : SUB with cum causal; cf. praestarent , 2 15 . sinistra impedita , since the left hand was hampered, which carried the shield.

f. I.22.9. multi ut , so that in the case of many, multi being placed first for emphasis.

g. I.22.12. mons : see battle plan, Fig. 12 . eo : an adv. mille : ACC of distance.

h. I.22.13. capto monte , etc.: i.e. after the Helvetii had gained the mountain and the Romans were going up to attack them.

i. I.22.14. agmen claudebant , brought up their rear. The Boii or Tulingi, with about 15,000 men, had been in front of the Helvetian line of march, latere aperto ) as they came on the field from the road (hence ex itinere ).

j. I.22.15. novissimis praesidio : cf. Gallis ... impedimento, l. 6 .

k. I.22.16. circumvenire : sc. coeperunt.

l. I.22.18. conversa signa intulerunt , faced about (lit. " bore their reversed ensigns upon" the enemy), and charged in two divisions. The divisions stood not back to back, but at an angle, facing outward; the two front lines facing forward, while the third met the flank attack of the new-comers ( venientis ), i.e. the Boii and Tulingi. The phrase conversa signa refers only to the movement of the third line, while intulerunt denotes the action of the entire army. The exact position of this battle is uncertain. It is usually placed at a point between Chides and Luzy, near the river Alène, and about ten miles south of Mont Beuvray.

I.26. Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. [2] Nam hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. [3] Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros obiecerunt et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela coiciebant et non nulli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. [4] Diu cum esset pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filiis captus est. [5] Ex eo proelio circiter hominum milia CXXX superfuerunt eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt [nullam partem noctis itinere intermisso]; in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter sepulturam occisorum nostri [triduum morati] eos sequi non potuissent. [6] Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent: qui si iuvissent, se eodem loco quo Helvetios habiturum. Ipse triduo intermisso cum omnibus copiis eos sequi coepit.

a. I.23.1. ancipiti : i.e. facing in both directions. pugnatum est : impers. expressions should not be translated literally; here, a contest went on, the fighting continued, or something of the kind.

b. I.23.3. alteri : the Helvetians; alteri : the Boii, etc.

c. I.23.4. nam : in reference to the previous sentence; i.e. they did not flee, but retired in good order, for, etc.

d. I.23.5. proelio : ABL of time. ab hora septima : i.e. from a little past 1 P.M.; sunset was about eight, so that each of the twelve daylight hours was about an hour and a quarter of our time. In the Roman reckoning an hour was one-twelfth of the time, whether long or short, between sunrise and sunset, and varied from about forty-five minutes to an hour and a quarter. pugnatum sit : cf. note on l. 1 . For mood, cf. sint , 12 18 .

e. I.24.1. aversum hostem = a fleeing enemy. ad multam noctem , till late in the night.

f. I.24.2. pro vallo , as a barricade.

g. I.24.3. e loco superiore , from vantage-ground, i.e. the height of the carts, etc.

h. I.24.4. coniciebant, subiciebant , hurled (from above), thrust (from below). For the form of these words, see § 6. d (II. b. 2) ; B. 9. 3 ; H. 58.6 (36. 4). ; H-B. 30. 1 carros redasque : the former a two-wheeled cart, the latter a four-wheeled wagon. See Fig. 55 .

i. I.24.5. mataras ac tragulas : these were peculiar forms of pike or lance used by the western nations of Europe, not yet certainly identified.

j. I.24.6. impedimentis castrisque : § 410 (249) ; B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 477 (421. 1) ; H-B. 429
k. I.24.7. potiti sunt : notice the use of tenses in the above passage. The narrative proceeds as far as pugnatum est (histor. perfect), then, as if description of the situation with pluperfect and imperfects. 'The Gauls had made a rampart of their carts and from this they kept discharging missiles and using other means of defence. ' Then the narrative is resumed in the clause with potiti sunt : cf. note on 3 5 . captus est : observe that the agreement is with the nearer subject; see § 317. c (205. d) ; H-B. 255. 2 ; G. 285. 1 ; H. 392 (463. 1) ; H-B. 329. 2
l. I.24.10. Lingonum : i.e. the southern part of Champagne, towards the north; see map of Gaul, Fig. 2 . The chief town of that region, now Langres, is about ninety miles from Mt. Beuvray. It is very likely, however, that they reached the Lingones farther west. Napoleon III puts the end of their flight at Tonnerre sixty miles west of Langres.

m. I.24.11. propter , etc.: gives the reason of morati. cum ... potuissent : here the description of the situation (see notes on 6 14 , 7 17 , 11 7 ) is so clearly the cause of the main action that we may translate cum since and refer the SUB to cum causal (cf. cum praestarent , 2 15 ; cum inflexisset , 22 8 ).

n. I.24.13. Lingonas : Greek form of the ACC common in these names of tribes; § 81, 82 (63. f., 64) ; B. 47.3 ; G. 66. 4 ; H. 109. 5 (68) ; H-B. 95 .

o. I.24.14. qui si iuvissent = for if they should , etc.; the direct would be si iuveritis. se , etc. = se (Lingonas) eodem loco habiturum (esse) quo Helvetios (haberet).

I.27. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos de deditione ad eum miserunt. [2] Qui cum eum in itinere convenissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locuti flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco quo tum essent suum adventum expectare iussisset, paruerunt. [3] Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos qui ad eos perfugissent, poposcit. [4] Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, [nocte intermissa] circiter hominum milia VI eius pagi qui Verbigenus appellatur, sive timore perterriti, ne armis traditis supplicio adficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, quod in tanta multitudine dediticiorum suam fugam aut occultari aut omnino ignorari posse existimarent, prima nocte e castris Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt.

a. I.24.20. eos : i.e. Helvetios.

b. I.24.21. essent : SUB of integral part or attraction ( § 593 (342) ; B. 324. 1 ; G. 629 ; H. 652 (529. ii) ; H-B. 539 ). iussisset : i.e. Caesar; this change of subject, though unusual in Latin, is justified by the mention of eum in l. 18.

c. I.24.22. qui ... perfugissent : i.e. fugitive slaves. Caesar in his demand would say qui perfugerunt , but the SUB is used in the indir. form; see § 592. 2 (341. c ) ; B. 323 ; G. 663. 2 ; H. 649. 1 (529. i) ; H-B. 535. 1. a .

d. I.24.24. conquiruntur, conferuntur : to express the pass. it is often better in English to use the act. form, while they were hunting these up, etc.; the present tense is regular with dum; see § 556 (276. e) ; B. 293. 1 ; G. 229. R. ; H. 533. 4 (467. 4) ; H-B. 559 .

e. I.24.25. Verbigenus : from the parts between Berne and Lucerne.

f. I.24.26. perterriti : agreeing with the persons referred to in milia. ne armis , etc.: i.e. either in sheer desperation or in the hope of escape. Note that after verbs of fearing ne = that or lest.

g. I.25.2. occultari , be hid from Caesar; ignorari , unknown to anybody.

h. I.25.3. existimarent : the supposed reason of the Helvetii, hence the SUB ( § 540 (321) ; B. 286. 1 ; G. 541 ; H. 588.ii (516. ii) ; H-B. 535. 2. a ); cf. 20 12 and note.

i. I.25.4. contenderunt ad , made (rapidly) for.

I.28. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant his uti conquirerent et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, imperavit; reductos in hostium numero habuit; [2] reliquos omnes obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis in deditionem accepit. [3] Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, reverti iussit, et, quod omnibus frugibus amissis domi nihil erat quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit ut iis frumenti copiam facerent; ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit eum locum unde Helvetii discesserant vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, ex suis finibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. [4] Boios petentibus Haeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in finibus suis conlocarent, concessit; quibus illi agros dederunt quosque postea in parem iuris libertatisque condicionem atque ipsi erant receperunt.

a. I.25.5. quod : accustom yourself to the common use of the relative, where our idiom expects a demonstrative or personal. quorum : the antecedent is his (dat.) following imperavit , the dir. object of which is uti ... reducerent.

b. I.25.6. sibi : dat. of reference, § 378 (235. b) ; B. 188. 1. N ; G. 352 ; H. 425. 4 (384. 4. N. 3) ; H-B. 370 purgati : perfect participle used as an adj. See § 495 (291. b ) ; B. 337. 2 ; G. 250. R. 2 ; H. 640. 3 (550. N. 2) ; H-B. 320. iii .

c. I.25.7. reductos ... habuit : i.e. he massacred them all.

d. I.25.8. in deditionem accepit : by this act they became formally the subjects of the Republic, and were entitled to its protection, as well as required to obey its requisitions and pay tribute.

e. I.25.11. reverti , turn back (from a march or journey; redire , go back , from a place of rest). frugibus : grain and other field produce.

f. I.25.12. tolerarent : best regarded as a purpose clause like, 'nothing [for] to eat' ( § 531. 2 (317) ), but referred by many grammarians to the 'characteristic' use of the relative ( B. 283. 2 ; G. 631. 2 ; H. 591. 1 (503. i) ; H-B. 517. 2 and a ). The two constructions, having grown up side by side in Latin, were very often confounded.

g. I.25.13. ipsos : the Helvetians and their allies as opposed to the others who were to provide food.

h. I.25.14. ea ratione , with this view.

i. I.25.18. Allobrogibus : these were within the Province, but the Latin often adds an explanatory word by means of que. The Helvetii were thus in the Roman manner stationed as a kind of colony on the frontier towards Germany. The wisdom of the Romans in the defence of their Empire is not less remarkable than their prowess in war.

j. I.25.19. petentibus Haeduis , to the Haedui, at their request ; dat. after concessit , of which the object is ut Boios conlocarent. ( Bolos is put first in the sentence for emphasis.) The Haedui were anxious for this accession to their strength because they were oppressed by the Sequani (cf. 27 21 ff. ). It will be remembered that the Boii were emigrating when they joined the Helvetians and had no proper home to return to. The Haedui gave them land between the Elaver and the Liger rivers, and they appear later in several parts of Gaul. Their prowess in war made them valuable allies.

k. I.26.1. parem atque ipsi erant = equal with themselves ( § 324. c (156. a. 4) ; B. 341. 1. c ; G. 643 ; H. 508. 5 (451. 5) ; H-B. 307. 2. a ).

I.29. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset eorum qui arma ferre possent, et item separatim, quot pueri, senes mulieresque. [2] [Quarum omnium rerum] summa erat capitum Helvetiorum milium CCLXIII, Tulingorum milium XXXVI, Latobrigorum XIIII, Rauracorum XXIII, Boiorum XXXII; ex his qui arma ferre possent ad milia nonaginta duo. [3] Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia CCCLXVIII. Eorum qui domum redierunt censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus milium C et X.

a. I.26.3. tabulae , tablets , of the shape of a folding slate, with wax spread inside, written on with a pointed instrument called stilus. See Fig. 27 . litteris Graecis : not in the Greek language , but in Greek letters. These were probably learned from colonists at Marseilles, as the Bk. vi. ch. 14 ), but the Gauls in general seem to have been ignorant of them ( Bk. v. ch. 48 ). Specimens of Gallic names on coins appear in the names DUBNOREX, [[Delta]]IVICIACOS, VERCINGETORIXS. See Fig. 29 , Fig. 82 .

b. I.26.5. ratio , an account: followed by the indir. quest. qui ... exisset.

c. I.26.6. possent : not the SUB of indir. quest., but of characteristic ( § 535. a (320. a) ; B. 283. 2 ; G. 631. 2 ; H. 591. 1 (503. i) ; H-B. 521. 1. a ).

d. I.26.7. rerum : cf. note on res , 4 4 .

e. I.26.10. ad milia xcii , about 92,000. summa , the sum; fuerunt agreeing with the plu. predicate. Deducting the Boii, who were adopted by the Haedui, this reckoning would show an actual loss, in slain or captives (to be sold as slaves), in this short campaign, of nearly 250,000, including probably about 150,000 women and children or other non-combatants. The carnage seems extraordinary even under the conditions of ancient warfare. But, as in all battles, many more must have escaped than the record showed.

I.30. Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae legati, principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt: [2] intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum iniuriis populi Romani ab his poenas bello repetisset, tamen eam rem non minus ex usu [terrae] Galliae quam populi Romani accidisse, [3] propterea quod eo consilio florentissimis rebus domos suas Helvetii reliquissent uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent imperioque potirentur, locumque domicilio ex magna copia deligerent quem ex omni Gallia oportunissimum ac fructuosissimum iudicassent, reliquasque civitates stipendiarias haberent. [4] Petierunt uti sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem certam indicere idque Caesaris facere voluntate liceret: sese habere quasdam res quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent. [5] Ea re permissa diem concilio constituerunt et iure iurando ne quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus communi consilio mandatum esset, inter se sanxerunt.

a. I.26.15. gratulatum : § 509 (302) ; B. 340. 1 ; G. 435 ; H. 633 (546) ; H-B. 618 .

b. I.26.16. intellegere , etc.: Direct —
c. I.26.17. populi Romani , against, etc. (obj. gen. after iniuriis ). ab his repetisset , had inflicted on them ; see vocab., and cf. 10 14-18 .

d. I.26.19. eo consilio , with this design ; explained by the purpose clause uti ... haberent ; see § 531. 1. N. 1 (317. a) ; G. 546. N. 2 ; H. 564. iii (499. 3) ; H-B. 502. 2. a . florentissimis rebus : i.e. with no plea of necessity. Translate by a concessive clause.

e. I.26.21. domicilio , for habitation; dat. of service.

f. I.26.25. concilium totius Galliae : of course Caesar had no authority either to allow or to prohibit a congress of independent Gaul. But, considering his power and ambition, the Gauls thought it best to secure his countenance ( voluntate , not auctoritate ) beforehand. They also had business that specially concerned him.

g. I.27.2. iure iurando ... sanxerunt , ordained under oath [of secrecy]; the object is ne quis , etc.

h. I.27.3. enuntiaret : subj. with ne , after sanxerunt ; used as a verb of commanding ( § 563. d (331. d) ; B. 295. 4 ; G. 546. 2 ; H. 565 (498. 1) ; H-B. 502. 3. a ); cf. also 6 10 and note. nisi quibus , etc., except [to those] to whom some commission should be assigned (pluperf. for fut. perf. in dir. disc.). For omission of the antecedent of quibus , cf. qui ... appellantur , 1 2 note on .

I.31. Eo concilio dimisso, idem princeps civitatum qui ante fuerant ad Caesarem reverterunt petieruntque uti sibi secreto in occulto de sua omniumque salute cum eo agere liceret. [2] Ea re impetrata sese omnes flentes Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt: non minus se id contendere et laborare ne ea quae dixissent enuntiarentur quam uti ea quae vellent impetrarent, propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum in cruciatum se venturos viderent. [3] Locutus est pro his Diviciacus Haeduus: Galliae totius factiones esse duas; harum alterius principatum tenere Haeduos, alterius Arvernos. [4] Hi cum tantopere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. [5] Horum primo circiter milia XV Rhenum transisse; postea quam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures; nunc esse in Gallia ad C et XX milium numerum. [6] Cum his Haeduos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum armis contendisse; magnam calamitatem pulsos accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. [7] Quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virtute et populi Romani hospitio atque amicitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos civitatis et iure iurando civitatem obstringere sese neque obsides repetituros neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos neque recusaturos quo minus perpetuo sub illorum dicione atque imperio essent. [8] Unum se esse ex omni civitate Haeduorum qui adduci non potuerit ut iuraret aut liberos suos obsides daret. [9] Ob eam rem se ex civitate profugisse et Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque iure iurando neque obsidibus teneretur. [10] Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Haeduis victis accidisse, propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum XXIIII ad eum venissent, quibus locus ac sedes pararentur. [11] Futurum esse paucis annis uti omnes ex Galliae finibus pellerentur atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent; neque enim conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro neque hanc consuetudinem victus cum illa comparandam. [12] Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit ad Magetobrigam, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque liberos poscere et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit. [13] Hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium: non posse eius imperia, diutius sustineri. [14] Nisi quid in Caesare populoque Romano sit auxilii, omnibus Gallis idem esse faciendum quod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant fortunamque, quaecumque accidat, experiantur. Haec si enuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare quin de omnibus obsidibus qui apud eum sint gravissimum supplicium sumat. [15] Caesarem vel auctoritate sua atque exercitus vel recenti victoria vel nomine populi Romani deterrere posse ne maior multitudo Germanorum Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovisti iniuria posse defendere.

a. I.27.5. eo concilio dimisso , when this assembly had been [held and] dissolved ; i.e. after providing for the business now to be described. idem (eidem) : NOM plu.

b. I.27.7. secreto , apart. in occulto , in a secret place. These words are probably genuine.

c. I.27.8. Caesari ad pedes , at Caesar's feet. Caesari is dat. of reference ( § 377 (235. a) ; B. 188. 1 ; G. 350. 1 ; H. 425. 4. N (384. 4. N. 2) ; H-B. 368 ).

d. I.27.9a. non minus , etc.: sc. dixerunt : Direct — Non minus id
e. I.27.9b. id : in app. with ne ... enuntiarentur.

f. I.27.13a. Galliae , etc.: Direct — Galliae totius factiones
g. I.27.13b. totius Galliae : not to be taken literally, but referring to the eastern part of Celtic Gaul.

h. I.27.14. factiones duas : see note on 3 20 . alterius : notice that this word may mean the one as well as the other. It depends on which one you look at first. principatum , the head.

i. I.27.15. Arvernos : these inhabited the mountainous country southwest of the Haedui, the modern Auvergne. They had been conquered in B.C. 121, but not reduced to a province. Before their conquest they had been one of the most powerful tribes. Apparently in the earlier wars the Haedui had befriended the Roman people from antagonism to these rivals.

j. I.27.16. contenderent : translate as if pluperf. ( § 471. b (277. b) ; B. 260. 4 ; G. 234 ; H. 535 (469. 2) ; H-B. 485 ). factum esse uti , it came to pass that , etc.

k. I.27.17. Sequanis : these were the rivals of the Haedui on the north. mercede : § 416 (252) ; B. 225 ; G. 404 ; H. 478 (422) ; H-B. 427. 1 .

l. I.27.19. copias (= opes) , resources. feri ac barbari : as to the condition of the Germans, see introduction.

m. I.27.20. adamassent (=adamavissent) : § 181. a (128. a) ; B. 116. 1 ; G. 131 ; H. 238 (235) ; H-B. 163 . traductos plurīs = plurīs (Germanos) traductos (esse).

n. I.27.22. clientīs : the subject states of the Ambarri, Segusiavi, etc.

o. I.27.23. omnem ... equitatum : of course an exaggeration; Diviciacus was himself a noble, probably a senator; while his brother Dumnorix was a commander of the Haeduan cavalry.

p. I.27.25. qui ... potuissent, coactos esse , [they] who had once , etc., were compelled.

q. I.28.4. quo minus : following a verb of refusing ( § 558. b (317. b. N. 1) ; B. 295. 3 ; G. 547 ; H. 568. 8 (497. ii. 2) ; H-B. 502. 3. b ); see also note on 7 15 .

r. I.28.5. dicione : i.e. to do the bidding of the Sequani.

s. I.28.6. potuerit : the same in dir. disc. (see § 535. b (320. b) ; B. 283. 2 ; G. 631. 1 ; H. 591. 5 (503. ii. 1) ; H-B. 521. 1. a and ftn. ). The tense has been retained, contrary to the rule for sequence; see note on 9 18 .

t. I.28.8. Romam venisse : see note on 3 20 . His application was not successful. See Bk. vi. ch. 12 . postulatum : cf. gratulatum , 26 15 .

u. I.28.11. peius ... accidisse , a worse fate had befallen. Observe that a misfortune is usually said accidere , as if it fell on one, while a good thing is said evenire. victoribus : here used as an adj., as often.

v. I.28.12. Ariovistus : supposed to be the German word Heerfürst, "prince of the host."

w. I.28.13. tertiam partem : i.e. upper Alsace , a part of the German conquest of 1870. This was the same proportion of conquered land taken by the German invaders (Burgundians) in this very territory in the fifth century of the Christian era. Such 'annexation' seems to have been the ancient common law of conquest ( Liv. II. 41 ).

x. I.28.14. optimus : this district (Franche Comté) is one of the most beautiful in France. nunc ... iuberet : the same thing was afterwards done by the Burgundians. altera , a second.

y. I.28.17. quibus ... pararentur = to be provided with a place for habitation (subjv. of purpose). futurum esse uti (periphrastic fut.; cf. note on 18 1 ), the result would be that.

z. I.28.19. neque enim introduces an explanation admitting no doubt: 'for you see,' 'for you know,' 'for of course.'

aa. I.28.20. Gallicum : sc. agrum. hanc = nostram ( § 297 (102. a) ; B. 87 ; G. 305 ; H. 505 (450) ; H-B. 271. ii. a. N ): said with some feeling of superiority or contempt. The Gauls looked upon the Germans as savages.

ab. I.28.22. ut ... vicerit : for mood and tense, see dir. disc. Cf. potuerit , line 6 above tense of .

ac. I.28.23. Magetobrigam : somewhere a little northwest of Vesontio (Besançon).

ad. I.28.25. exempla cruciatusque : a so-called hendiadys. The Latin likes to dwell on an idea by giving its parts separately; edere exempla means to use every known form of (something) on the victims; cruciatus edere would mean to employ tortures. The whole combines the two ideas.

ae. I.28.27. barbarum , etc., rude, passionate, and hasty.

af. I.29.1. nisi , etc., unless they find some aid.

ag. I.29.2. idem : in apposition with ut ... experiantur; cf. 4 17 , 11 8 .

ah. I.29.3. ut domo emigrent : i.e. to forsake their home.

ai. I.29.5. haec : notice the emphasis, as if he said: 'why! if this very colloquy should be reported, etc.' dubitare : sc. se , i.e. Diviciacum . quin sumat : see § 558. a (332. g. R.) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555. 2 ; H. 594. ii (501. ii. 2) ; H-B. 507. 2. b ; cf. poenas persolvit , 10 19 note on .

aj. I.29.7. auctoritate : i.e. his reputation and the fear it inspires.

ak. I.29.9. Rhenum : ACC after trans in traducatur ( § 395. N. 2 (239. 2. b. N. 2) ; B. 179. 3 ; G. 331. R. 1 ; H. 406 (372) ; H-B. 386. a ).

I.32. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita omnes qui aderant magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. [2] Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum facere quas ceteri facerent sed tristes capite demisso terram intueri. Eius rei quae causa esset miratus ex ipsis quaesiit. [3] Nihil Sequani respondere, sed in eadem tristitia taciti permanere. Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Diviacus Haeduus respondit: [4] hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem queri neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem, [5] velut si cora adesset, horrerent, propterea quod reliquis tamen fugae facultas daretur, Sequanis vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistum recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in potestate eius essent, omnes cruciatus essent perferendi.

a. I.29.13. unos , alone ; cf. § 134. a (94. a) ; cf. B. 66 ; G. 95. R. 1 ; H. 175. N. 1 . This whole scene is illustrative of the Gallic character.

b. I.29.15. quae esset : indir. quest. after miratus; cf. 13 5 , 15 16 , 18 15 .

c. I.29.16. respondere : histor. INF; cf. flagitare , 13 18 , and note.

d. I.29.19. hoc : we may translate, in this respect , but for real construction compare hoc facilius , 2 17 . hoc esse , etc.: Direct — Hoc
e. I.29.20. ne ... quidem : notice the position of these words before and after the emphatic word or phrase.

f. I.29.21. absentia (predicate), even when absent.

g. I.29.22. crudelitatem : object of horrerent ( § 274. b (177. c) ; B. 175. 2. b ; G. 330. R. ; H. 405. 1 (371. iii. N. 1) ; H-B. 391. 1 ). adesset : § 524 (312) ; B. 307. 1. 2 ; G. 602 ; H. 584 (513. ii) ; H-B. 504. 3 and a .

h. I.29.23. tamen , after all , whatever they might have to suffer. facultas : on the force of this word, cf. potentiae , 16 7 note on .

i. I.29.24. Sequanis : dat. of apparent agent with perferendi ( § 374 (232) ; B. 189. 1 ; G. 355 ; H. 431 (388) ; H-B. 373. 1 ), the Sequani must endure (changing the voice).

I.33. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit pollicitusque est sibi eam rem curae futuram; magnam se habere spem et beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum. Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit. [2] Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur quare sibi eam rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret, in primis quod Haeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepe numero a senatu appellatos, in servitute atque [in] dicione videbat Germanorum teneri eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat; quod in tanto imperio populi Romani turpissimum sibi et rei publicae esse arbitrabatur. [3] Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum transire et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire populo Romano periculosum videbat, neque sibi homines feros ac barbaros temperaturos existimabat quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam exirent atque inde in Italiam contenderent [, praesertim cum Sequanos a provincia nostra Rhodanus divideret]; quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. [4] Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur.

a. I.30.2. sibi curae (dat. of service, § 382. 1 (233. a) ; B. 191. 2. a ; G. 356 ; H. 433 (390) ; H-B. 360 and b ): cf. 22 6 , 22 15 .

b. I.30.3. et ... et : construe after adductum , induced by both ... and. beneficio ... auctoritate : the first refers to services which would inspire gratitude, the second to the prestige which would inspire fear in Ariovistus.

c. I.30.5. secundum , in accordance with: lit. following.

d. I.30.7. putaret : SUB after qua re , which may be considered equal to propter quas = ut propter eas. quod , because , or that. Haeduos , subject of teneri below.

e. I.30.8. appellatos (pred.), who had been often called.

f. I.30.11. quod : relative; the antecedent is the preceding clause Haeduos ... Sequanos.

g. I.30.14. periculosum : pred., agreeing with Germanos consuescere , etc., he saw it was dangerous to the Roman people for the Germans, little by little, to get in the way of crossing the Rhine, etc.

h. I.30.15. sibi temperaturos quin exirent , would refrain [check themselves] from going forth. sibi : § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346. 2 ; H. 426. 4 (385. i) ; H-B. 362 .

i. I.30.16. ut , as ; fecissent being SUB as dependent on exirent ( § 593 (342) ; B. 324 ; G. 663. 1 ; H. 652. 1 (529. II. N. 1, 1) ; H-B. 539 ). Cimbri Teutonique : these German tribes had been crushed by Marius (B.C. 102, 101), after having been for several years a terror upon the Italian frontier.

j. I.30.17. exirent : § 558 (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. 2 (504) ; H-B. 502. 3. b .

k. I.30.18. praesertim , etc.]: this clause makes good sense and may be translated.

l. I.30.19. Rhodanus = only the Rhone. rebus : dat. following occurrendum [sibi], § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376 : possibilities which he thought must be met at once. In this clause two things are to be noticed: first, that the Latin regularly puts an antecedent, which is in apposition with something preceding, in the relative clause, e.g. 'which kind,' not 'a kind which'; and, second, that a verb which governs the dat. cannot be used in the pass. with a personal subject. In both these respects the form must be altered in translating to suit the English idiom.

m. I.30.21. ferendus , etc.: in Latin the negative has an attraction for the main verb. We should say, 'seemed unendurable,' connecting the negative with the adjective idea.

I.34. Quam ob rem placuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret, qui ab eo postularent uti aliquem locum medium utrisque conloquio deligeret: velle sese de re publica et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere. [2] Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse; si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere. [3] Praeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audere quas Caesar possideret, neque exercitum sine magno commeatu atque molimento in unum locum contrahere posse. [4] Sibi autem mirum videri quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Caesari aut omnino populo Romano negotii esset.

a. I.30.23. ut ... mitteret : a purpose clause, subject of placuit.

b. I.30.24. medium utriusque , between the two.

c. I.30.25. conloquio (dat.), for a conference. velle , etc. depends on the idea of saying in postularent. Give the direct words of Caesar.

d. I.30.27a. si quid , etc.: Direct — Si quid [The first condition is contrary to fact ( § 589. b (337. b) ; B. 321. b ; G. 597. R. 4 ; H. 647 (527. iii) ; H-B. 581 and b. 1 , and cf. 12 4 ); the second is a simple present condition ( § 589. a. 1 (337. a. 1) ; B. 319. b ; G. 595. R. 1 ; H. 646 (527. i) ; H-B. 536 ).] Praeterea
e. I.30.27b. opus : § 411. b (243. e. R.) ; B. 218. 2. a ; G. 406 ; H. 477. iii. N (414. iv. N. 4) ; H-B. 430. 2. a . ipsi : dat. of poss. ( § 373 (231) ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430 (387) ; H-B. 374 ). Observe in this sentence that the reflexives ipse and se refer to Ariovistus ( § 298. e (195. k) ; B. 249. 3 ; G. 521. N. 3 ; H. 509. 5 (452. 5) ; H-B. 263. 1 ), and the demonstratives is and ille to Caesar; cf. also note on 3 26 .

f. I.31.1. quid ... se velit , wants anything of him (lit. wants him for anything ): a colloquial construction; see § 390. d (238. b) ; B. 176. 2 ; G. 333. R. 2 ; H. 416. 2 (378. 2) ; H-B. 397. 1 .

g. I.31.5. mirum quid ... esset : a sort of indir. quest.; it seemed strange to him , i.e. he wondered, what business , etc. in sua Gallia , in HIS [part of] Gaul. Notice the emphasis of sua.

h. I.31.7. negoti : part. gen. with quid ( § 346. a. 3 (216. a. 3) ; B. 201. 2 ; G. 369 ; H. 442 (397. 3) ; H-B. 346 ).

I.35. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum Caesar legatos cum his mandatis mittit: [2] quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio adfectus, cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus esset, hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret ut in conloquium venire invitatus gravaretur neque de communi re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum putaret, haec esse quae ab eo postularet: [3] primum ne quam multitudinem hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret; deinde obsides quos haberet ab Haeduis redderet Sequanisque permitteret ut quos illi haberent voluntate eius reddere illis liceret; neve Haeduos iniuria lacesseret neve his sociisque eorum bellum inferret. [4] Si [id] ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram; si non impetraret, sese, quoniam M. Messala, M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset uti quicumque Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo rei publicae lacere posset, Haeduos ceterosque amicos populi Romani defenderet, se Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum.

a. I.31.9. quoniam, etc. : Direct — Quoniam tanto
b. I.31.9b. tanto ... adfectus : see introductory note to this campaign, p. 285 .

c. I.31.10. beneficio is explained by cum ... esset , and gratiam referret by ut ... putaret; the first sibi refers to Caesar and the second to Ariovistus. In this sentence the causal clause is quoniam ... putaret , and the leading verb is esse : Since, though so, greatly favored by the Romans, he made such an [ill] return (hanc gratiam referret) as to grudge coming to a conference when invited, and did not consider that he ought to speak or hear about their common business, [therefore] these were the demands he made (the things he required) of him , etc. Observe that in Latin the significant word, the verb (postularet) , becomes in English the noun (demands).

d. I.31.15. ne quam , not any.

e. I.31.18. eius : Ariovistus; illis : the Sequani.

f. I.31.21. si non impetraret : i.e. this pledge or assurance.

g. I.31.22. M. Messala , etc.: cf. note on 2 12 . This was in B.C. 61.

h. I.31.24. obtineret , should hold (as governor), not 'obtain.' Avoid the kindred word in translation. Words are liable to change their meanings in 2000 years. See note on obtinere , 2 1 . For construction, cf. note on 6 10 . quod = so far as. commodo (abl. of specif.) rei publicae , to the advantage of the state.

i. I.31.25. defenderet : see the reasons in the note on the Campaign against Ariovistus, p. 285 . se : a repetition of sese above on account of the long parenthesis.

I.36. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ius esse belli ut qui vicissent iis quos vicissent quem ad modum vellent imperarent. Item populum Romanum victis non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. [2] Si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet quem ad modum suo iure uteretur, non oportere se a populo Romano in suo iure impediri. [3] Haeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et armis congressi ac superati essent, stipendiarios esse factos. [4] Magnam Caesarem iniuriam facere, qui suo adventu vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret. [5] Haeduis se obsides redditurum non esse neque his neque eorum sociis iniuria bellum inlaturum, si in eo manerent quod convenisset stipendiumque quotannis penderent; si id non fecissent, longe iis fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum. [6] Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Haeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse. [7] Cum vellet, congrederetur: intellecturum quid invicti Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui inter annos XIIII tectum non subissent, virtute possent.

a. I.31.27. ius esse , etc.: Direct — Ius
b. I.32.1. eis : governed by imperarent. The verbs are in the past by sequence of tenses ( § 482, 485 (285, 287. d) ; B. 267 ; G. 518 ; H. 548 (495. iv) ; H-B. 476 , H-B. 482. 1 ).

c. I.32.2. victis : governed by imperare. alterius , any one else's.

d. I.32.5. suo : i.e. the Roman people. uteretur : SUB in an indir. quest.

e. I.32.6. suo : i.e. Ariovistus. sibi ... stipendiarios , tributary to him.

f. I.32.8. qui faceret , in making : SUB also in dir. disc. ( § 535. e (320. e) ; B. 283. 3 ; G. 633 ; H. 598 (517) ; H-B. 523 ).

g. I.32.10. non ... neque , [on the one hand] he would not restore ,etc., but [on the other] he would not wrongfully (
h. I.32.11. iniuriā , ABL of manner, § 412. b (248. R.) ; B. 220. 2 ; G. 399. N. 1 ; H. 473. 3 (419. III. N. 2) ; H-B. 445. 1 ), etc. in eo , etc.: see vocab.

i. I.32.13. longe ... afuturum , the name of brothers would be a great way off from them , i.e. too far to help them.

j. I.32.14. quod , etc.: the whole clause is construed as an adv. ACC: as to Caesar's threat , etc.; cf. note on 16 18 , and § 572. a (333. a) ; B. 299. 2 ; G. 525. 2 ; H. 588. iii. N (516. ii. 2. N) ; H-B. 552. 2 .

k. I.32.15. secum, sua : observe that these refer, one to Ariovistus, the other to his antagonist; see § 300 (196. a) ; B. 244 ; G. 520 ; H. 504. 2 (449. 6) ; H-B. 262 .

l. I.32.16. cum vellet, congrederetur , he might come on when he would.

m. I.32.17. inter refers to something coming between two extremes. Hence, when applied to time, it means the entire interval between the beginning and the end of a given period, and may be rendered during.

I.37. Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata referebantur et legati ab Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant: [2] Haedui questum quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur: sese ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse; [3] Treveri autem, pagos centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhemum transire conarentur; his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus facile resisti posset. [4] Itaque re frumentaria quam celerrime potuit comparata magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit.

a. I.32.19. eodem tempore , etc.: in Latin the two actions are made coordinate, but in English we should be more likely to make one subordinate, at the same time that , etc.

b. I.32.20. Treveris : from the region of Trèves in the valley of the Moselle. questum : supine (after veniebant , supplied from the one preceding); see 26 15 , 28 8 , and notes.

c. I.32.21. qui ... essent : § 592. 3 (341. d) ; B. 323 ; G. 650 ; H. 643 (524) ; H-B. 535. 1. a . The following passage is a good example of what is called informal indir. disc. The formal indir. disc. introduced by a verb of saying has the main clause in the INF and dependent clauses in the SUB But often the verb of saying and the thing said are expressed together in some one word or phrase, as here questum. In such cases the dependent clauses have the SUB just as in formal indir. disc.; cf. 13 17 , 15 2 , 16 24 for similar examples.

d. I.32.22. ne ... quidem : cf. note on 29 20 .

e. I.32.24. pagos (see note, 10 12 ): these divisions were those known as hundreds, meaning not only the people, but the district they occupied. Suevorum : this is a general name, embracing a number of tribes that lived in the interior of Germany. Their habits and customs are described in the opening chapters of Book iv.

f. I.32.27. maturandum sibi (sc. esse ): impers. ( § 208. d (146. d) ; B. 138. iv ; G. 208. 2 ; H. 518. 1 (465. 1) ; H-B. 600. 3. a ); cf. exspectandum , 9 24 , and note.

g. I.32.29. minus facile , not very easily : i.e. it would be impossible ; but this is avoided as a word of ill omen. resisti (impers., § 372 (230) ; B. 187. ii. b ; G. 217 ; H. 426. 3 (384. 5) ; H-B. 364. 2 .): cf. rebus , 30 19 note on .

h. I.33.1. magnis itineribus : see chapter on military affairs, VI .

i. I.33.2. contendit : the place from which Caesar started is uncertain. After the destruction of the Helvetian force, he appears in the country of the Lingones sixty to eighty miles north of Bibracte. In that vicinity he held a council of the Gallic chiefs ( ch. 30 ), but whether he remained there is not stated. He probably came towards the north in the direction of Langres.

I.38. Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere [triduique viam a suis finibus processisse]. Id ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum quae ad bellum usui erant summa erat in eo oppido facultas, [2] idque natura loci sic muniebatur ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea quod flumen [alduas] Dubis ut circino circumductum paene totum oppidum cingit, [3] reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius pedum MDC, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet magna altitudine, ita ut radices eius montis ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant, [4] hunc murus circumdatus arcem efficit et cum oppido coniungit. [5] Huc Caesar magnis nocturnis diurnisque itineribus contendit occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium conlocat.

a. I.33.3. tridui : gen. of measure. viam : § 390 (238) ; B. 176. 4. a ; G. 333. 2 ; H. 409. 2 (371. ii. N) ; H-B. 396. 1 .

b. I.33.4. occupandum : gerundive agreeing with Vesontionem. Vesontionem : the modern Besançon , about ninety miles E.N.E. of the former battleground. There are many Roman remains here.

c. I.33.5. quod relates to Vesontionem , but agrees in gender with oppidum : § 306 (199) ; B. 250. 3 ; G. 614. 3. b ; H. 396. 2 (445. 4) ; H-B. 326. 1
d. I.33.6. finibus : the country which he had taken from the Sequani (Upper Alsace). processisse , had advanced . The bracketed words are probably authentic, and at any rate may be translated. ne , following praecavendum ( § 558. b (331. e. 2) ; B. 295. 3 ; G. 548 ; H. 568 (497. ii) ; H-B. 502. 3. b ).

e. I.33.10. ducendum : cf. occupandum above , and note.

f. I.33.11. Dubis : the modern Doubs. This name is said to mean "black river." ut , as it were.

g. I.33.12. spatium : object of continet.

h. I.33.13. pedum : pred. gen. after est; for construction with amplius , see § 407. c (247. c) ; B. 217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4 ; H. 471. 4 (417. N. 2) ; H-B. 416. d sexcentorum : the real distance is about 1600 feet, but in other respects the present site exactly corresponds to Caesar's words. See view, Fig. 18 . qua , where.

i. I.33.14. altitudine : ABL of quality or description. radices : object, and ripae subject of contingant.

j. I.33.15. hunc [mortem], etc., this an encompassing wall makes into a fortress.

k. I.33.17. oppido : the town must be regarded as having occupied the lower ground towards the bend in the river.

I.39. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae commeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepe numero sese cum his congressos ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse), tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. [2] Hic primum ortus est a tribunis militum, praefectis, reliquisque qui ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti non magnum in re militari usum habebant: [3] quorum alius alia causa inlata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat ut eius voluntate discedere liceret; non nulli pudore adducti, ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant. [4] Hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant: abditi in tabernaculis aut suum fatum querebantur aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Vulgo totis castris testamenta obsignabantur. [5] Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ii qui magnum in castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque quique equitatui praeerant, perturbabantur. [6] Qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum quae intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere dicebant. [7] Non nulli etiam Caesari nuntiabant, cum castra moveri ac signa ferri iussisset, non fore dicto audientes milites neque propter timorem signa laturos.

a. I.33.20. moratur : cf. 24 24 , and note. percontatione , questions. nostrorum : i.e. the soldiers who inquired in regard to the enemy.

b. I.33.21. vocibus , talk. Gallorum : these, it would seem, volunteered reports. The whole indicates a great deal of talk on the subject, to which Caesar attributes the panic. mercatorum : see note on 1 8 . magnitudine : cf. altitudine , l. 14 . Roman writers frequently speak of the huge size of the barbarians of the north as compared with themselves.

c. I.33.24. congressos , having met them.

d. I.33.27. hic : i.e. timor.

e. I.34.1. reliquis : i.e. aids or attachés ( contubernales, comites ), who attended the governor or commander of a province for the sake of military practice. These were often appointed from mere personal or political motives, and were of small use in the service, as it proved here. See chapter on military affairs, I. 7 .

f. I.34.2. quorum ... inlata , these on various pretexts ( § 315. c (203. c) ; B. 253. 2 ; G. 319 ; H. 516. 1 (459. 1) ; H-B. 279. 3 ).

g. I.34.3. quam ... diceret , which, they said ( § 592. 3 (341. d. R.) ; B. 323 ; G. 626. R. ; H. 649. 1 (528. 1) ; H-B. 535. 2. a. N. 3 ). See also note on qui ... essent , 32 21 . The verb is singular in Latin on account of alius.

h. I.34.6. voltum fingere , put on a brave face ( voltum refers to the expression of the face).

i. I.34.7. tabernaculis : see Fig. 129 .

j. I.34.9. totis castris : § 429 (258. f. 2) ; B. 228. 1. b ; G. 388 ; H. 485. 1 (425. ii. 2) ; H-B. 436. a . testamenta obsignabantur : indicating utter despair.

k. I.34.11. in castris = in service.

l. I.34.15. rem frumentariam ... timere , feared [for] the supply of corn, lest it might not be conveniently brought in ( § 564 (331. f) ; B. 296. 2 ; G. 550 ; H. 567 (498. iii) ; H-B. 502. 4 ). Observe the force of ut after vereri.

m. I.34.17. nuntiabant : what did they say in dir. disc.? cum iussisset , for cum iusseris (fut. perf.) of dir. disc. castra moveri , to break camp ; the regular expression.

n. I.34.19. signa laturos : i.e. advance. This is the technical term, as the standards were planted in the ground during a halt.

I.40. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omniumque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incusavit: primum, quod aut quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent. [2] Ariovistum se consule cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam adpetisse; cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicaret? [3] Sibi quidem persuaderi cognitis suis postulatis atque aequitate condicionum perspecta eum neque suam neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum. [4] Quod si furore atque amentia impulsum bellum intulisset, quid tandem vererentur? Aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent? [5] Factum eius hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria Cimbris et Teutonis a C. Mario pulsis [cum non minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperator meritus videbatur]; factum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu, quos tamen aliquid usus ac disciplina, quam a nobis accepissent, sublevarint. [6] Ex quo iudicari posse quantum haberet in se boni constantia, propterea quod quos aliquam diu inermes sine causa timuissent hos postea armatos ac victores superassent. [7] Denique hos esse eosdem Germanos quibuscum saepe numero Helvetii congressi non solum in suis sed etiam in illorum finibus plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint. [8] Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si quaererent, reperire posse diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris se ac paludibus tenuisset neque sui potestatem fecisset, desperantes iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum magis ratione et consilio quam virtute vicisse. [9] Cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros exercitus capi posse. [10] Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare aut praescribere viderentur. [11] Haec sibi esse curae; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, iamque esse in agris frumenta matura; de itinere ipsos brevi tempore iudicaturos. [12] Quod non fore dicto audientes neque signa laturi dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri: scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunam defuisse aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam. [13] Suam innocentiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. [14] Itaque se quod in longiorem diem conlaturus fuisset repraesentaturum et proxima nocte de quarta, vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum intellegere posset utrum apud eos pudor atque officium an timor plus valeret. [15] Quod si praeterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitet, sibique eam praetoriam cohortem futuram. Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem confidebat maxime.

a. I.34.20. omnium ordinum , of all ranks . Was this usual? See chapter on military affairs, I. 7 .

b. I.34.22. quam ... ducerentur : indir. quest.; cf. 10 3 .

c. I.34.23. sibi quaerendum , etc., that they had a right to inquire (it ought to be inquired) or consider (it ought to be thought).

d. I.34.24. putarent : see note on 32 21 . Ariovistum , etc.: Direct — This speech, one of the most remarkable, if not of the most famous, of antiquity, stamps Caesar as a consummate orator as well as an able general. His whole fortunes may be said to have depended on this campaign, at the outset of which he is confronted with a mutiny. By this skillfully contrived address, in which he glosses over the difficulties of the undertaking, which he must have known well; he contrives to inspire in his soldiers the Roman spirit, which was invincible whenever it was really roused. Caesar's marvellous conquest of Gaul depended quite as much on the devotion of his soldiers as on his unequalled ability as a general.

e. I.34.25. cur quisquam iudicaret , why should any one think? For the form of question, see § 586 (338) ; B. 315. 3 ; G. 651. R. 2 ; H. 642. 3 (523. ii. N) ; cf. H-B. 513. 1 (dir., iudicet , dubit. SUB); for the use of quisquam , implying a negative, see § 311 (105. h) ; B. 252. 4 ; G. 317 ; H. 513 (457) ; H-B. 276. 7 .

f. I.34.26. sibi persuaderi : see note on 30 19 ; the subject of persuaderi is eum ... repudiaturum.

g. I.35.1. quod si intulisset , but if he should , etc.

h. I.35.2. quid tandem , etc., what, pray, should they be afraid of?

i. I.35.3. sua , their OWN; ipsius , his ; ipse , used in this way to avoid the repetition of sua , is an indirect reflexive ( § 300. b (196. a. 2. N.) ; B. 249. 3 ; G. 660. 5 ; H. 509. 5 (452. 5) ; H-B. 263. 2 )

j. I.35.4. periculum (root in experior ), a trial. Cimbris , etc.: this was in B.C. 102 and 101, a little more than forty years before, and was the worst danger that had threatened the Romans since the destruction of the city by the Gauls three centuries before. See Roman histories. cum ... videbatur : although this clause was a part of Caesar's speech to his officers, yet the IND is used to emphasize to the reader the reality of the fact it asserts ( § 583. a (336. d) ; B. 314. 3 ; H. 652. 1 (529. N. 1. 2) ; H-B. 535. 1. d ).

k. I.35.6. meritus : sc. esse.

l. I.35.7. servili tumultu (abl. of time): the insurrection of the slaves and gladiators under Spartacus, B.C. 73-71. These consisted, in part, at any rate, of Germans captured by Marius. A war at home, i.e. in Italy or on its borders, was called tumultus. quos (referring to servos implied in servili) ... sublevarent (change to pass. in translation, so as to keep the emphasis), who yet were considerably helped by the training and discipline which they had got from us. aliquid : adv. ACC
m. I.35.9. quantum boni , how much advantage ( § 289. a (189. a) ; B. 237. 2. a ; G. 204. N. 2 ; H. 442 (397. 3) ; H-B. 249. 1 ) firmness has (for the tense of haberet , see § 485. d (287. d) ; H. 549 (495. v) ; H-B. 482. 1 ).

n. I.35.10. quos ... hos : notice the antecedent following the relative. inermis : i.e. the slaves of Spartacus's force.

o. I.35.12. hos esse : the Germans with Ariovistus. quibuscum ... congressi , etc. (changing the relative clause), whom the Helvetii had often met and beaten not only on their own ground, but even etc.

p. I.35.14. qui : i.e. the Helvetii. tamen : i.e. though they were strong enough to beat the Germans, after all , etc.

q. I.35.15. potuerint : see § 485. c. N. 1 (287. c. R.) ; B. 268. 6 ; G. 513 ; H. 550 (495.vi and foot-note 2). ; cf. H-B. 491 Cf. also 9 18 and 28 6. adversum proelium : see 27 21 ff. si quos ... commoveret , if any were alarmed by (lit., if the disastrous battle disturbed any ) .

r. I.35.17. Ariovistum : subject of vicisse.

s. I.35.18. neque ... fecisset , and had given them no chance at him.

t. I.36.2. adortum agrees with Ariovistum and governs desperantīs , with which a pronoun (eos) must be supplied in English. This may always be omitted in Latin if any word appears to show its case.

u. I.36.3. cui rationi ... hac = hac ratione cui : the noun being attracted to the relative clause; by this stratagem, for which there had been room against unskilled barbarians, not even Ariovistus himself hoped that our armies could be taken in. ( § 307. b (200. b) ; B. 251. 4. a ; G. 616 ; H. 399. 5 (445. 9) ; H-B. 284. 6 ; cf. note on 30 19 ).

v. I.36.6. qui ... conferrent , [those] who laid their own cowardice to the pretended difficulty about provisions , etc.

w. I.36.8. desperare , etc., to be discouraged about the commander's doing his duty. Such words as officium have a wider range of meaning in Latin than similar words in English, as duty, a duty, sense of duty, discharge of duty. praescribere : sc. officium ; i.e. that they were dictating to him what his duty was.

x. I.36.9. sibi ... curae : cf. 22 6 , 22 15 .

y. I.36.10. subministrare , were [now] furnishing. esse , were beginning to be. frumenta , crops ; note the plu. and cf. with meaning of the sing.

z. I.36.12. quod ... dicantur (cf. 12 11 , 15 14 , 32 14 ), as to its being said that they would not, etc. dicto audientes , etc.: cf. 34 18.

aa. I.36.13. nihil , no way. re : see note on 4 4. quibuscumque : dat. after audiens dicto ; i.e. no one has ever had a mutinous army who has not either been unsuccessful by his own fault, so that his men had no confidence in his ability, or been convicted of avarice by some overt act, so that they had no confidence in his integrity.

ab. I.36.16. suam , his own : emphatic by position; equivalent to in his case. innocentiam : the technical word, meaning freedom from the charge of plunder and extortion. In fact, Caesar's fault lay just the other way, a lavish and reckless generosity at the expense of subjects or allies. (In this sentence, in opposite (chiastic) order, innocentiam is opposed to avaritiam , and felicitatem to male re gesta ; a peculiarly Latin turn.)

ac. I.36.18. quod fuisset , what he had intended to defer. repraesentaturum , he would do at once. This is a legal term, meaning to do a thing before the time.

ad. I.36.21. officium : cf. note on 36 8.

ae. I.36.22. decima legione : this was the legion which had been stationed in the province of Gallia Transalpina (cf. 6 19 ); it was distinguished for discipline and courage.

af. I.36.23. praetoriam cohortem = body-guard , made up of the bravest men.

I.41. Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentes summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi innata est, [2] princepsque X. legio per tribunos militum ei gratias egit quod de se optimum iudicium fecisset, seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit. [3] Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum et primorum ordinum centurionibus egerunt uti Caesari satis facerent: se neque umquam dubitasse neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum iudicium sed imperatoris esse existimavisse. [4] Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisito per Diviciacum, quod ex Gallis ei maximam fidem habebat, ut milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu locis apertis exercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. [5] Septimo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab exploratoribus certior factus est Ariovisti copias a nostris milia passuum IIII et XX abesse.

a. I.36.28. innata est : agreeing with the last noun; cf. captus est , 24 7.

b. I.37.1. optimum iudicium fecisset , had expressed the very highest opinion (a technical phrase).

c. I.37.3. cum tribunis ... egerunt , etc., urged upon the tribunes ... to apologize.

d. I.37.4. primorum : see chapter on military affairs, I. 7.

e. I.37.6. summa belli = the policy of the campaign. suum ... sed imperatoris : predicates after esse ( § 343. b (214. c ) ; B. 198. 3 ; G. 366 ; H. 447 (402) ; H-B. 340 ).

f. I.37.7. satisfactione , apology ; cf. satisfacerent , above.

g. I.37.8. ei , in him ; after, the phrase fidem habere = fidere , which takes the dat. or ABL
h. I.37.9. ut ... duceret (result): depends upon itinere exquisito; duceret refers to itinere. The sense is, such (a route) that it led, etc., a road which led. Caesar might have said quod duceret but for the quod in the previous line. The valley of the Doubs above Besançon is very narrow and the mountains precipitous; but, turning first to the north by the railroad coming from Vesoul and then up the valley of the Ognon River, the country becomes tolerably open to Villersexel and to Belfort, which lies in the gap between the Vosges and the Jura. This pass is interesting as having been for ages one of the great avenues from Germany into Gaul. See view, Fig. 20 and map, Fig. 22. milium [passuum] limits circuitu , by a circuit of more than fifty miles. This must be reckoned as the distance to be traversed before coming to the main road again at about Belfort.

i. I.37.11. septimo die , etc.: at this time Caesar must have been somewhere near Mühlhausen (Mulhouse), about seventy-five miles from Besançon (see maps, 3 \\&amp;amp; Fig. 22 ); at any rate, at some point beyond Belfort on the route from Besançon to Strasburg (120 miles), having passed beyond the gap into the valley of the Rhine. Ariovistus was then some twenty-four miles farther on.

j. I.37.12. a nostris : i.e. forces.

I.42. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos ad eum mittit: quod antea de conloquio postulasset, id per se fieri licere, quoniam propius accessisset seque id sine periculo facere posse existimaret. [2] Non respuit condicionem Caesar iamque eum ad sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, cum id quod antea petenti denegasset ultro polliceretur, [3] magnamque in spem veniebat pro suis tantis populique Romani in eum beneficiis cognitis suis postulatis fore uti pertinacia desisteret. [4] Dies conloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus. [5] Interim saepe cum legati ultro citroque inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit ne quem peditem ad conloquium Caesar adduceret: vereri se ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur; uterque cum equitatu veniret: alia ratione sese non esse venturum. [6] Caesar, quod neque conloquium interposita causa tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum esse statuit omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis eo legionarios milites legionis X., cui quam maxime confidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset, haberet. [7] Quod cum fieret, non inridicule quidam ex militibus X. legionis dixit: plus quam pollicitus esset Caesarem facere; pollicitum se in cohortis praetoriae loco X. legionem habiturum ad equum rescribere.

a. I.37.15. quod : a relative; antecedent is id. per se , so far as he was concerned (a common expression with licet ).

b. I.37.16. accessisset : the subject is Caesar.

c. I.37.17. non respuit , etc.: notice the emphasis. Caesar did not reject the offer (as one might have supposed he would do).

d. I.37.18. iam ... reverti , that he was beginning to return. arbitrabatur : the imperfect indicating the beginning of an action.

e. I.37.19. petenti [Caesar], when he asked it. ultro : opposed to petenti.

f. I.37.21. fore uti desisteret : periphrastic future (cf. 18 1 , 28 17 ) following spem : that he would cease from his stubbornness.

g. I.37.23. conloquio : dat. of purpose; § 382. 2 (233. b) ; B. 191 ; G. 356. N. 1 ; H. 433 (390. ii). ; H-B. 361.

h. I.37.26. vereri : sc. verb of saying from postulavit. Note the force of ne after vereri and cf. ut , 34 16.

i. I.37.27. veniret : for veniat (hortatory) of dir. disc. alia ratione , on any other terms.

j. I.37.28. interpositā causā (ABL absolute), by putting in an excuse.

k. I.37.29. Gallorum equitatui : he had no other; see chapter on military affairs, I. 2. They numbered about 4000, about the same as a legion.

l. I.38.1. commodissimum : pred. adj. after esse , whose subject is the INF clause eo ... imponere.

m. I.38.2. Gallis equitibus , dat. following detractis ( § 381 (229) ; B. 188. d. 2 ; G. 345. R. 1 ; H. 427 (385. ii. 2) ; H-B. 371 ). eo (= in eos ), upon them.

n. I.38.4. si quid , etc., if there should be need of any active measures; quid is adv. ACC ( § 390. c. d and N. 2 (240. a) ; B. 176. 3 ; G. 333. 1 ; H. 416. 2 (378) cf. H-B. 387. iii. ).

o. I.38.5. facto : § 411. a (243. e. N) ; B. 218. 2. c ; G. 406 ; H. 477. iii (414. N. 3) ; H-B. 430. 2. b quod cum fieret , while this was going on. On the use of the rel. see note on 58 9.

p. I.38.7. pollicitum : see 36 23.

q. I.38.8. ad equum rescribere , he enrolled them among the knights. The word equites means not only the cavalry service in war, but a special privileged class in Roman society.

I.43. Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrenus satis grandis. Hic locus aequum fere spatium a castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad conloquium venerunt. [2] Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passibus CC ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. [3] Ariovistus ex equis ut conloquerentur et praeter se denos ad conloquium adducerent postulavit. [4] Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar initio orationis sua senatusque in eum beneficia commemoravit, quod rex appellatus esset a senatu, quod amicus, quod munera amplissime missa; quam rem et paucis contigisse et pro magnis hominum officiis consuesse tribui docebat; [5] illum, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandi iustam haberet, beneficio ac liberalitate sua ac senatus ea praemia consecutum. [6] Docebat etiam quam veteres quamque iustae causae necessitudinis ipsis cum Haeduis intercederent, [7] quae senatus consulta quotiens quamque honorifica in eos facta essent, ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Haedui tenuissent, prius etiam quam nostram amicitiam adpetissent. [8] Populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore auctiores velit esse; quod vero ad amicitiam populi Romani attulissent, id iis eripi quis pati posset? [9] Postulavit deinde eadem quae legatis in mandatis dederat: ne aut Haeduis aut eorum sociis bellum inferret, obsides redderet, si nullam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur.

a. I.38.9. tumulus terrenus = a smooth (i.e. not rocky) hill.

b. I.38.10. spatio : ABL of degree of difference.

c. I.38.12. equis , on horseback , ABL of means. passibus ducentis (abl. of distance, or degree of difference) = 320 yards.

d. I.38.15. se : plural. denos , ten on each side.

e. I.38.18. appellatus esset : see note on 32 21. amicus : sc. appellatus esset. munera : according to Livy ( 30.15 ), the gifts sent to Masinissa, king of Numidia, were "a golden crown and bowl, a curule chair, an ivory staff, an embroidered toga, and a tunic with palm-leaf figures," such as were worn in triumphal processions.

f. I.38.19. quam rem , a tribute which ; see note on 30 19.

g. I.38.20. docebat , showed him. illum : emphatic as opposed to other beneficiaries implied in the preceding.

h. I.38.21. aditum : i.e. right to approach the Senate.

i. I.38.22. ea praemia consecutum , had attained these prizes, as if he had eagerly sought them (cf. introductory note to Campaign against Ariovistus, p. 287 ).

j. I.38.24. ipsis (instead of sibi , which might refer to Caesar alone): the Romans. intercederent , existed between, indir. quest.

k. I.38.26. ut , how.

l. I.38.27. adpetissent : see § 592. 1 (341. b) ; B. 323 ; G. 633 ; H. 652 (529. ii) ; H-B. 535. 1. a . In the dir. this might be either perf. IND or the same as here. If only priority of time is meant, it would be IND; if there is any internal relation between the main clause and the time clause, it would require the SUB In this case the latter seems more probable.

m. I.38.28. populi , etc.: Direct — Populi Romani
n. I.38.29. sui nihil , nothing of their own (dignity, etc.); sui is used substantively, and is a part. gen.

o. I.39.1. quod ... adtulissent , what they had brought to the alliance ; i.e. the independence and dignity which they had possessed.

p. I.39.2. posset : § 587 (338. a) ; B. 300. 2 ; G. 651. R. 2 ; H. 642. 3 (523. ii. 1, N.) ; cf. H-B. 503 . postulavit eadem , he made the same demands.

q. I.39.3. ne , etc.: these clauses are in apposition with eadem , and are indirectly quoted from imperative forms of the dir. disc.

I.44. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: [2] transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessitum a Gallis; non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque reliquisse; sedes habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate datos; stipendium capere iure belli, quod victores victis imponere consuerint. [3] Non sese Gallis sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse: omnes Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse ac contra se castra habuisse; eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas ac superatas esse. [4] Si iterum experiri velint, se iterum paratum esse decertare; si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. [5] Amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio, non detrimento esse oportere, atque se hac spe petisse. Si per populum Romanum stipendium remittatur et dediticii subtrahantur, non minus libenter sese recusaturum populi Romani amicitiam quam adpetierit. [6] Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi, non Galliae oppugnandae causa facere; eius rei testimonium esse quod nisi rogatus non venerit et quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit. [7] Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani Galliae provinciae finibus egressum. [8] Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessiones veniret? Provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram. Ut ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos, quod in suo iure se interpellaremus. [9] Quod fratres a senatu Haeduos appellatos diceret, non se tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse rerum ut non sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Haeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque ipsos in iis contentionibus quas Haedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent auxilio populi Romani usos esse. [10] Debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. [11] Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese illum non pro amico sed pro hoste habiturum. [12] Quod si eum interfecerit, multis sese nobilibus principibusque populi Romani gratum esse facturum (id se ab ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere), quorum omnium gratiam atque amicitiam eius morte redimere posset. [13] Quod si decessisset et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, magno se illum praemio remuneraturum et quaecumque bella geri vellet sine ullo eius labore et periculo confecturum.

a. I.39.8. transisse , etc.: Direct —
b. I.39.9. rogatum et arcessitum : participles expressing cause.

c. I.39.10. sine magna spe magnisque praemiis = sine magna spe magnorum praemiorum; hendiadys, cf. 28 25 , and note.

d. I.39.11. obsides : object of habere. Translate the participles concessas and datos by relative clauses.

e. I.39.14. sibi , on him , referring to the main subject, Ariovistus. ad se oppugnandum : gerundive expressing purpose; cf. 33 4 , 33 10.

f. I.39.21. oportere : impers.; its subject is amicitiam ... esse. id , not eam , because it refers to the idea, ut amicus populi Romani esset. si remittatur : fut. cond. ( § 516, 589 (307, 337) ; B. 268. 7 ; G. 656 ; H. 573. 1, 646 (507.i, 527.i) ; H-B. 536, 579. a ); the pres. for imperf., contrary to regular sequence, for greater vividness.

g. I.39.22. per , through the action of:

h. I.39.23. subtrahantur , are got away (by underhand means).

i. I.39.25. quod ... traducat , as for his bringing over ; made SUB by indir. disc.

j. I.39.26. impugnandae : observe the gerundive.

k. I.40.4. provinciam : emphatic; i.e. he had a right to govern it as the Romans did their provinces. hanc Galliam , this part of Gaul.

l. I.40.5. ut ... sic , as ... so. ipsi : i.e. Ariovistus (used as an indirect reflexive ). See note on 35 3.

m. I.40.8. quod = in that.

n. I.40.9. imperitum rerum : i.e. unsophisticated; for construction, cf. 18 22.

o. I.40.10. bello proximo : i.e. B.C. 62.

p. I.40.14. debere se suspicari , etc., he had ground to suspect, that Caesar, in keeping an army in Gaul, kept it under the pretence of friendship, [but really] for the purpose of crushing him (Ariovistus).

q. I.40.15. sui opprimendi causa : gerund; see § 504. c (298. a) ; B. 339. 5 ; G. 428. R. ; H. 626. 3 (542. i. N. 1). ; cf. H-B. 614 .

r. I.40.18. nobilibus ... gratum : Caesar was the recognized head of the party opposed to the senate and nobility. Many of the aristocracy would have been glad of any safe way to be rid of him.

s. I.40.20. compertum habere has almost the force of comperisse; see § 497. b (292. c) ; B. 337. 7 ; G. 238 ; H. 431. 3 (388. 1. N). ; H-B. 605. 5 . The three relatives qui (l.16), quod (l. 17), and quod (l. 21) illustrate the principle that the relative, serving to connect with the previous proposition, may represent various conjunctions: if then he should not withdraw (qui = is igitur) ; and if he should kill him ( quod , adv. ACC); but if he should withdraw ( quod = sed , etc.).

I.45. Multa a Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt quare negotio desistere non posset: neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati ut optime meritos socios desereret, neque se iudicare Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. [2] Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos a Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in provinciam redegisset neque stipendium posuisset. [3] Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari oporteret, populi Romani iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium; si iudicium senatus observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset.

a. I.40.25. in eam sententiam qua re = to this effect [to show] why.

b. I.40.26. negotio : ABL of separation. posset : indir. quest.; cf. 18 15 , 29 15 , 38 23. neque suam , etc.: Direct — Neque
c. I.40.28. neque se iudicare , and HE did not CONSIDER; notice the emphasis.

d. I.41.1. bello superatos : B.C. 121, when the Allobroges also were subdued, and the Province probably organized; notice the emphasis. These peoples had been conquered, a fact which gave special rights to the Romans.

e. I.41.3. ignovisset : but, in fact, their country lay beyond the naturally strong frontier of the Cevennes, and so could not then be conveniently occupied by the Romans.

f. I.41.4. antiquissimum quodque (see § 313. b (93. c) ; B. 252. 5. c ; G. 318. 2 ; H. 515. 2 (458. 1) ; H-B. 278. 2. b ): Caesar, referring to the statement of Ariovistus in 39 28 , claims priority of conquest for the Romans.

g. I.41.7. suis = its own , referring through quam to Galliam.

h. I.41.8. voluisset : the subject is [senatus].

I.46. Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est equites Ariovisti propius tumulum accedere et ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros coicere. [2] Caesar loquendi finem fecit seque ad suos recepit suisque imperavit ne quod omnino telum in hostes reicerent. [3] Nam etsi sine ullo periculo legionis delectae cum equitatu proelium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat ut, pulsis hostibus, dici posset eos ab se per fidem in conloquio circumventos. [4] Postea quam in vulgus militum elatum est qua arrogantia in conloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, impetumque in nostros eius equites fecissent, eaque res conloquium ut diremisset, multo maior alacritas studiumque pugnandi maius exercitui iniectum est.

a. I.41.9. geruntur : for tense after dum , cf. 24 24 , 33 19 .

b. I.41.10. tumulum : governed by propius , which sometimes has the force of a prep. ( § 432. a (261. a) ; B. 141. 3 ; G. 416. 22 ; H. 420. 5 (437. 1) ; H-B. 380. b ).

c. I.41.14. periculo legionis , danger to the legion ; notice that in Latin the gen. is the regular form of one noun dependent on another, whatever prep. we may use to express the relation.

d. I.41.15. committendum non putabat, ut dici posset , he thought that no ground should be given for saying. The subject of committendum is the ut clause ( § 568. N. 1 (332. e) ; B. 297. 2 ; G. 553. I ; H. 571. 1 (501. i. 1) ).

e. I.41.16. per fidem , through [misplaced] trust.

f. I.41.17. elatum est , it was reported. Observe the regular mood and tense after posteaquam ; cf. 4 17 , and note.

g. I.41.18. omni Gallia : ABL of separation, with interdixisset ( § 400 (243) ; B. 214 ; G. 390 ; H. 462 (413) ; H-B. 408. 3 ).

h. I.41.20. ut , how, with indir. quest.

I.47. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos misit: velle se de iis rebus quae inter eos egi coeptae neque perfectae essent agere cum eo: uti aut iterum conloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, ex suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. [2] Conloquendi Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis quod pridie eius diei Germani retineri non potuerant quin tela in nostros coicerent. [3] Legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum et hominibus feris obiecturum existimabat. [4] Commodissimum visum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerii Caburi filium, summa virtute et humanitate adulescentem, cuius pater a C. Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua multa iam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et una M. Metium, qui hospitio Ariovisti utebatur. [5] His mandavit quae diceret Ariovistus cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente conclamavit: quid ad se venirent? an speculandi causa? Conantes dicere prohibuit et in catenas coniecit.

a. I.42.2. coeptae : this verb is regularly pass. when used, as here, with a pass. INF (agi) .

b. I.42.3. uti constitueret : following velle ( § 563. b (331. b) ; B. 296. 1 ; G. 546 ; H. 565 (498. i) ; H-B. 587. a ).

c. I.42.4. suis : refers to Caesar; se to Ariovistus.

d. I.42.6. eo magis : cf. hoc facilius , 2 7 , and note. retineri quin , be kept from ( § 558 (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 554 ; H. 595. 2 (504. 4) ; H-B. 502. 3. b ).

e. I.42.7. legatum [e suis] = one of his own [officers] as an envoy. [e suis] : this may either be translated or omitted. The meaning is essentially the same.

f. I.42.8. magno ... missurum , it would be at great risk that , etc. This meaning is given by the emphatic position of magno, etc. The Latin often puts into one sentence ideas which we are inclined to express (for emphasis) in two.

g. I.42.11. humanitate : not humanity (cf. obtinere , 2 1 note on ); the word refers to his education.

h. I.42.12. Flacco : governor of Gaul B.C. 83. It was customary for slaves or aliens to become clients of the person from whom they received freedom or citizenship and to take his gentile name ( § 108 (80. a) ; G. p. 493 ; H. 354 (649) ; H-B. 678. 1 ). Thus, here Procillus takes the name (C. Valerius) of his patron Flaccus, retaining his own as cognomen. civitate donatus erat : § 364 (225. d) ; G. 348 ; H. 426. 6 (384.II.2) ; H-B. 365. b .

i. I.42.13. quā multā ... utebatur , which Ariovistus spoke freely.

j. I.42.14. in eo = in him.

k. I.42.15. peccandi causa , ground of offence: i.e. the Germans had no reason to commit any outrage on him, as they might on a Roman.

l. I.42.16. hospitio : the relation of hospes , existing between two persons of different cities or nations, made a sacred bond far closer than that of simple hospitality; see vocab.

m. I.42.18. quos : cf. note on 25 5. conspexisset : note the SUB and cf. 4 12 , 6 14 , 7 17 , and notes.

n. I.42.20. venirent : indir. disc. for venitis. conantīs , etc.: this proceeding was evidently for effect upon the army which was in attendance. Ariovistus cried out aloud and did not allow the messengers to be heard.

I.48. Eodem die castra promovit et milibus passuum VI a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. [2] Postridie eius diei praeter castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et milibus passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit eo consilio uti frumento commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Haeduis supportaretur Caesarem intercluderet. [3] Ex eo die dies continuos V Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit et aciem instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. [4] Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuit, equestri proelio cotidie contendit. Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se Germani exercuerant: [5] equitum milia erant VI, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omni copia singuli singulos suae salutis causa delegerant: [6] cum his in proeliis versabantur, ad eos se equites recipiebant; hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant, si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo deciderat, circumsistebant; [7] si quo erat longius prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas ut iubis sublevati equorum cursum adaequarent.

a. I.42.22. a Caesaris castris : this camp is placed by Napoleon III at the southern foot of the Vosges Mountains near Cernay (Sennheim), a few miles northwest of Mühlhausen, and thirty miles beyond Belfort (Fig. 20 ), the fortress which now defends this pass on the frontier between France and Germany. The march of Ariovistus placed him nearer the passage, so as to cut off Caesar's supplies.

b. I.42.25.

c. I.42.26. supportaretur : see § 593 (342) ; B. 324. 1 ; G. 629 ; H. 652 (529. ii) ; H-B. 539 ; and cf. 14 7 , 24 21.

d. I.42.28. instructam habuit : cf. 40 20 , and note.

e. I.43.1. vellet : for construction, cf. supportaretur , 42 26.

f. I.43.3. castris : the place where may omit the prep. when the idea of means is prominent ( § 429 (258. f) ; B. 228. 1 ; G. 389 ; H. 485. 2 (425. ii. 1. ) ; cf. H-B. 446. 1 ).

g. I.43.4. hoc : pointing to the description which follows. se exercuerant , were trained ; see § 476 (279. e) ; B. 262. a ; G. 241. 3. R. ; H. 299. 2 (297. i. 2) ; H-B. 487 .

h. I.44.1. singuli [equites] singulos [pedites]: i.e. one apiece.

i. I.44.5. si quo ... prodeundum , if there was occasion for advancing to any place.

j. I.44.7. cursum adaequarent : Tacitus ( Ger. 6 ) says: "They fight in combination [infantry and cavalry] and the foot soldiers, picked out of

I.49. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant, circiter passus DC ab his, castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplici instructa ad eum locum venit. [2] Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire iussit. [3] [Hic locus ab hoste circiter passus DC, uti dictum est, aberat.] Eo circiter hominum XVI milia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros terrerent et munitione prohiberent. [4] Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante constituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere iussit. Munitis castris duas ibi legiones reliquit et partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas legiones in castra maiora reduxit.

a. I.44.10. consederant : cf. exercuerant above.

b. I.44.11. acie triplici : see chapter on military affairs, VII.

c. I.44.13. castra munire : the spade and pickaxe were as familiar to the Roman soldier as the sword or javelin. See chapter on military affairs, V , also Figs. 23 , 54 , 69 , 118 , 119 , 122 . In this case Caesar had one larger camp about two miles east of the Germans, and a smaller one rather more than half a mile to the south of them.

I.50. Proximo die instituto suo Caesar ex castris utrisque copias suas eduxit paulumque a maioribus castris progressus aciem instruxit hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. [2] Ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus multis et inlatis et acceptis vulneribus in castra reduxit. [3] Cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar quam ob rem Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset ut matres familiae eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent utrum proelium committi ex usu esset necne; eas ita dicere: [4] non esse fas Germanos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio contendissent.

a. I.45.8. instituto suo , according to his previous practice ( § 418. a (253. N) ; B. 220. 3 ; G. 397 ; H. 475. 3 (416) ; H-B. 414 ).

b. I.45.11. tum : note the emphasis.

c. I.45.13. quae ... oppugnaret : a purpose clause; cf. l. 3 above.

d. I.45.14. pugnatum est : how translated ? Cf. note on 23 1.

e. I.45.19. matres familiae : according to Tacitus ( Ger. 8 ), it was not matrons only, but women as a class, or most of them, to whom this prophetic power was ascribed.

f. I.45.20. sortibus : lots of leaves or twigs marked with certain signs and drawn by chance. vaticinationibus : perhaps omens interpreted from the noise of waters, river eddies, etc., or possibly the mere prophetic impressions analogous to 'second sight.' declararent : § 568 (332) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 557 ; H. 571. 2 (501. i. 2) ; H-B. 521. 3. a . utrum ... necne : § 335 (211) ; B. 162. 4 ; G. 458 ; H. 380 (353) ; H-B. 234. a .

g. I.45.21. non esse fas , it was not fated.

h. I.45.22. novam lunam : a common superstition among semi-civilized peoples (cf. Tacitus, Ger. II ); so the Spartans refused to advance to Marathon before the full moon.

I.51. Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio utrisque castris quod satis esse visum est reliquit, alarios omnes in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur; ipse triplici instructa acie usque ad castra hostium accessit. [2] Tum demum necessario Germani suas copias castris eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, Tribocos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam raedis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. [3] Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae ad proelium proficiscentes milites passis manibus flentes implorabant ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent.

a. I.45.25. alarios : the auxiliaries as distinguished from the legionary (Roman) troops. They were usually stationed on the wings of the line of battle; hence their name, from ala , a wing.

b. I.45.26. pro : note the force of the prep. here as distinguished from its meaning in 46 1; cf. also 3 1.

c. I.46.2. ad speciem , to make a show , as if the two legions were still there, while in fact they had joined the other force at the greater camp. acie : of the legionaries alone. The six legions in battle array ( triplici acie) presented a front of more than a mile in length.

d. I.46.3. necessario : the necessity seems to have come from the fact that the tactics of the Germans demanded more room than a crowded stronghold could give. Rarely in ancient warfare was a fortified camp
e. I.46.5. intervallis : § 412 (248) ; B. 220. 1 ; G. 399 ; H. 473. 3 (419. iii) ; H-B. 445 .

f. I.46.8. eo , thereon , i.e. the carts and wagons; cf. eo , 38 2. note on
g. I.46.9. proficiscentīs , [the men] as they advanced (object of implorabant ).

I.52. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quaestorem praefecit, uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet; [2] ipse a dextro cornu, quod eam partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. [3] Ita nostri acriter in hostes signo dato impetum fecerunt itaque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes coiciendi non daretur. [4] Relictis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani celeriter ex consuetudine sua phalange facta impetus gladiorum exceperunt. [5] Reperti sunt complures nostri qui in phalanga insilirent et scuta manibus revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. [6] Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam coniecta esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. [7] Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam ii qui inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit.

a. I.46.11. chapter on military affairs, VII , for description of a battle. singulos legatos , etc., i.e. a legatus in command of each legion. This was the beginning of a very important reform in the military organization. Caesar felt so keenly the evil of the command being divided among six tribunes that he detailed one of his legati nominally to assist the tribunes. After this time, we find the legatus as the regular commander of a legion, with the six tribunes under him. On this occasion, having only five legati , he also appointed his quartermaster (quaestor) to that one of the six legions which was intended to be under his own special command.

b. I.46.13. eam partem : that, of course, would be the enemy's left.

c. I.46.14. ita acriter ... ut , so fiercely that.

d. I.46.17. coniciendi : observe the gerund with a dir. object ( pila ). Give the corresponding gerundive construction.

e. I.46.20. in phalanga , upon the phalanx. This was a compact body of men with shields close locked in front and above, lapping over one another like shingles on a roof. See Fig. 68 , the Roman testudo.

f. I.46.21. revellerent , etc.: i.e. they leaped upon the roof of shields, pulled them up, and so thrust their swords down from above ( desuper ).

g. I.46.24. P. Crassus : son of Marcus Crassus the triumvir. He next appears at the head of an important expedition against the Aquitanians, pp. 88-92.

h. I.46.25. adulescens : like our junior , to distinguish him rom his father. expeditior , more free.

i. I.46.26. tertiam aciem : the line of reserves, kept for just such emergencies.

I.53. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt nec prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Rhenum milia passuum ex eo loco circiter L pervenerunt. [2] Ibi perpauci aut viribus confisi tranare contenderunt aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem reppererunt. [3] In his fuit Ariovistus, qui naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit; reliquos omnes consecuti equites nostri interfecerunt. [4] Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum eduxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre missam: utraque in ea fuga periit; duae filiae: harum altera occisa, altera capta est. [5] C. Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in fuga trinis catenis vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem hostes equitatu insequentem incidit. [6] Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum ex manibus hostium sibi restitutum videbat neque eius calamitate de tanta voluptate et gratulatione quicquam fortuna deminuerat. [7] Is se praesente de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur an in aliud tempus reservaretur: sortium beneficio se esse incolumem. [8] Item M. Metius repertus et ad eum reductus est.

a. I.47.1. restitutum est : contrasted with laborantibus , above.

b. I.47.2. prius ... quam ... pervenerunt : see note on 38 27.

c. I.48.1. Rhenum : the nearest point on this river was a little below Bâle, somewhat more than five miles distant from the supposed place of the engagement. But the Germans may have fled down the valley of the Ill, reaching the Rhine near Rheinau, some fifty miles from the battlefield.

d. I.48.2. tranare contenderunt , by great effort swam across.

e. I.48.5. reliquos omnis : said to be 80,000.

f. I.48.6. duae uxores : only chiefs among the Germans, says Tacitus ( Ger. 18 ), had more than one wife; and this was for the sake of honor and alliances.

g. I.48.7. Sueva : for character and customs of the Suevi see Bk. iv. chs. 1-3.

h. I.48.8. duxerat : cf. note on 8 7 . Observe that duxerat in the line above has a different meaning.

i. I.48.10. Procillus : see 42 10.

j. I.48.11. trinis catenis , three [sets of] manacles.

k. I.48.16. eius calamitate , by any harm to him ; eius is obj. gen., and refers to Procillus.

l. I.48.17. quicquam : adv. ACC ( § 390. d and N. 2 (240. a) ; B. 176. 3 ; G. 333. 1 ; H. 416. 2 (378. 2) ; cf. H-B. 396. 2 ).

m. I.48.18. se praesente , in his presence. ter : it was the regular usage of the Germans to consult the lot thrice ( Tacitus, Ger. 10 ). This has come down to the present day in sundry games, etc. consultum : impers., sc. esse.

n. I.48.19. necaretur : indir. quest.; the dir. was a dubit. SUB, necetur. The site of this battle is still very uncertain. The account of Caesar's march would seem to point to some place from thirty to fifty miles beyond Belfort, and accordingly it has been located by some near Cernay and by others near Gemar, twenty miles farther down the valley. Perhaps it may have been even nearer the gap than Cernay. The plan in the text, that of Col. Stoffel, must be taken, therefore, only as a supposable arrangement. The country is nearly the same in all that region, and a few miles can make no difference. The great point is that for the first time a Roman army ventured beyond one of the natural bounds of Gaul into the valley of the Rhine and defeated a German horde on its own ground, as it were. The campaign against

I.54. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt; quos ubi qui proximi Rhenum incolunt perterritos senserunt, insecuti magnum ex iis numerum occiderunt. [2] Caesar una aestate duobus maximis bellis confectis maturius paulo quam tempus anni postulabat in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit; hibernis Labienum praeposuit; [3] ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus est.

a. I.48.24. Ubii : these lived near the modern Cologne, and were deadly enemies of the Suevi, and therefore generally in alliance with the Romans ( Bk. iv. ch. 3 ). Rhenum : governed by proximi; see § 432. a (261. a) ; B. 141. 3 ; G. 359. N. 1 ; H. 420. 5 (391. ii. 2) ; H-B. 380. b and cf. propius tumulum , 41 10.

b. I.48.26. maturius , earlier ; the decisive battle with Ariovistus was fought somewhere about the 10th of September.

c. I.48.28. in citeriorem Galliam : south of the Alps.

d. I.48.29. conventus : the proconsular courts held for the administration of justice. A further reason for going was to be nearer Rome and to watch political movements there.

II COMMENTARIUS SECUNDUS

II.1 II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 II.6 II.7 II.8 II.9 II.10 II.11 II.12 II.13 II.14 II.15 II.16 II.17 II.18 II.19 II.20 II.21 II.22 II.23 II.24 II.25 II.26 II.27 II.28 II.29 II.30 II.31 II.32 II.33 II.34

II.1. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia [in hibernis], ita uti supra demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus, contra populum Romanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare. [2] Coniurandi has esse causas: primum quod vererentur ne, omni pacata Gallia, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur; [3] deinde quod ab non nullis Gallis sollicitarentur, partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste ferebant, partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis imperiis studebant; [4] ab non nullis etiam quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant vulgo regna occupabantur; qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant.

a. II.49.1. cum esset , etc., while C. was : SUB with cum temporal ( § 546 (325) ; B. 288. 1. b ; G. 585 ; H. 600.ii (521. ii. 2) ; H-B. 524 .). 6 14 , 7 17 , 11 7 . The verb comes in this emphatic place on account of the close connection of these words with the preceding book; something like ' and being thus in , etc.' See translation of this chapter in 'Directions for Reading,' p. 000. citeriore Gallia : northern Italy. ita uti ( = ut , as ): correlatives; the demonstrative word so is often omitted in English ( § 323. g (107) ; G. 110. 3 ; H. 305 ; cf. H-B. 144 ). demonstravimus , dixeramus : the perfect here implies an act done before the time of writing (see end of Bk. i ); the pluperf., what took place before the time of demonstravimus .

b. II.49.2. adferebantur , certior fiebat (imperf. of repeated action ; § 470 (277) ; B. 260. 2 ; G. 231 ; H. 534. 3 (469. ii) ; H-B. 484 ), kept coming in; he was informed from time to time .

c. II.49.3. litteris , by despatches : ABL of means, § 409 (248. c) ; B. 218 ; G. 401 ; H. 476 (420) ; H-B. 423 . Belgas ... coniurare ... dare , that the Belgians , etc.: indir. disc., ACC and INF following the verbal phrase certior fiebat ( § 459 (272) ; B. 331. i ; G. 527 ; H. 613 (535) ; H-B. 589 ); direct, Belgae coniurant . Caesar had not yet advanced farther north than the country of the Lingones, so that the Belgae were as yet unattacked. quam agrees with partem ( § 306 (199) ; B. 250. 3 ; G. 614. R. 3. b ; H. 396. 2 (445. 4) ; H-B. 326. 1 ), though the proper antecedent is Belgas .

d. II.49.4. esse : indir. disc. (with subj. ACC quam ), after dixeramus . dixeramus is in the indict, because, though a relative clause, it is parenthetical merely, and not a part of the report of Labienus ( § 583 (336. b) ; B. 314. 3 ; G. 628. R. a ; H. 643. 3 (524. 2. 1) ; H-B. 535. 1. d ).

e. II.49.5. coniurare : from the point of view of the Romans, any war against Rome is a "conspiracy"; a nation enslaved by Rome is "pacified." obsides : see note on 8 11 . inter se , to one another : § 301. f (196. f) ; B. 245 ; G. 221 ; H. 502. 1 (448. N) ; H-B. 266 . coniurandi : gerund ( § 504 (298) ; B. 338. 1. a ; G. 428 ; H. 626 (542. i) ; H-B. 612. i ).

f. II.49.6. has esse causas , that the reasons were as follows : the report of Labienus continued, indir. disc. quod vererentur , sollicitarentur : SUB because subord. clauses in indir. disc. ( § 580 (336. 2) ; B. 314. 1 ; G. 541 ; H. 643 (524) ; H-B. 535. 2 ). The two clauses introduced by primum and deinde contain the two reasons for the conspiracy, and so the gist of the sentence. The rest, which makes the whole seem complicated, defines the classes of disaffected Gauls who, though conquered, hoped still to recover their liberty by means of their more warlike neighbors. These classes are two ( partim ... partim ), but to these are added in Caesar's words, but in a different construction ( ab non nullis ), some who had personal reasons for wishing to expel the Romans. ne ... adduceretur : subst. clause, object of vererentur ( § 563 (331. f) ; B. 296. 2 ; G. 550 ; H. 498. iii ; H-B. 502. 4 ). omni pacata Gallia : translate the ABL absolute freely, often by an active construction, having subdued , etc., or by a temporal, conditional, or such other clause as will best bring out the thought.

g. II.49.7. Gallia : i.e. Celtic Gaul ( § 521. a (310. a) ; B. 305. 1 ; G. 667 ; H. 638. 2 (549. 2) ; H-B. 578. 6 ), within which the previous campaigns had been conducted. exercitus noster : i.e. to subdue them in their turn. ab non nullis Gallis : § 405 (246) ; B. 216 ; G. 401 ; H. 468 (415. i) ; H-B. 406. 1 .

h. II.49.8. partim qui , etc.: not part of Labienus's report, but explanatory remarks added by Caesar; hence the IND ut ... ita : correlatives ( § 323. g (107) ; G. 110. 3 ; H. (305) ; H-B. 144 , 563 ). Germanos ... versari : object of noluerant ( § 457, 563. b (271. a, 330. 3) ; B. 295. N, 331. iv ; G. 532 ; H. 614 (535. ii) ; H-B. 587 and a ).

i. II.49.9. exercitum hiemare , etc., they took it hard ( moleste ferebant ) that an army of the Roman people was wintering and getting a foothold ( inveterascere , lit. grow old ) in Gaul. The infinitives, with their subj. ACC exercitum , are in indir. disc. after moleste ferebant ( § 572. b (333. b) ; B. 331. v ; G. 650 ; H. 642. ii (523. N) ; H-B. 594 ).

j. II.49.11. mobilitate : ABL of cause; § 404 (245) ; B. 219 ; G. 408 ; H. 475 (416) ; H-B. 444 . novis imperiis (dat. § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426 (385) ; H-B. 362 .) studebant = were eager for a change of government (lit. new ruling powers ). Notice that novis is emphatic.

k. II.49.12. ab non nullis , by some also (sc. sollicitabantur ); these were petty chiefs of clans. quod (causal) ... occupabantur , because royal power was (constantly) usurped. Notice the IND; Caesar explains the statement of Labienus ( quod ... sollicitarentur ) by facts from his own knowledge ( § 540 (321) ; B. 286. 1 ; G. 540 ; H. 588 (516) ; H-B. 555 .). A clause with the SUB ( occuparentur ) would indicate that the reason assigned formed part of the letter of Labienus. potentioribus : used substantively.

l. II.49.13. ad ... facultatīs , the means to take men into their pay. conducendos : gerundive in an expression of purpose ( § 506 (300) ; B. 338. 3, 339 ; G. 432 ; H. 622 (544. N. 2) ; H-B. 612. iii ).

m. II.49.14. rem : cf. note on 4 4 .

n. II.49.15. imperio nostro : strictly a loc. ABL, implying time, place, or condition, under our dominion. consequi , complementary INF ( § 456 and N. (271 and N.) ; B. 328. 1 ; G. 423 ; H. 607. 2 (533. i. 2) ; H-B. 586 and a ).

II.2. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit et inita aestate in ulteriorem Galliam qui deduceret Q. Pedium legatum misit. [2] Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. [3] Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis qui finitimi Belgis erant uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. [4] Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Re frumentaria provisa castra movet diebusque circiter XV ad fines Belgarum pervenit.

a. II.50.1. nuntiis : ABL of cause; cf. mobilitate , 49 11 . duas legiones ... misit : these were numbered XIII and XIV, making with the others (VII-XIl) eight in all, amounting (with auxiliaries) to perhaps 60,000 men.

b. II.50.2. initā aestate : ABL absolute, expressing time when ; § 419 (255) ; B. 227. 2. a ; G. 665 ; H. 489. 1 (431. 1) H-B. 421. 1 ; aestas is the period from the spring equinox to that of autumn.

c. II.50.3. qui deduceret (the antecedent is Q. Pedium ): relative clause of purpose ( § 531 (317. 2) ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 630 ; H. 589.ii (497. 1) ; H-B. 502. 2 ). Pedium : Pedius was Caesar's nephew, son of his sister Julia. legatum : see note on 8 22 .

d. II.50.4. cum primum , etc.: i.e. when grass and young grain began to be abundant, so that the cavalry and baggage animals could subsist. inciperet : cf. esset , 49 1 note on . ad exercitum : i.e. to Vesontio, in the country of the Sequani. See map, Fig. 26 .

e. II.50.5. Senonibus : these were north of the Haedui, on the upper course of the Seine; their name is preserved in Sens . reliquis Gallis , the rest of the Gauls ( § 293 (193) ; cf. B. 241. 1 ; H. 497. 4 (440. N. 1) ; H-B. 346. c ).

f. II.50.6. Belgis : dat. with finitimi ( § 384 (234. a) ; B. 192. 1 ; G. 359 ; H. 434. 2 (391. 1) ; H-B. 362 ). uti ... cognoscant , to find out. This is a subst. clause of purpose in apposition with negotium; § 563 (331) ; B. 295. 1 ; G. 546 ; H. 564. iii (499. iii) ; H-B. 502. 3. a . gerantur : SUB as depending on cognoscant ( § 593 (342) ; B. 324. 1 ; G. 629 ; H. 652 (529. ii) ; H-B. 539 ).

g. II.50.7. seque ... faciant , and inform him (Caesar); se is here used as the indirect reflexive; see § 300. 2 (196. a. 2) ; B. 244. ii. a ; G. 521 ; H. 504 (449. 1) ; H-B. 262. 2 . constanter , consistently (with one another); their accounts all agreed.

h. II.50.8. manūs (acc. plu., subject of cogi ): small bands or companies.

i. II.50.9. tum vero : see vocab. and observe the emphatic position. dubitandum non [esse], he must no longer hesitate ; the INF of the second periphrastic conjugation, here used in indir. disc. after existimavit ( § 158 (113. d. N.) ; B. 115 ; G. 251 ; H. 531 (466. N) ; H-B. 162 .); dubitandum is impers. ( § 208. d (146. d) ; B. 337. 7. b ; G. 208. 2 ; H. 192. 1 (195. ii. 1) ; H-B. 600. 3. a ). quin can follow only a negative expression, as here non existimavit , etc. quin ... proficisceretur , to set out (lit. but that he should , etc.): relative clause of result, depending on dubitandum [esse] ( § 558. a (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555 ; H. 596. 1 (505. i. 1) ; cf. H-B. 502. 3. b ). In the sense of hesitate , dubito regularly takes the INF and not quin , but exceptions occur, as here.

j. II.50.10. re comparata : on translation of the ABL absolute, cf. note on 49 6 .

k. II.50.11. diebus : ABL of time within which ( § 423 (256) ; B. 231 ; G. 393 ; H. 486 (429) ; H-B. 439 ). finīs : i.e. north of the Matrona ( Marne ), crossing somewhere between Bas le duc and Châlons (sur Marne). The march Rheims ), the capital of the Remi.

II.3. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omnium opinione venisset, Remi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andebrogium, primos civitatis, miserunt, [2] qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum reliquis Belgis consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, [3] paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare; [4] reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum his coniunxisse, [5] tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et isdem legibus utantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint quin cum iis consentirent.

a. II.50.12. eo : adv. omnium opinione , than any one expected (following the comparative celerius ) ( § 406. a (247. b) ; B. 217. 4 ; G. 398. N. 1 ; H. 471. 7 (417. 1. N. 5) ; H-B. 416. e ).

b. II.50.13. Remi : these were friendly to the Romans, who by their victory over Ariovistus (see Bk. i ) had made them the second power in Gaul; cf. Bk. vi. ch. 12 . proximi Galliae , nearest to Gaul ; for the dat., see § 384 (234. a) ; B. 192. 1 ; G. 359 ; H. 444 (391. 1) ; H-B. 346. e . ex Belgis (for part. gen. Belgarum , § 346. c (216. c) ; B. 201. 1. a ; G. 372. R. 2 ; H. 434. 2 (397. 3. N. 3) ; H-B. 362 ), of the Belgae ; translate with proximi .

c. II.50.14. legatos , as ambassadors , predicate apposition.

d. II.50.15. qui dicerent : a relative clause of purpose; § 531. 2 (317. 2) ; B. 282. 2 ; G. 630 ; H. 595.ii (497. 1) ; H-B. 502. 2 . The rest of the chapter consists of the speech of the ambassadors, as reported by Caesar in indir. disc. Notice that the principal clauses are in the INF with subj. ACC, and all dependent clauses in the SUB ( § 580 ff. (336. ff.) ; B. 313. ff ; G. 650 ; H. 642-644 (522-524) ; H-B. 534. i, ii. ). In dir. disc. this speech would read as follows:

e. II.50.15b. se in fidem permittere = put themselves under the protection ("good faith"), etc., more commonly with dat. se suaque omnia , themselves and all their [possessions] ("their all"): object of permittere . The subj. ACC is regularly expressed in the indir. disc.; but here it is omitted, to prevent the awkward repetition se (subject) se (object). In the next clause se is expressed.

f. II.50.16. neque , and [had] not ( § 328. a (156. a) ; B. 341. 1. d ; G. 480 ; H. 657. 1 (554. i. 2) ; H-B. 307. 3 ). cum Belgis : accompaniment; § 413 (248. a) ; B. 222 ; G. 392 ; H. 473. 1 (419. 1) .

g. II.50.18. paratos (participial adj.), ready. dare , facere , etc.: infinitives following paratos ( § 460. b (273. b) ; B. 326. N ; G. 423 ; H. 608. 4 (533. 3) ; H-B. 586. f ).

h. II.50.19. oppidis recipere , receive [the Romans] into their strongholds ; oppidis is ABL of place without in ( § 429 (258. f) ; B. 228. 1, cf. 218. 7 ; G. 389 ; H. 485. 2 (425. ii. 1) ; H-B. 436, cf. 446.1 ). frumento : ABL of means; cf. litteris , 49 3 . ceterisque rebus , everything else [necessary]; see vocab. recipere , iuvare : sc. eos (i.e. the Romans) as obj.

i. II.50.20. cis : i.e. the west or Gallic side.

j. II.50.21. sese ... coniunxisse , had united; it often happens that a verb used as active in Latin and requiring a reflexive object may be best translated in English by an intransitive. The reverse of this must not be forgotten in writing Latin. tantum ... ut , correlatives (see § 537. 2. N. 2 (319. R.) ; B. 284. 1 ; G. 552 ; H. 500. ii. N. 1 ; H-B. 521. 2. a ).

k. II.50.22. furorem , madness (blind and unreasoning passion). ut ... potuerint : result clause ( § 537 (319) ; B. 284. 1 ; G. 552 ; H. 570 (500. ii) ; H-B. 521. 2 ); for tense, see § 485. c. N. 1 (287. c. R.) ; B. 268. 7 ; G. 513 ; H. 550 (495. VI) ; cf. H-B. 491 ; cf. also note on 28 6 . ne ... quidem : § 322. f (151. e) ; B. 347. 1 ; G. 445 ; H. 656. 2 (553. 2, 569. iii. 2) ; cf. H-B. 302. 1 . Suessiones (obj. of deterrere ): they occupied territory west of the Remi, about the modern Soissons.

l. II.50.23. iure et legibus : rights and laws ; for case, see § 410 (249) ; B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 477 (421. 1) ; H-B. 429 . isdem : for eisdem .

m. II.50.24. unum imperium , etc.: i.e. their close confederacy did not prevent the Suessiones from leaguing with the other party. cum ipsis : i.e. the Remi; in the indir. disc. se is regularly used to refer to the speaker, but the oblique cases of ipse are occasionally used instead. Here ipse is used apparently for emphasis ( § 298. e (195. k) ; B. 249. 3 ; G. 311. 2 ; H. 509. 5 (452. 5) ; H-B. 263 ).

n. II.50.25. quin ... consentirent , from leaguing with : relative clause of result ( § 558 (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. 2 (504) ; H-B. 502. 3. b ), depending on deterrere . (Notice that deterrere is negatived by ne ... quidem above, which make the whole clause negative, though they are attached only to the emphatic word.)

II.4. Cum ab iis quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos a Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui, [2] patrum nostrorum memoria omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra suos fines ingredi prohibuerint; [3] qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. [4] De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata Remi dicebant, propterea quod propinquitatibus adfinitatibus quo coniuncti quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit cognoverint. [5] Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo numero electa milia LX totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. [6] Suessiones suos esse finitimos; fines latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere. [7] Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Diviciacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit; nunc esse regem Galbam: ad hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferri; oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata L; totidem Nervios, [8] qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur longissimeque absint; [9] XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Atuatucos XVIIII milia; [10] Condrusos, Eburones, Caerosos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad XL milia.

a. II.50.26. ab his : i.e. of the envoys ( § 396. a (239. c. N. 1) ; B. p. 126, top ; G. 339. R. 1 ; H. 411. 4 (374. N. 4) ; H-B. 393. c ). quae ... essent : indir. quest. ( § 573 (334) ; B. 300. 1 ; G. 460 ; H. 649.ii (529) ; H-B. 537. b ).

b. II.50.27a. quid ... possent , what strength they had in war ; quid is cognate ACC with adv. force ( § 390. c and d. N. 2 (240. a) ; B. 176. 3 ; G. 334 ; H. 409. 1, 416. 2 (371. ii. (2), 378. 2) ; cf. H-B. 387. iii ). sic , as follows. reperiebat : for force of the tense cf. adferebantur , 49 2 ; and note. Observe that the rest of the chapter is in indir. disc., except the words Remi dicebant , 51 8 . plerosque , etc.: Direct —
c. II.50.27b. plerosque , most of ( § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; H. 497. 4 (440. N. 2) ; H-B. 244 ); see the end of the chapter, and compare, regarding the Nervii, Tacitus, ( ). The Belgians were, no doubt, chiefly of Celtic blood; but possibly they considered the Germans a more proud and heroic ancestry.

d. II.51.1. ab Germanis : ABL of source ( § 403. a. N. 1 (244. a. R.) ; B. 215. 2 ; G. 395 ; H. 469. 1 (415. ii. N) ; H-B. 413. b .). Rhenum : ACC governed by trans in traductos ( § 393. b (239. b) ; B. 179. 1 ; G. 331 ; H. 413 (376. N). ; H-B. 386. a ).

e. II.51.2. traductos : participle agreeing with Belgas . propter fertilitatem : construe with consedisse .

f. II.51.4. qui ... prohibuerint : ref. clause of characteristic with solos ( § 535. b (320. b) ; B. 283. 2 ; G. 631. 2 ; H. 591. 5 (503. ii. 1) ; H-B. 521. 1. a and ftn. 1. ). Note the retention of the perfect tense contrary to tense sequence, and cf. ut . . potuerint , 50 22 , and note. memoriā : cf. diebus , 50 11 . Teutonos , etc.: cf. 35 5 .

g. II.51.5. ingredi : the SUB might have been used (see § 457 (271. a) ; B. 295. 1 ; G. 532. R. 1 ; H. 596. 2 (505. II. 1, 2) ; H-B. 587 and a. ). qua ex re , in consequence of which ( fact ); ABL of cause ( § 404 (245) ; B. 219 ; G. 408. N. 7 ; H. 475. 4 (416. 1) ; H-B. 444. b ).

h. II.51.6. fieri uti , it was coming to be the case that : the subject of fieri is the clause uti ... sumerent ( § 569 (332. a) ; B. 297. 2 ; G. 553. 3 ; H. 571. 1 (501. i. 1) ; cf. H-B. 521. 3. a. ). memoria : ABL of cause. sibi : § 376 (235) ; B. 188. 1. N. ; G. 352 ; H. 425. 2 (384. ii. 1, 2) ; H-B. 366 .

i. II.51.7. de numero , etc.: the rest of the chap. depends on Remi dicebant .

j. II.51.8. se habere explorata , had found out all about ( de ), etc.: habere explorata differs but little in sense from explorasse ( § 497. b (292. c) ; B. 337. 6 ; G. 238 ; H. 431. 3 (388. 1. N) ; H-B. 605. 5 and a .); in construction explorata agrees with omnia , which is obj. of habere . See note on compertum habere , 40 20 .

k. II.51.9. propinquitatibus , ties of blood . adfinitatibus , alliances by marriage.

l. II.51.10. quantam quisque ... pollicitus sit : indir. quest., object of cognoverint ; cf. 50 26 .

m. II.51.11. cognoverint : the primary tense is used in violation of the sequence of tenses . The statement is made more vivid by putting it in the same tense that was used by the speakers. They said, cognovimus , we know (lit. have found out ). The perfect is very often retained in indir. discourse.

n. II.51.12. virtute , etc.: ABL of specification.

o. II.51.13. armata milia centum = armatorum hominum milia centum. As here expressed, milia is the noun with which the adj. armata agrees ( § 134. d (94. e) ; B. 80. 5 ; G. 293 ; H. 168 (178) ; H-B. 131. 3 ).

p. II.51.14. electa , choice troops, picked men.

q. II.51.15. sibi : dat. of reference; cf. sibi , l. 6 above ; it refers to the Bellovaci. suos , their own (i.e; of the Remi); notice that the reflexive regularly refers back to the speaker. See cum ipsis , 50 24 note on .

r. II.51.16. possidere : sc. eos , i.e. the Suessiones. fuisse ... esse : notice the difference of time; fuisse (in the dir. disc. fuit ) refers to time past , esse (dir. est ), to time present , with respect to the verb of saying ( dicebant , l. 8 ). regem : showing that royal power had not yet been overthrown among the Belgians.

s. II.51.18. cum ... tum , not only ... but also.

t. II.51.19. Britanniae : the first mention of Britain by a Roman author. obtinuerit , had held ; in the dir. obtinuit , held . For tense, cf. cognoverint , line 11 above note on .

u. II.51.20. summam : subject of deferri .

v. II.51.21. voluntate : ABL of manner ( § 412. b and N. (248. R.) ; B. 220. 2 ; G. 399 ; H. 474. 1 (419. iii. N. 2) ; H-B. 445. 1 ). habere : the subject must be supplied from Suessiones , above. numero : ABL of specif.; cf. 51 12 .

w. II.51.22. Nervios , etc. (see map, Fig. 26 ): the names of several of these tribes are found in the modern towns, as: Atrebates, Arras ; Ambiani, Amiens ; Caleti, Calais ; Viromandui, Vermandois ; Condrusi, Condroz .

x. II.52.1. feri : pred. after habeantur , are regarded.

y. II.52.5. Condrusos , etc.: subjects of polliceri or conficere posse understood. qui . . appellantur : the IND shows that this is an explanatory note qui ... habeantur above, on the other hand, is a remark made by the Remi, as is shown by the subjunctive.

z. II.52.6. Germani : this name seems to belong especially to the four lastnamed ( Condrusi, Eburones , etc.). arbitrari : in dir. arbitramur ; in translation we may say they thought , parenthetically, as in the English usage in indir. disc.

II.5. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. [2] Ipse Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei publicae communisque salutis intersit manus hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. [3] Id fieri posse, si suas copias Haedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint et eorum agros populari coeperint. [4] His datis mandatis eum a se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit. [5] Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et post eum quae erant tuta ab hostibus reddebat et commeatus ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari possent efficiebat. [6] In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit; castra in altitudinem pedum XII vallo fossaque duodeviginti pedum muniri iubet.

a. II.52.7. cohortatus , prosecutus : for the tense of these participles, cf. § 491 (290. b) ; B. 336. 5 ; G. 282. N. ; H. 640. 1 (550. N. 1) ; H-B. 601. 1 .

b. II.52.9. obsides (pred. appos.), as hostages : if the chiefs should break their faith, these boys would probably be sold as slaves; cf. also note on 8 11 . quae omnia , and all this . Latin very frequently connects clauses by a relative where our idiom prefers a conj. with a demonstrative ( § 308. f (201. e) ; B. 251. 6 ; G. 610. R. 1 ; H. 510 (453) ; H-B. 284. 8 ).

c. II.52.11. quanto opere ... intersit , how greatly it concerns both the republic and their common safety. For the genitives, see § 355 (222) ; B. 211. 1 ; G. 381 ; H. 449. 1 (406. III) ; H-B. 345 .

d. II.52.12. intersit : indir. quest.; cf. 50 26 , 51 10 . manūs (acc. plu.) ... distineri : INF clause, subject of intersit . ne confligendum sit , lest they should have to contend : clause of purpose ( § 530 (317) ; B. 282. 1 ; G. 545. 3 ; H. 568 (497. II) ; H-B. 502. 2 ), depending on distineri ; confligendum sit is an impers. 2d periphrastic; see § 193, 208. c (129, 146. d) ; B. 115, 138 ; G. 208, 251. 2 ; H. 237, 302. 7 (234, 301.2) ; H-B. 162, 600. 3. a .

e. II.52.13. id fieri posse , etc., this, he said, could be done, etc. Notice that no new word of saying is necessary in Latin, but in English one is usually inserted parenthetically.

f. II.52.14. suas copias : the emphatic position opposes the forces of the Haedui to the Roman army. Bellovacorum : these lay farthest west and most remote from Caesar's field of operations; so that the manoeuvre indicated would divide the enemy (cf. 56 21-25 ) . introduxerint ... coeperint : fut. condition; in the dir. disc. these would be fut. perf. ( § 516. c (307. c) ; B. 303 ; G. 596. 1 ; H. 574 (508) ; H-B. 579. a, 577. a ).

g. II.52.15. eorum : i.e. Bellovacorum . datis : words thus printed in Italics are conjectural readings not found in the MSS.

h. II.52.16. dimittit : the effect of his mission appears in 56 23 , and he has returned to Caesar in 59 2 . postquam ... vidit , as soon as he saw. ( § 543 (324) ; B. 287 ; G. 561 ; H. 508 (518) ; H-B. 557. )

i. II.52.17. neque : -que connects vidit and cognovit; ne- with iam = no longer. [ vidit ]: see eorum ], 9 17 note on [ .

j. II.52.18. ab eis : construed with cognovit .

k. II.52.19. Axonam (apposition), the Aisne ; here flowing nearly due west, and joining the Seine below Paris, through the Oise. in extremis finibus , in the remotest part of the territory of the Remi ( § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; H. 497. 4 (440. 2, notes 1 and 2) ; H-B. 244 ); the phrase is used in a general sense merely, for Bibrax, a town of the Remi, lay eight miles farther off.

l. II.52.20. exercitum is dir. object of traducere ; flumen (l. 19) is secondary object, depending on trans ( tra-duco = trans-duco ) ( § 395. b (239. 2. b) ; B. 179. 1 ; G. 331. R. 1 ; H. 413 (376) ; H-B. 386 ). castra : the site of this camp has been made out at Berry au Bac (Fig. 31 ), a little village about twelve miles north by west of Rheims and about twenty-five miles east of Soissons. Traces of Caesar's works at this place were discovered in 1862, on a low hill called Mauchamp (see map, Fig. 32 ).

m. II.52.21. quae res , this movement (or manoeuvre ), i.e. his having crossed the river, and then pitched his camp where he did. Caesar's camp was protected in the rear by the Axona, and in front by a small marshy stream. ripis : cf. frumento , 50 19 .

n. II.52.22. post eum quae essent , the rear of his army ; lit. [ those things ] which were behind him. tuta : pred. ACC ( § 393. N (239. a. N. 1) ; B. 177. 2 ; G. 340 ; H. 410. 3 (373. 1. N. 2) ; H-B. 392. a ); the dir. object is ea , the omitted antecedent of quae . commeatus : subject of possent .

o. II.52.23. ut ... possent : subst. clause of result, object of efficiebat ( § 568 (332) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 553. 1 ; H. 573. 1 (501. ii. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a ); cf. this with the pure result clause, 50 22 , and with the subject clause of result, 51 6 .

p. II.52.24. efficiebat : the subject is still quae res ; observe the imperfect tenses describing the situation, and cf. note on 3 5 .

q. II.52.25. in altera parte , on the other side , i.e. on the left bank of the Aisne, towards the Remi. Caesar had crossed the stream, and encamped on the side toward the Suessiones.

r. II.52.27. pedum xii : gen.of measure, with vallo ( § 345. b (215. b) ; B. 203. 2 ; G. 365. R. 2 ; H. 440. 3 (396. V) ; H-B. 355 ). When pronouncing the Latin, always give the Latin words for numerals. duodeviginti pedum : i.e. a moat 18 feet in width. See chapter on military affairs, V , and Fig. 118 .

II.6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum VIII. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum est. [2] Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec: ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci coepti sunt murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Quod tum facile fiebat. [3] Nam cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela †coicerent†, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli. [4] Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui tum oppido praeerat, unus ex iis qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse.

a. II.53.1. nomine : cf. the ablatives in 51 12 . Bibrax : this town has been variously identified as Vieux Laon , about the proper distance to the northwest, and Beaurieux to the west, more probably the latter.

b. II.53.2. milia passuum octo , eight miles : ACC of extent of space ( § 425 (257) ; B. 181. 1 ; G. 335 ; H. 417 (379) ; H-B. 387. 1 ); passuum is part. gen. ( § 346 (216) ; B. 201 ; G. 367 ; H. 440. 5 (397) ; H-B. 346 ); cf. note . ex itinere , on the march , i.e. turning aside from their course to attack the town. magno impetu : ABL of manner; cf. voluntate , 51 21 .

c. II.53.3. aegre sustentatum est (impers.), it was with difficulty [that they] held out . In English we often are inclined to put into two clauses what the Latin crowds into one. Gallorum ... haec , the attack (mode of attacking) of the Gauls, being the same as ( atque ) that of the Belgians, is this (the following). ubi : cf. construction after postquam , 52 16 .

d. II.53.5. circumiecta multitudine (ABL absolute) ... moenibus (dat., § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii ; G. 347 ; H. 429. 2 (386. 2) ; H-B. 376 ), a host of men being thrown round all the walls. Here the English absolute construction is admissible, though usually to be avoided.

e. II.53.6. iaci : complem. INF; cf. consequi , 49 15 , and note. coepti sunt : the pass. is used with the pass. INF defensoribus : ABL of separation ( § 401 (243. a) ; B. 214 ; G. 405 ; H. 462 (414. i) ; H-B. 408. 3 ).

f. II.53.7. testudine facta , making a testudo : see chapter on military affairs, VII (last part), and Fig. 68 .

g. II.53.8. quod , this , i.e. the movements just described. tum , in the present instance. multitudo , subject of conicerent (plu. verb, § 317. d (205. c. 1) ; B. 254. 4. a ; G. 211. Exc. (a) ; H. 389. 1 (461. 1) ; H-B. 331. 1 ). cum ... conicerent : cum describing the situation, but almost causal; see note on 49 1 (.

h. II.53.9. consistendi : gen. of gerund, with potestas ( § 504 (298) ; B. 338. 1. a ; G. 428 ; H. 626 (542. 1) ; H-B. 612. 1 ).

i. II.53.10. nulli (dat. of poss., § 373 (231) ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430 (387) ; H-B. 374 ), nobody could keep a foothold on the wall (lit. power of standing on the wall was to nobody ). cum ... fecisset : again describing the situation. oppugnandi : gerund; cf. coniurandi , 49 5 .

j. II.53.11. summa nobilitate et gratia , [a man] of the highest , etc. (abl. of quality, § 415 (251) ; B. 224 ; G. 400 ; H. 473. 2 (419. II) ; H-B. 443 ). inter suos , among his [fellow-citizens]. oppido : dat., with praefuerat ( § 370 (228) ; B. 187. 3 ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376 ).

k. II.53.12. unus ex eis , one of those : after numerals ex with the ablative is preferred to the part. gen. legati , as ambassadors : pred. appos.

l. II.53.13. nisi ... posse : indir. disc. depending on the idea of reporting contained in nuntium mittit . Trans. unless reenforcements, he said , etc. sibi : i.e. Iccius ; the dat. is used instead of ad se with subsidium submittatur , because the idea of help ( for him ) is more prominent than that of motion ( towards him ). In the dir. disc. the message of Iccius was: Nisi subsidium

II.7. Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit; [2] quorum adventu et Remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit. [3] Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quo adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et a milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; [4] quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum VIII latitudinem patebant.

a. II.54.1. eo , thither, to that place , i.e. Bibrax. isdem ducibus usus , employing the same men [as] guides : for the ablative, cf. iure , 50 23 . Observe that ducibus is pred. appos.; cf. legati , 53 12 .

b. II.54.2. Numidas et Cretas : both these (especially the Cretans) were famous bowmen. See Fig. 105 .

c. II.54.3. Baleares (adj.): the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, east of Spain, were famous slingers. See Fig. 30 . These nations served as auxiliaries in the Roman armies. subsidio oppidanis : dat. of service with dat. of person affected ( § 382. I and N. 1 (233. a) ; B. 191. 2. b ; G. 356 ; H. 433 (390) ; H-B. 360. b ).

d. II.54.4. et ... et : see vocab. studium ... accessit , eagerness for a vigorous defense was inspired in the Remi. propugnandi : obj. gen. of the gerund; cf. coniurandi , 49 5 .

e. II.54.5. hostibus , from the enemy (dat., § 376 (235) ; B. 188. 1 ; G. 352 ; H. 425. 4 (384. 4. N. 3) ; H-B. 366 ). potiundi oppidi : gerundive; § 503. N. 2 (296. R.) ; B. 339. 4 ; G. 427. N. 5 ; H. 623. 1 (544. 2. N. 5) ; H-B. 613. N .

f. II.54.6. morati ... depopulati ... vicis incensis : observe the change of construction. The Latin can use a perf. part. with active meaning only (as here) of deponent verbs . The corresponding construction with other verbs is the ABL absolute with the perf. part. pass.; as here, vicis incensis , which is to be translated accordingly. See last note on 49 6 .

g. II.54.7. quo : to which (or the like).

h. II.54.8. omnibus copiis : cf. 50 16 , and for the omission of cum , see § 413. a (248. a. N.) ; B. 222. 1 ; G. 392. R. 1 ; H. 474. 2 (419. iii. 1) ; H-B. 420 .

i. II.54.9. a milibus passuum minus duobus , less than two miles off : a is used adverbially ( § 433 (261. d) ; B. 144. 1 ; G. 335. N ; H. 417. 3 (379. 2. N) ; cf. H-B. 303. c .); milibus is ABL of degree of difference ( § 414 (250) ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479 (423) ; H-B. 424 ); minus does not affect the construction ( § 407. c (247. c) ; B. 217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4 ; H. 471. 4 (417. 1. N. 2) ; H-B. 416. d ); amplius (l. 10) is ACC of extent of space ( § 425 (257) ; B. 181 ; G. 335 ; H. 417 (379) ; H-B. 387 ); and milibus (l. 10), ABL after the comparative ( § 406 (247) ; B. 217. 1 ; G. 398 ; H. 471 (417) ; H-B. 416 ). We have here both the two constructions allowable with these neuter comparatives; see reference under minus .

II.8. Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et propter eximiam opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit; [2] cotidie tamen equestribus proeliis quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent periclitabatur. [3] Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura oportuno atque idoneo, quod is collis ubi castra posita erant paululum ex planitie editus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus habebat et in fronte leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CCCC [4] et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. [5] Hoc facto, duabus legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis ut, si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas VI legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerunt.

a. II.54.13. eximiam opinionem virtutis , their high reputation for valor (obj. gen., § 348 (217) ; B. 200 ; G. 363. 2 ; H. 440. 2 (396. III) ; H-B. 354 ). proelio supersedere , to defer the engagement : for the ABL see § 401 (243. a) ; B. 214. 1 ; G. 390 ; H. 462 (414. 1) ; H-B. 408. 3 , and cf. defensoribus , 53 6 .

b. II.54.14. quid ... posset ... quid auderent , indir. questions. virtute : ABL of specif. But the whole is best rendered, tested the prowess of the enemy, and the daring of our own soldiers. Notice that the form of thought is entirely different in Latin and in English.

c. II.54.15. periclitabatur : note the tense and cf. adferebantur , 49 2 , and note.

d. II.54.16. loco ... idoneo : ABL absolute expressing cause. ad ... instruendam ; gerundive expression of purpose; cf. 49 13 .

e. II.54.18. tantum , etc., spread over as much ( tantum ) ground as ( quantum ), etc. adversus , right in front.

f. II.54.19. in latitudinem , in breadth , i.e. from the camp towards the confluence of the Aisne with a little stream, the Miette, which here makes a swamp. loci : part. gen. with quantum , but more conveniently translated with the correlative tantum , with which it has to be supplied to complete the sense.

g. II.54.20. lateris deiectūs (acc. plu.), lateral slopes (lit. slopes of the side ).

h. II.54.21. in fronte , etc., falling with an easy slope in front (i.e. to the west), sank gently to the plain (see battle plan, Fig. 32 ).

i. II.54.22. transversam : i.e. at right angles to his line of battle.

j. II.54.23. passuum quadringentorum : gen. of measure; cf. pedum , 52 27 . extremas : see § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; H. 497. 4 (440. N. 2) ; H-B. 244 .

k. II.54.24. tormenta : see chapter on military affairs, I. 5 , and Figs. 61 , 75 , 95 .

l. II.54.25. instruxisset : SUB by attraction for fut. perf. ind.( § 593, 547 (342, 325. c) ; B. 324. 1, 289 ; G. 662 at end ; H. 652, 600 (529. ii, 521. i) ; H-B. 539, cf. 524. d .) tantum : adv. ACC; cf. quid , 50 27 . poterant : this clause is parenthetical, and hence is not (like instruxisset ) attracted into the SUB
m. II.54.26. ab lateribus , on the flanks ( § 429. b (260. b) ; H. (434. 1) ; H-B. 406. 2 ): modifying circumvenire . suos : i.e. Caesar's, referring back to the subject of conlocavit .

n. II.55.1. si quo (adv.): sc. duci , but translate freely if they were needed anywhere. esset : protasis of a fut. condition ( si ... erit ); here in the imperf. SUB, because depending on the final clause ut ... possent ( § 593 (342) ; B. 324. 1 ; G. 663 ; H. 652 (529. II) ; H-B. 539 ). subsidio : dat. of purpose or end; cf. note on 54 3 .

o. II.55.2. sex : see note on 50 1 . suas : notice the emphatic position, THEIR forces too.

p. II.55.3. copias ... eductas instruxerant , had led out and drawn up , etc.: the Latin is fond of using a participle for what is practically a coordinate clause, instead of an additional finite verb.

II.9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si nostri transirent hostes expectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur parati in armis erant. [2] Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit. [3] Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. [4] Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus, expugnarent pontemque interscinderent, [5] si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent.

a. II.55.4. nostrum : poss. pron. (poss. gen. could not be used; § 302. a (197. a) ; B. 243 ; G. 362. R. 1 ; H. 440. 1. N. 2 (396. ii. N) ; H-B. 339. a .).

b. II.55.5. hanc : i.e. paludem. si ... transirent , (to see) if our men would cross ( § 576. a (334. f) ; B. 300. 3 ; G. 460 ; H. 649. 3 (592. ii. I. N. 1) ; cf. H-B. 582. 2 ).

c. II.55.6. si ... fieret , in case they should begin the passage (lit. a beginning of crossing should be made by them ): fut. condition ( si ... fiet ); here in the SUB because part of the final clause ut ... adgrederentur ; cf. esset , l. 1 note on .

d. II.55.7. adgrederentur : purpose, depending on parati , etc.

e. II.55.8. contendebatur : impers.; cf. note on 23 1 .

f. II.55.9. nostris : § 384 (234. a) ; B. 192. 1 ; G. 359 ; H. 434. 2 (391. i) ; H-B. 362 .

g. II.55.11. ad flumen , etc.: evidently somewhat lower down, so that they were concealed by the hills beyond the marsh.

h. II.56.1. eo consilio ut , etc.: the final clauses are in apposition with consilio ( § 531. 1. N. 1 (317. a) ; G. 545. 1 ; H. 564. iii (499. 3) ; H-B. 502. 2. a ).

i. II.56.2. castellum , the redoubt beyond the river, held by Sabinus ( 52 25 ). cui : cf. oppido , 5311 .

j. II.56.3. pontem : the bridge held at one end by a garrison, at the other by the redoubt ( 52 25 ). By destroying this, the Belgae would cut off Caesar's supplies and hinder his retreat; cf. 52 21-24 . si possent (l. 1), si minus potuissent : fut. conditions; possent represents the fut., potuissent the fut. perf. indict; for change of mood and tense, cf. note on 55 1 . minus , not.

k. II.56.4. popularentur, prohiberent : in same construction as expugnarent. magno nobis usui : cf. subsidio oppidanis , 54 3 note on . ad bellum gerendum (gerundive), for carrying on the war ; cf. 49 13 .

l. II.56.5. commeatu : ABL of separation; cf. defensoribus , 53 6 .

II.10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio onlnem equitatum et levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. [2] Hostes impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt; [3] per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt primosque, qui transierant, equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. [4] Hostes, ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquiorum progredi pugnandi causa viderunt atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse domum suam quemque reverti, et quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur. [5] Ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Diviciacum atque Haeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant. His persuaderi ut diutius morarentur neque suis auxilium terrent non poterat.

a. II.56.6. ab Titurio : ABL of voluntary agent.

b. II.56.7. levis armaturae (gen. of description), of light equipment = light armed (see chapter on military affairs, I. 3 , and Figs. 104 , 115 ). Numidas , etc.: these light-armed troops were trained runners, and so could arrive at the ford in time to stop the passage of the Belgians.

c. II.56.8. traducit : with two accusatives; cf. 52 20, and note . pugnatum est : cf. contendebatur , 55 8.

d. II.56.11. conant\&amp;;imacr;s : with reliquos .

e. II.56.12. equitatu : considered here as means or instrument; therefore, no prep. circumventos interfecerunt : cf. eductas , 55 3 note on .

f. II.56.13. ubi intellexerunt : the regular mood and tense with ubi ; cf. 53 4 . de , with regard to.

g. II.56.14. neque , and ... not.

h. II.56.15. pugnandi caus\&amp;;amacr; : gerund construction, expressing purpose ( § 404. c, 533. b (245. c, 318. b) ; B. 338. 1. c ; G. 373 ; H. 626 (542. 1) ; H-B. 444. d, 612.i .

i. II.56.16. ipsos : i.e. the enemy. The superiority of the Roman commissariat was a most important factor in winning their victories. The enemy could not carry on a long campaign with a large army for lack of provisions, and when they were compelled to disband, the Romans destroyed them piecemeal at their leisure.

j. II.56.17. constituerunt here has two objects: (1) optimum esse , etc. (indir. disc.), (2) [ut] convenirent (subst. clause of purpose); see § 580. d (332. h) ; B. 295. 1 and N. ; G. 546. R. I ; H. 565. 5 (498. 1. N.) ; H-B. 589. a ; and note on 2 15 . The subject of esse is the INF clause quemque reverti ( § 452 (330) ; B. 330 ; G. 422 ; H. 615 (538) ; H-B. 585 ). Thus the confederacy dissolves into a mere defensive alliance, and all the members are cut to pieces in detail. domum : § 427. 2 (258. b) ; B. 182. 1. b ; G. 337 ; H. 419. 1 (380. 2. 1) ; H-B. 450. b .

k. II.56.18. quorum : the antecedent is eos .

l. II.56.19. introduxissent stands for the fut. perf., and is attracted into the pluperf. SUB by being made part of the purpose clause; cf. potuissent , 56 3 . convenirent : sc. ut ; § 565. a (331. f. R.) ; B. 295. 8 ; G. 546. R. 2 ; H. 565. 2 (499. 2) ; H-B. 502. 3. a. ftn. 2 .

m. II.56.20. suis, alienis, domesticis : notice the emphatic position of the adjectives.

n. II.56.23. quod ... cognoverant : IND, because Caesar gives the reason on his own authority; cf. 49 12, and note . The clause is in apposition with haec ratio . Diviciacum ... adpropinquare : see 52 14 . finibus : dat. after adpropinquare .

o. II.56.24. his persuaderi , etc.: these could not be persuaded , etc. (lit. it could not be persuaded to these ). Verbs that take the dat. in the act. are used impers. in the pass. and retain the dat. ut , etc.: subst. clause of purpose, depending for its construction on persuaderi , but (in the impers. construction) used as subject of poterat .

p. II.56.25. neque ... ferrent , and so fail to carry (lit. and not carry ). suis : § 363 (225. b) ; B. 193 ; H-B. 365. ftn. par. 2 .

II.11. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum, strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi nullo certo ordine neque imperio, cum sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. [2] Hac re statim Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. [3] Prima luce, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum, qui novissimum agmen moraretur, praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. [4] Hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent, [5] priores, quod abesse a periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continerentur, exaudito clamore perturbatis ordinibus omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. [6] Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium; sub occasum solis sequi destiterunt seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt.

a. II.56.26. strepitu, tumultu, ordine, imperio : ABL of manner; cf. impetu , 53 2 .

b. II.57.1. cum , where , describing the situation, but approaching in sense a causal clause ( § 549 (326. N. 2) ; B. 288. b ; G. 586 ; H. 598 (517) ; H-B. 525 ).

c. II.57.2. fecerunt : notice the emphatic position; cf. the English, "the result was." ut ... videretur : subst. clause of result, object of fecerunt ; § 568 (332) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 553. 1 ; H. 571. 3 (501. ii. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a . fugae : § 384 (234. a) ; B. 192. 1 ; G. 359 ; H. 434. 2 (391. 1) ; H-B. 362 .

d. II.57.3. per : the agent, when considered as instrument or means is generally expressed by per with the ACC ( § 405. b (246. b) ; G. 401 ; H. 468. 3 (415. I, N. 1) ; H-B. 380. d ). speculatores , spies : they obtained information by mingling in disguise with the enemy; while the scouts , exploratores , were squads of cavalry who ranged the country in the vicinity of the army.

e. II.57.4. veritus , fearing ; cf. note on 52 7 .— discederent : indir. quest.; cf. 51 10 , 52 11 , 55 5 .

f. II.57.5. castris , in camp ( § 429 (258. f) ; B. 218. 7 ; G. 389 ; H. 485. 2 (425. ii. 1) ; cf. H-B. 446. 1 ).

g. II.57.6. re : i.e. the fact that the enemy were really retreating. ab exploratoribus : ABL of agent; cf. per speculatores above, . qui moraretur , ref. clause of purpose; cf. 50 15 .

h. II.57.7. his : dat. with praefecit ; cf. construction of oppido , 53 11 .

i. II.57.10. milia : cf. 53 2 .

j. II.57.11. cum : causal; cf. 57 1, and note . ab extremo agmine , in the rear .

k. II.57.12. quos : relates to the implied subject of consisterent . ventum erat : § 208. d (146. d) ; B. 256. 3 ; G. 208. 2 ; H. 302. 6 (301. 1) ; H-B. 290. a. 1 .

l. II.57.13. priores : sc. and in English. This refers to the van of the retreating enemy. quod ... viderentur , because they seemed (i.e. they thought themselves ). This word and continerentur are subjunctives as being part of the SUB clause cum ... ponerent . For similar cases of attraction, see 55 1 , 55 6 , 56 1 , 56 19 .

m. II.57.15. exaudito clamors, perturbatis ordinibus (abls. abs., the first defining the time of the second), breaking ranks on hearing the outcry (of those engaged in the rear).

n. II.57.16. sibi : § 376 (235) ; B. 188. 1. N. ; G. 345 ; H. 425. 4 (384. 4) ; H-B. 366 . ponerent : same construction as consisterent and sustinerent .

o. II.57.17. tantam ... spatium , killed as great a number of them as the time (before night) allowed (lit. as the day was long ); notice the correlatives tantam ... quantum ( § 152 (106) ; G. 642. 1 ; H. 189 (191) ; H-B. 144; ) and cf. 54 18-20 .

II.12. Postridie eius diei Caesar, prius quam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere [confecto] ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. [2] Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem paucis defendentihus expugnare non potuit. [3] Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit. [4] Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. [5] Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus Remis ut conservarentur impetrant. [6] Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accipit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. [7] Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum V abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum Romanum armis contendere. [8] Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis mallibus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt.

a. II.57.20. postridie eius diei , next day (lit. on the day after that day ): for the gen., see § 359. b (223. e) ; B. 201. 3. a ; H. 446. 5 (398. 5) ; H-B. 380. c . priusquam ... reciperent , before the enemy could recover themselves ( § 551. b (327) ; B. 292 ; G. 577 ; H. 605 (520) ; H-B. 507. 4. b ).

b. II.57.21. in finīs ... duxit : i.e. following his plan of subduing the tribes one after the other.

c. II.57.22. Remis : cf. Galliae , 50 13 . magno itinere : see chapter on military affairs, VI .

d. II.57.23. Noviodunum (now Soissons ) about twenty miles west of Bibrax. Celtic dunum = English town ; hence Noviodunum = Newton or Newburg . Soissons is derived from Suessiones . ex itinere : i.e. as soon as he arrived, by filling up the ditch and scaling the walls, without waiting to throw up works or form regular lines of approach; cf. 53 2 .

e. II.57.24. esse : sc. oppidum for subject.

f. II.57.25. paucis defendentibus (ABL absolute denoting concession), though there were few defenders . oppugnare means to attack ; expugnare , to take (by storm). Unable to take the town by storm, Caesar was obliged to begin a regular siege. See chapter on military affairs, VIII , and Figs. 43 , 92 , 93 , 118 , 120 .

g. II.57.26. quaeque , etc.: i.e. wood, earth, stones, etc.; the antecedent of quae , if expressed, would be ea .

h. II.57.27. ad oppugnandum : § 506 (300) (cf. § 385. a (234. b) ); B. 338. 3, 192. 2. N. ; G. 432 (cf. 359. R. 3 ). H. 628 (542. III) (cf. 435.I (391. II.) ; H-B. 612. iii, 364. 6. )

i. II.58.2. magnitudine : i.e. by the extent of these offensive operations. quae , which (i.e. the like of which ).

j. II.58.3. ante : adv.

k. II.58.5. petentibus Remis , at the request of the Remi . ut conservarentur : subst. clause of result, obj. of impetrant ( § 568 (332) ; B. 297. 1 ; G. 553. 1 ; H. 571. 1 (501) ; H-B. 521. 3. a ).

II.13. Pro his Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Haeduorum copiis ad Cum reverterat) facit verba: [2] Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Haeduae fuisse; [3] impulsos ab suis principibus, qui dicerent Haeduos a Caesare in servitutem redacto. omnes indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Haeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum intulisse. [4] Qui eius consilii principes fuissent, quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. [5] Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Haeduos, ut sua clementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. [6] Quod si fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sustentare consuerint.

a. II.58.6. obsidibus acceptis primis , after he had received as hostages the chief men , etc.

b. II.58.7. Galbae: see 51 19-21 .

c. II.58.9. Bellovacos : their territory lay thirty or forty miles due north of Paris, about Beauvais. qui cum , and when they . A relative is often used to begin a new sentence where the English idiom would lead us to expect a demonstrative with a connective (here hi autem ). The relative serves to bind the new sentence more closely to the preceding. se suaque omnia : cf. 50 15, and note .

d. II.58.10. Bratuspantium : probably Breteuil , at the head of the Somme valley. Notice that Bratuspantium is in apposition with oppidum , not in the gen. according to the English usage.

e. II.58.11. circiter , etc., [only] about five miles . milia passuum : cf. 53 2 , 57 10 .

f. II.58.12. maiores natu : § 131. c (91. c) ; B. 226. 1 ; G. 87. 9 ; H-B. 122 ; natu is ABL of specification.

g. II.58.13. voce significare , show by the tones of their voice (of course they could not talk Latin). in eius fidem ... venire : i.e. surrendered at se in fidem permittere , 50 15 . Notice that the reflexive sese refers to the speakers , and represents the first person of the dir. disc.; ēius refers to Caesar , the person spoken to.

h. II.58.14. neque , and [that they would] not .

i. II.58.16. pueri mulieresque , women and children . ex muro : English says on the wall , from another point of view.

j. II.58.17. ab Romanis : § 396. a (239. c. N. 1) ; B. 178. 1. a ; G. 339. N. 2 ; H. 411. 4 (374. N. 4) ; H-B. 393. c .

II.14. Caesar honoris Diviciaci atque Haeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit, et quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, DC obsides poposcit. [2] His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit; qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. [3] Eorum fines Nervii attingebant. Quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat: [4] nullum esse aditum ad eos mercatoribus; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium inferri, quod his rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent; [5] esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent; [6] confirmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos.

a. II.59.1. pro his , in behalf of these , i.e. the Bellovaci.

b. II.59.2. eum : i.e. Caesar.

c. II.59.3. Bellovacos , etc.: the rest of this chapter is in indir. disc., depending on facit verba . Direct —
d. II.59.3b. omni tempore , always . in fide atque amicitia : i.e. they had been subject-allies of the Haedui.

e. II.59.4. impulsos (notice the emphatic position: not of their own accord, but induced by their chiefs): agreeing with the subject ( eos ) of defecisse and intulisse , which is to be supplied from Bellovacos .

f. II.59.5. dicerent : this word introduces another clause in the indir. disc., the statement of the chiefs, which is thus reported at second-hand by Caesar as a part of the speech of Diviciacus. The subject is Haeduos ; the verb, perferre . omnīs , all [kinds of].

g. II.59.7. qui , [those] who . eius consili ( § 348 (217) ; B. 200 ; G. 363. 2 ; H. 440. 2 (396. iii) ; H-B. 354 ), in this design : notice that the gen. expresses nearly all the relations of one noun to another, and may be translated by in , to , and many other forms of speech in English.

h. II.59.8. quantam ... intulissent : cf. 50 26, and note .

i. II.59.9. civitati : § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376 . Britanniam : the support and sympathy which the Gauls received from Britain was Caesar's excuse for his subsequent expedition there. profugisse : the subject is the implied antecedent of qui .

j. II.59.10. sua clementia , his [characteristic or well-known] clemency : for the case, cf. 50 23 , 54 1 .

k. II.59.11. in eos : but for the interposition of Haeduos , this would be in se ( § 300. b (196. 2) ; B. 244. ii ; G. 520, 521 ; H. 504 (449. 1) ; H-B. 262. 2 ,), here, as often, the last word or thought governs the construction utatur : subst. clause of purpose, after petere ( § 563. a (331. a) ; B. 295. 4 ; G. 546 ; H. 564. iii (499. 3) ; H-B. 530. 2.ftn. 1 ); cf. also 6 10, and note . Observe that from this point the present and perfect tenses of the SUB are used ; cf. cognoverint , 51 11, and note . quod si fecerit : fut. condition (more vivid) ; fecerit is perf. subjv for the fut. perf. indic of the dir. disc. The apodosis is amplificaturum ( § 516. a (307. a) ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574. 2 (508. 2) ; H-B. 579. a ); on the use of quod , see qui cum , 58 9 note on .

l. II.59.13. quorum : the antecedent is Belgas . si qua bella inciderint, sustentare consuerint : general condition; see dir disc. above. For the tenses used in general conditions, see § 518. b (309. c) ; G. 594. N. ; H. 578. 1 (508. 5) ; cf. H-B. 579, 577. a .

m. II.59.14. consuerint : present in force; see § 205. b. N. 2 (143. c. N.) ; B. 262. A ; G. 175. 5, 236. R. : H. 299. 2 (297. i. 2) ; H-B. 487 .

II.15. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen a castris suis non amplius milibus passuum X abesse; [2] trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum expectare una cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suis [3] (nam his utrisque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur); [4] expectari etiam ab iis Atuatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; [5] mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset.

a. II.59.15. honoris Diviciaci ... causa , out of respect for Diviciacus (lit. for the sake of honor ). Diviciaci : obj. gen. ( § 348 (217) ; B. 200 ; G. 363. 2 ; H. 440. 2 (396. iii) ; H-B. 354 ). causā : ABL of cause ( § 404. c (245. c) ; B. 198. 1 ; G. 373, 408 ; H. 475. 2 (416. ftn. 2) ; H-B. 444. d, 339. d ); used almost like a preposition with the gen., and always following its noun, as here honoris .

b. II.59.16. recepturum [esse]: the fut. act. INF commonly omits esse , as here quod erat : the IND implies that this was the real reason, not merely one given by Caesar at the time (which would require quod esset ) ; cf 49 12 .

c. II.59.17. magna auctoritate : cf. 53 11 . multitudine : cf. 51 12 .

d. II.59.20. Ambianorum : about Amiens , near the coast of the Channel.

e. II.59.21. eorum finīs : notice the emphatic position. Their territories reach to the Nervii. natura : i e what sort of people they were, like quales essent .

f. II.59.22. reperiebat : cf note on 49 2 . nullum aditum , etc : Direct —
g. II.59.23. mercatoribus (dat of poss.; cf nulli , 53 10 ), traders have . pati (subj. eos understood): the subj. ACC of the INF in indir. disc. should regularly be expressed, but occasionally it is omitted when the sense is clear. Caesar is very free in this respect, because his work is commentarii ). nihil ... vini : § 346. a. 1 (216. a. 1) ; B. 201. 1 ; G. 369 ; H. 440. 5 (397. 1) ; H-B. 346 .

h. II.59.25. relanguescere : an inceptive verb (ending, -sco ) ( § 263. 1 (167. a) ; B. 155. 1 ; G. 133. V. ; H. 277 (280) ; H-B. 212. 2 ). esse , that they are .

i. II.59.26. magnae virtutis : § 345 (215) ; B. 203. 1 ; G. 365 ; H. 440. 3 (396. V). ; H-B. 355 . Note that the descriptive gen. has exactly the force of an adj., so that it is even connected with feros by a coördinate conj. ( § 223. a (154. a) ; B. 341 ; G. 474 ; H. 657 (554) ; H-B. 305. i ).

j. II.59.27. Belgas : object. qui ... dedidissent ... proiecissent , who [they said] had surrendered , etc. ( § 592. 3 (341. d) ; B. 323 ; G. 628 ; H. 649. 1 (528. 1) ; H-B. 535. 1. a ); cf also note on 32 21 .

k. II.60.1. patriam : an adj.

l. II.60.2. missuros ... accepturos : on the omission of esse , cf. note on 59 16 . The subject of the infinitives is sese , which refers back to the omitted subject ( eos ) of confirmare .

II.16. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum castris idoneum deligant. [2] Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quicquam negotii, cum prima legio in castra venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis adoriri; [3] qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis, futurum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. [4] Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis [et] rubis sentibusque interiectis effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimentum praeberent, quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. [5] His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt.

a. II.60.3. cum ... fecisset : for similar cum clauses, cf. 49 1 , 53 8 , 53 10 . eorum : i.e. of the Nervii. triduum : § 423 (256) ; B. 181 ; G. 336 ; H. 417 (379) ; H-B. 387 .

b. II.60.4a. Sabim flumen , etc.: Direct —
c. II.60.4b. Sabim ( § 75. a. 1 (56 a. 1) ; B. 37 ; G. 57. R. 1 ; H. 102. 2 (62. ii. 2. (I)) ; H-B. 88. 1 ): the Sambre , which flows northeasterly into the Meuse (Mosa). The Nervii occupied the basin of this river and of the upper Scheldt . non amplius milia , etc.: milia is ACC of extent, and is not affected in construction by amplius ; cf a similar construction, 54 9 , and see § 407. c (247. c) ; B. 217. 3 ; G. 296 R. 4 ; H. 471. 4 (417. i. N. 2) ; H-B. 416. d .

d. II.60.7. Atrebatibus , etc.: small tribes to the south and west; modern Arras, Vermandois . his : § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 2 (385. ii) ; H-B. 362. i .

e. II.60.8. experirentur : subst. clause of purpose; cf 59 10 .

f. II.60.9. exspectari : note throughout this indir. disc. the variation between pres. and perf. INF, according as the dir. disc. has the pres. or perf. IND
g. II.60.10. quique , and [those] who [not to be confounded with the plu. of quisque with the same form]; qui , as so often, implies its own antecedent, eos , the obj. of coniecisse .

h. II.60.11. quo = in quem .

i. II.60.12. esset : already in dir. disc. a ref. clause of characteristic ( § 535 (320) ; B. 283. 1 ; G. 631. 1 ; H. 591. 1 (503. 1) ; H-B. 521. 1 ); cf 51 4 . The emphasis is shown in "to which on account of the MARSHES an army could not get access."

II.17. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. [2] Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter CC infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. [3] Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium.

a. II.60.14. locum idoneum : see chapter on military affairs, V . deligant : cf. construction of dicerent , 50 15 . ex ... Belgis : for part. gen. following complures , cf. 50 13 , 53 12 .

b. II.60.15. dediticiis : i.e. the three states just subdued.

c. II.60.16. unā , along (with him).

d. II.60.17. eorum dierum , during those days ; see consili , 59 7 note on .

e. II.60.19. inter singulas legiones , between each two legions . impedimentorum magnum numerum , a great number of baggage [-animals], i.e. a very long baggage-train . See chapter on military affairs, I. 6 .

f. II.60.20. neque , and that ... not (or no ); notice that in Latin the connective has a strong attraction for the negative where our idiom separates them negoti : part gen. ; cf. nihil vini , 59 23 .

g. II.60.21. cum ... venissent ... abessent : SUB, because subordinate clauses in the indir. disc.; the verbs refer to future time, and represent respectively the fut. perf. and the fut. indict of the dir. disc.

h. II.60.22. hanc : i.e. the first legion. sarcinis : see chapter on military affairs, IV. , and Fig 14 . adoriri : subject of esse (l. 20), quicquam being in the predicate. quā pulsā ... impedimentisque direptis (ABL absolute = protasis of a future condition), if this should be routed , etc.

i. II.60.23. futurum [esse]: apodosis of the condition. ut ... non auderent , subst . clause of result, subject of futurum [esse] ( § 569 (332. a) ; B. 297. 2 ; G. 553. 3 ; H. 571. 1 (501. 1) ; H-B. 521. 3. a ): the whole is little more than a roundabout way of expressing the fut. INF (see § 569. a (147. c. 3) ; B. 270. 3 ; G. 248.2 ; H. 619. 2 (537. 3) ; H-B. 472. c ). contra consistere , to withstand their attack .

j. II.60.24. adiuvabat : the subject is the subst. clause quod Nervii ... effecerant , the advice of those who reported the matter was REENFORCED by the fact that the Nervii , etc. Notice the emphatic position of adiuvabat , which may be expressed in English by using the pass. as above.

k. II.60.25. antiquitus : adv ; the use of the hedges described below was an immemorial custom, and they are still, it is said, common in this region. Traces of such about 400 years oId still exist in England. cum : causal.

l. II.60.26. nihil (adv. ACC ) possent , had no strength . neque enim , and in fact ... not . ad hoc tempus : opp. to antiquitus . rei : cf. construction of imperiis , 49 11 .

m. II.60.27. quicquid (cf. nihil above) possunt , etc., all the strength they have is in infantry . quo facilius ... impedirent , in order to check the more ; quo is the regular conj. introducing a purpose clause which contains a comparative ( § 531. a (317. b) ; B. 282. 1. a ; G. 545. 2 ; H. 568 (497. ii) ; H-B. 502. 2. b ).

n. II.61.1. praedandi causa : cf. 56 15 . venissent : attracted from the fut. perf. ; § 593 (342) ; B. 324. 1 ; G. 663. 1 ; H. 652 (529. II) ; H-B. 539 .

o. II.61.3. in latitudinem , etc.: i e. when the tree was bent over, shoots sprang from its sides so as to make a thick mass of small branches. Among these were planted briars and thorns. These hedges were of course for the defence of individual farms to hinder cavalry from raiding across country.

p. II.61.4. ut ... praeberent : object clause of result, depending on effecerant ; cf. 57 2 . instar muri : § 359. b (214. g) ; B. 198. 2 ; G. 373 ; H. 446. 4 (398. 4) ; H-B. 339. d .

q. II.61.5. quo (adv.): i.e. into which .

r. II.61.6. posset : result clause.

s. II.61.7. sibi : dat. of agent with omittendum [esse].

II.18. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. [2] Nam quod hostibus adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar VI legiones expeditas ducebat; [3] post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. [4] Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi cum hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. [5] Cum se illi identidem in silvis ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta [ac] loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones VI quae primae venerant, opere dimenso, castra munire coeperunt. [6] Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. [7] His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine [et iam in manibus nostris] hostes viderentur. [8] Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

a. II.61.8. loci ... quem locum : § 307. a (200. a) ; B. 251. 3 ; G. 615 ; H. 399 (445) ; H-B. 284. 4 . castris : the dat. of purpose of concrete nouns is used in prose in a few military expressions ( § 382. 2 (233. b) ; B. 191. 1 ; G. 356 ; H. 425. 3 (384. ii. 1. 3) ; H-B. 361 ).

b. II.61.9. aequaliter declivis , with even downward slope .

c. II.61.10. quod agrees in gender with flumen . vergebat : imperf. of description; cf note on 3 5 . ab : i e on the other side.

d. II.61.11. pari acclivitate : ABL of quality; cf. 53 11 , 59 17 . Notice the opposition to declivis , above. adversus ... contrarius , facing this, and on the other side (of the stream).

e. II.61.12. passus : cf. 53 2 , 57 10 . apertus : i.e. cleared of woods. infimus , at the foot ( § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; G. 290. R. 2 ; H. 497. 4 (440. 2. N. 2) ; H-B. 244 ); opposed to ab superiore parte , along the upper portion : ( § 429. b (260. b) ; G. 390. 1 ; H. 434. i ; H-B. 406. 2 ).

f. II.62.1. ut non : observe that a negative result is expressed by ut non , while a negative purpose is expressed by ne .

g. II.62.3. secundum : preposition.

h. II.62.4. pedum trium : gen. of measure, here in the predicate; cf. 54 23 .

II.19. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret; signum tuba dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi; acies instruenda; milites cohortandi; signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat. [2] His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat. [3] Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium expectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.

a. II.62.6. copiis : cf. 50 16 , 54 8 .— ratio ordoque : as these two words convey but a single thought, the verb is singular. aliter ac , etc. (see vocab.), was different from what the Belgae had reported (lit had itself otherwise [than] as , etc); § 324. c (156 a) ; B. 341. 1. c ; G. 643 ; H. 516. 3 (459. 2) ; H-B. 307. 2. a .

b. II.62.7. ad Nervios : § 363 (225. b) ; B. 358. 2. a ; G. 340. R. 2 ; H. 429. 3 (386. 3) .

c. II.62.8. consuetudine sua , in accordance with his custom .

d. II.62.9. ducebat : for the order of march, see chapter on military affairs, VI . These were legions XIII and XIV, mentioned in 50 1, 2 , which were not yet sufficiently trained to bear the brunt of the fight.— conlocarat , had put in place [of greatest safety]; this verb ( conloco ) is often confounded by beginners with conligo , collect .

e. II.62.10. proxime conscriptae , latest levied .

f. II.62.11. praesidio impedimentis : cf. 54 3 , 55 1 , 56 4 .

g. II.62.13. cum , etc.: this clause describes the situation, and is shown to be temporal by interim , which follows (cf. 53 8 , 53 10 , 60 3 ). This movement is important because it allowed time for the main body to arrive and begin the camp, contrary to the expectation of the Nervii.

h. II.62.14. reciperent ... facerent , kept retiring , etc (strengthened by identidem ).

i. II.62.15. quem ad finem : the antecedent attracted into the relative clause, according to the Latin idiom. Translate as if it were ad finem ad quem , which, however, the Romans would rarely say.

j. II.62.16. cedentīs agrees with eos , the understood object of insequi . Notice that the Romans can always omit a pronoun if its case is determined by some word in agreement.

k. II.62.17. opere dimenso , having staked out the works . See chapter on military affairs, V .

l. II.62.18. ubi ... visa sunt : cf. 53 4 , 56 13 . Notice that this is purely temporal. Caesar might have used cum with the SUB, but in that case it would describe the situation. A comparison of this with 62 13 shows the difference clearly.

m. II.62.20. quod tempus , the moment which . Notice the difference of the Latin and the English idiom; tempus is in apposition with the clause ubi ... visa sunt . The attraction of the antecedent into the relative clause is regular when it is in apposition with something preceding (cf. 30 19 , 38 19 , and notes). committendi proeli : depending on tempus . Notice that the gen. is the regular form to connect one noun with another, though we use various prepositions. ut ( just as ) ... confirmaverant : i.e the movement was not a confused sally on the individual impulse of savages, but an organized attack with the united and settled determination to resist the invaders He may have said this only to enhance the glory of his victory, but he more than once pays tribute to the prowess of the enemy, and he probably does so here.

n. II.62.24. ut , so that (result).

o. II.62.25. et iam in manibus nostris ]: i.e. within reach of our weapons. This makes sense, and may be so translated.

p. II.62.27. adverso colle , etc., pushed straight up the hill . The way by which is put in the ABL without a preposition. eos : after ad . occupati , still at work on the fortifications ( in opere ); occupatus is regularly used as an adj.

II.20. Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites, quam [in] partem fors obtulit, decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit. [2] Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, [3] quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset, proelii committendi signum dedit. [4] Atque in alteram item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. [5] Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit. [6] Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret.

a. II.63.1. Caesari : dat. of agent (cf. sibi , 61 7 ). Notice the emphatic position of omnia . Caesar had to do everything at one time . vexillum : the large banner hoisted at headquarters to announce an engagement impending. chapter on military affairs, II .

b. II.63.2. proponendum [erat]: 2d periphrastic like agenda erant above; so also dandum , etc.

c. II.63.3. tuba : the signal to take their places in the ranks See Fig. 37 . ab opere , etc : those who were already detailed must have needed further orders before going into battle.

d. II.63.4. qui relates to the understood subject ( ei ) of arcessendi erant . aggeris , materials for a mound , an unusual meaning. arcessendi : soldiers who were out of hearing of the customary signals would need a messenger.

e. II.63.5. cohortandi : pass., as always, though from a deponent verb; see § 190. d (135. d) ; B. 112. b ; G. 251 ; H. p. 114, foot-note at end ; H-B. 291 . signum dandum : the last signal for immediate action; cf. 64 5 . This list includes all the functions of the commander, ordinarily extended over a considerable time. In this emergency Caesar says these needed to be done at once, and this was impossible (cf. impediebat ). But the difficulty was partially remedied by the good sense and discipline of the soldiers who did what was proper without orders.

f. II.63.7. difficultatibus ... subsidio : cf. 54 3 , 6211 .

g. II.63.9. quid ... oporteret : indir. quest., object of praescribere ; cf. 50 2 .

h. II.63.10. quam connects similar constructions ( § 323. a (208. a) ; H-B. 305. 1 ).

i. II.63.11. quod : i.e. the second of the two things mentioned. singulos , etc., had forbidden the several lieutenants to Ieave the work and their several legions.

j. II.63.12. nisi munitis castris : ABL absolute; see note on 49 6 . The meaning here is, not until after , etc.

k. II.63.13. nihil (adv. ACC, § 390. d. N. 2 (240. a) ; B. 176. 3. a ; G. 333. I ; H. 416. 2 (378. 2) ; cf. H-B. 387. iii. ) is stronger than nōn ; nihil iam , no longer .

l. II.63.14. quae videbantur , what seemed best .

II.21. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura [delectusque collis] et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. [2] Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur.

a. II.63.16. necessariis : i.e. such as were (absolutely) necessary ; observe emphasis. ad cohortandos milites : gerundive of purpose; cf. 49 13 , 54 16 .

b. II.63.17. quam in partem = in eam partem in quam ; cf. quem ad finem , 62 15 note on .

c. II.64.1. decimam : Caesar's favorite legion; cf. 36 24 . non longiore . . quam ut , with no more words than that they should , etc.

d. II.64.2. retinerent , perturbarentur , sustinerent : object clauses of purpose with ut , etc., expressing indirectly the commands given in his address ( oratione ).

e. II.64.4. quam quo ... posset : ref. clause of characteristic; § 535 (320. c) ; B. 283. 2. a ; G. 298 ; H. 591. 6 (503. ii. 3) ; cf. H-B. 521. 1 and 2. c .

f. II.64.7. pugnantibus : sc. eis , and see cedentis , 62 16 note on . hostium depends on animus .

g. II.64.8. paratus (adj.) ad dimicandum , ready for battle .

h. II.64.9. ad insignia accommodanda , for fitting on the decorations (of the helmets, etc ). Some of these indicated the rank of the wearer. Perhaps, too, the different legions were distinguished by the insignia of the helmets. At all events, these were considered important and were always put on before an engagement. See chapter on military affairs, VII .

i. II.64.10. scutis : ABL of separation ; cf. 53 6 , 56 5 . On the march helmets were slung upon the breast, shields covered with leather, and ornaments kept in some unexposed place. See Fig. 14 . defuerit , failed , i.e. there was not time enough to, etc.; for tense, cf. 50 25 , 51 5 . quam in partem , to whatever place .

j. II.64.11. ab opere : i.e. from his position in the work of fortifying. quaeque , etc., and whatever standards he saw first ( prima , adj. with signa ), he fell in (lit. took his stand ) there . The Roman soldier was so well drilled that, to whatever part of the legion he found his way, he knew perfectly the duties belonging to it.

k. II.64.12. haec (signa): antecedent to quae , but implying also the antecedent ( in hac parte ) of quam above, for which it is really substituted. in quaerendis suis [signis]: gerundive. The standards distinguished the different cohorts, and hence they here refer to the place of each soldier in the ranks, as we might speak of a company or platoon. See chapter on military affairs, II ; also Figs. 70 ; >114 .

II.22. Legionis VIIII. et X. milites, ut in sinistra parte aciei constiterant, pilis emissis cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates (nam his ea pars obvenerat) celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem eorum impeditam interfecerunt. [2] Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum iniquum progressi rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. [3] Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, XI. et VIII., profligatis Viromanduis, quibuscum erant congressae, ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur. [4] At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio XII. et non magno ab ea intervallo VII. constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato, qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; quorum pars ab aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit.

a. II.64.14. ut ... quam ut : as ... than as . The military science of the ancients was adapted to level, open ground, in whichthe troops could be drawn up and kept in regular lines.

b. II.64.16. cum : causal ; cf. 57 1 . aliae alia in parte ( § 315. c (203. c) ; B. 253. 2 ; H. 515. 1 (459. 1) ; H-B. 265 ), some in one position, some in another . For position of the various legions, see battle plan, Fig. 35 .

c. II.64.17. saepibus ... interiectis : cf. note on 60 25 .

d. II.64.18. ante : i.e. in ch. 17 . impediretur : connected with resisterent by -que in line 17.

e. II.64.19. neque : here begins the main clause, the verb of which is poterant .

f. II.64.20. provideri : compl. INF with poterat supplied from poterant . The subject of this poterat is the indir. quest. quid ... opus esset . ab uno (emphatic), by only one man .

g. II.64.21. fortunae : emphatic, set off against rerum . The circumstances were diversified; the fortune that attended them consequently had various results.

h. II.64.22. eventūs (nom. plu.), subject of sequebantur .

II.23. Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant; [2] et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros victores flumen transire conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. [3] Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur. [4] Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxilii causa a civitate missi ad Caesarem venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra [nostra] compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, tunditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt: [5] Romanos pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt.

a. II.64.23. ut , as , i.e. in the position in which they were. The clause is nearly equivalent to an English participle, having taken up their position (cf. § 493. d. 2 (290. d) ; B. 356. 2. c ; H-B. 602. 1 ). Observe that in the sense of as , ut is not followed by the SUB sinistra : here Labienus was in command.

b. II.64.24. acie : gen. ( § 98. N. (74. a) ; B. 52.3 ; G. 63. N. 1 ; H. 134. 2 (120) ; H-B. 100. 2 ). pilis emissis : see chapter on military affairs, VII , and Fig. 15, p. 22 . exanimatos : agrees with Atrebates (object of compulerunt ).

c. II.64.26. ex loco superiore : i.e. from the higher ground up which the Atrebates had rushed after crossing the river.

d. II.65.1. impeditam , embarrassed (in their attempt to cross). ipsi : referring to milites , 64 23 .

e. II.65.2. progressi : i.e. continuing the charge up the wooded hill on the other side of the river. See description of the ground, ch. 18 .

f. II.65.3. rursus resistentīs (acc.): i.e. when they again made a stand.

g. II.65.6. ex loco superiore : i.e. starting from, etc. in ripis modifies proeliabantur ( were continuing the fight ).

h. II.65.7. totis : emphatic position (cf. English "exposed entirely almost").

i. II.65.8. nudatis , being exposed , i.e. by the absence of the other legions, which were pursuing the enemy. The only ones left near the camp were VII and XII, in dextro cornu .

j. II.65.9. constitisset : causal, showing why the enemy charged in that quarter ; but it is often impossible to say when the description of a situation passes over into cause . magno intervallo, confertissimo agmine : best regarded as ablatives of manner, though we must remember that the Romans did not trouble themselves about our classifications. The ablative was the proper form for all these ideas; and so they used it for all without distinction, as we should use in , at , or by .

k. II.65.10. duce : ABL absolute; translate under the leadership of .

l. II.65.12. aperto latere : i.e. the right, not protected by shields; for omission of prep., see § 429 (258. f) ; B. 228. 1. b ; G. 388 ; H. 485. 2 (425. ii) ; H-B. 436 . legiones : the twelfth and the seventh. castrorum : not part., but poss. gen. (i.e. the height on which the camp stood).

II.24. Caesar ab X. legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu prolectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis XII. legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto, ut iam se sustinere non posset, reliquos esse tardiores et non nullos ab novissimis deserto loco proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset, [2] scuto ab novissimis [uni] militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. [3] Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est.

a. II.65.14. levis armaturae : descriptive gen.; note how it is naturally translated in English by a descriptive adj., light-armed . See chapter on military affairs, I. 3 , and Figs. 104 , 115 .

b. II.65.15. unā : adv.

c. II.65.16. pulsos [esse]: INF of indir. disc., with subj. ACC quos . adversis hostibus , etc., met the enemy face to face ( § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376 ).

d. II.65.17. occurrebant ... ferebantur : these descriptive imperfects belong to the side action; the main narrative, which is interrupted by them, is resumed in the perfects contenderunt , etc., at the end of the chapter. See note on 3 5 .

e. II.65.18. ab decumana porta : i.e. the rear gate; see chapter on military affairs, V , and Fig. 119 . The camp was partly on a slope, and the rear commanded a wide view of the surrounding country.

f. II.65.20. cum respexissent , on looking back . Notice that this descriptive cum- construction has a great variety of translations, but all indicate an inner connection, cf. cum ... vidissent , l. 26 , below.

g. II.65.21. praecipites : adj., agreeing with calones , but with the force of an adv., pell-mell, in utter confusion ( § 290 (191) ; B. 239 ; G. 325. 6 ; H. 497 (443) ; H-B. 245 ).

h. II.65.22. qui , etc.: this refers to the baggage-train which was coming up with legions XIII and XIV as a rear guard; see 62 9-11 .

i. II.65.23. oriebatur : observe the sing. number, and cf. 62 6 and note . alii aliam : § 315 (203. c) ; B. 253. 2 ; G. 323 ; H. 516. 1 (459. 1) ; H-B. 265 . perterriti , frantic with fear, panic-stricken (thoroughly frightened). Observe the force of per- (see vocab.).

j. II.65.25. quorum (poss.) virtutis (obj.) opinio , whose reputation for valor ( § 348. b (217. b) ; B. 200 ; G. 363. R. 2 ; H. 446. 2 (398. 2) ; H-B. 354 ).

k. II.65.26. a civitate : ABL of agent, the state being thought of as a body of of citizens.

l. II.65.27. compleri ( was filling ) ... premi ... teneri ... fugere : indir. disc., with vidissent . The present tenses indicate what they saw going on before their eyes (dir. complentur ... premuntur ... tenentur ... fugiunt ). The beginner should notice that difference of idiom requires a change of tense in translation.

m. II.66.2. domum : cf. 56 17, and note .

n. II.66.3. pulsos superatosque [esse]: indir. disc.; the subject is Romanos . castris : § 410 (249) ; B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 477 (421. 1) ; H-B. 429 .

o. II.66.4. hostīs : ACC, subject of potitos [esse].

II.25. Caesar, cum VII. legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. [2] Quo facto cum aliis alii subsidium ferrent neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. [3] Interim milites legionum duarum quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato, cursu incitato in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur, [4] et T. Labienus castris hostium potitus et ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus X. legionem subsidio nostris misit. [5] Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga quo in loco res esset quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt.

a. II.66.5. Caesar : subject of processit , 67 9 . In this characteristic example of Latin style notice that the main verb of the sentence is not expressed until the attendant circumstances have been introduced in the form of modifying phrases, dependent clauses, etc. Thus the sense and construction are suspended . Such a sentence is called a Period ( § 600, 601 (346) ; B. 351. 5 ; G. 684, 685. 2 ; H. 685 (573) ; H-B. 629, 630 ). An English writer would have used several short, independent sentences, each describing a single act or circumstance, and a really good translation should have that form, thus: — Caesar, after addressing the tenth legion, passed to the right wing. Here he saw his men were hard pressed. The standards were all huddled together and the soldiers of the twelfth, massed in a solid body, were in each other's way. All the centurions of the fourth cohort had fallen, the standard-bearer was killed, and the standard lost. In the other cohorts almost all the centurions were either killed or wounded. Among these the first centurion, P. Sextius Bacuius, one of the bravest of soldiers, was disabled by many severe wounds so that he could no longer stand on his feet. The rest were showing no spirit, and some in the rear had abandoned the fight and were drawing back to get out of range of the missiles. The enemy meanwhile continued to come up in front from below without cessation, and to press them hard also on both flanks. The situation was desperate. Seeing this, and realizing that there were no reserves that could be sent in, Caesar snatched a shield from a man in the rear rank he had happened to come there without a shield himself and advanced to the front.

b. II.66.6. ubi : construe with vidit , l. 8 . in unum locum : i.e. the soldiers were so crowded together that they could not keep their alignment, and the standards were bunched in a confused mass in the crowd.

c. II.66.7. sibi ... impedimento , hindered one another in fightinig (lit., were for a hindrance themselves to themselves ); cf. 56 4 , 62 11 .

d. II.66.8. quartae cohortis : this stood on the left of the front line and so bore the brunt of the attack. See chapter on military affairs, VI .— omnibus centurionibus occisis : notice that seven different events are expressed in this sentence by ablatives absolute. See omni pacata Gallia , 49 6 note on .

e. II.66.9. signo : i.e. the standard of the cohort.

f. II.67.1. in his , among these . primipīlo : see chapter on military affairs, I. 7 . — Baculo : this was one of Caesar's best centurions. His further exploits are mentioned in Bk. iii. ch. 5 and Bk. vi. ch. 38 .

g. II.67.3. iam non , no longer . tardiores : rather slack (discouraged) ( § 291. a (93. a) ; B. 240. 1 ; G. 297 ; H. 498 (444. 1) ; H-B. 241. 2 ).

h. II.67.4. ab novissimis , in the rear: so below, l. 8 . deserto proelio , withdrawing from the fight (ABL absolute).

i. II.67.5. neque : correl. to et = both ... not ... and .

j. II.67.7. vidit : repeated from 66 8 on account of the length of the sentence. neque ullum subsidium : the rear guard, legions XIII and XIV, had not yet arrived.

k. II.67.8. posset : ref. clause of characteristic; cf. 51 4 , 64 5 . militi : dat. after detracto ; cf. construction of hostibus , 54 5, and note .

l. II.67.11. signa ... laxare , to charge [and thus] open out the ranks , i.e. as they advanced, the space between the ranks would be increased, nd so more room obtained for the use of the sword. quo ... possent : cf. 60 27 .

m. II.67.12. gladiis : cf. castris , 66 3 . militibus : dat. with inlata .

n. II.67.14. etiam ... rebus , even in his own extreme peril .

II.26. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium redintegrarent, calones perterritos hostes conspicati etiam inermes armatis occurrerent, [2] equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent. [3] At hostes, etiam in extrema spe salutis, tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent, [4] his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros coicerent et pila intercepta remitterent: [5] ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines iudicari deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum; quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat.

a. II.67.16. constiterat (from consisto ): NOT had stood , but had taken up a position , and so stood ; cf. consuerint , 59 14 ; § 476 (279. e) ; B. 262. A ; G. 241. R. ; H. 538. 4 (471. 3) ; H-B. 487 .

b. II.67.18. ut coniungerent ... inferrent : subst. clause, secondary obj of monuit ; cf. 6 10 , 59 10 , and notes. conversa , etc., should face about and charge the enemy in opposite directions (lit. bear turned standards against ). The two united thus formed a kind of hollow square. It is not necessary to suppose that the soldiers stood immediately back to back, though this is probable, in as much as the attack was on both flanks and in front.

c. II.67.19. alii : dat. after a verbal phrase of helping ( § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 1 (385. 1) ; H-B. 365. ftn. 1 2d par .)

d. II.67.20. ne ... circumvenirentur : cf. ne ... adduceretur , 49 6 . aversi , in the rear (lit. while their backs were turned ). ab hoste : collectively, in which sense the plu. is more common.

e. II.67.22. legionum duarum : i.e. XIII and XIV; see plan, Fig. 35 .

f. II.67.24. colle : i.e. the site of the Roman camp. Labienus : he, with legions IX and X, had been pursuing the Atrebates; see first lines of ch. 23 .

g. II.67.26. gererentur : indir. quest.

h. II.67.27. qui : i.e. the soldiers of the tenth legion.

i. II.67.28. esset : indir. quest.

j. II.68.1. nihil ... fecerunt , left nothing undone in the way of speed (i.e. hastened as fast as they could ).

k. II.68.2. reliqui : a pred. gen. Various genitives of this sort are used with facere ( § 343. b (214. c) ; B. 108. 3 ; G. 369. R. 2 ; H. 447 (403) ; H-B. 340. a ).

II.27. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, maiores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, [2] omnium qui supererant consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt; et in commemoranda civitatis calamitate ex DC ad tres senatores, ex hominum milibus LX vix ad D, qui arma ferre possent, sese redactos esse dixerunt. [3] Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent.

a. II.68.4. etiam qui , even such as . procubuissent , SUB of characteristic; cf. 67 8 . scutis : ABL with innixi ( § 431 (254. b) ; B. 218. 3 ; G. 401. 6 ; H. 476. 3 (425. i. 1. N) ; H-B. 438. 2. a .).

b. II.68.6. inermes armatis , etc., [though] unarmed, threw themselves upon the armed [enemy]. occurrerent : result, like redintegrarent .

c. II.68.7. deferent, praeferrent : purpose clauses, but in slightly different relations, dependent on pugnant . The use of quo as a conj. to introduce a purpose clause when the clause contains no comparative is rare. It is used regularly in 60 27 , 67 11 . Here we should expect ut .

d. II.68.8. at : marks with emphasis the change of the narrative from the Romans to the enemy.

e. II.68.9. tantam virtutem praestiterunt : on this clause depend the following subjunctives of result, insisterent, pugnarent, conicerent, remitterent .

f. II.68.10. primi , foremost . iacentibus (se. eis , dat. after insisterent ), stood upon them as they lay fallen (lit. them lying ).

g. II.68.12. qui superessent : characteristic clause. ut ex tumulo , as if from a mound .

h. II.68.13. ut ... deberet , so that we may consider (lit. it must be judged ) that not without good hope of success ( nequiquam ) did men , etc.; ut ... deberet is a result clause, dependent on the whole of the preceding sentence. The subject of deberet is the INF clause homines ausos esse .

i. II.68.16. quae : the antecedents are the preceding INF clauses describing the acts of the enemy; translate deeds which . facilia : pred. adj.; § 285. 2, 282. b (186) ; B. 233. 2 ; G. 211 ; H. 382. 2 (438. 2) ; H-B. 320. iii . The battle with the Nervii and their allies was the most desperate of the Gallic War. Their surprise of the Romans was complete, their courage such as to evoke Caesar's wonder and admiration. Had the Romans come up in the order of march expected, a legion at a time with intervening baggage, they could hardly have escaped defeat or even annihilation. As it was, only the steadiness and discipline of the troops and the inspiration of Caesar's presence and example at a critical moment saved the day.

II.28. Atuatuci, de quibus supra diximus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt; [2] cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt. [3] Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes deiectusque haberet, una ex parte leniter acclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius pedum CC relinquebatur; quem locum duplici altissimo muro munierant; tum magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. [4] Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonisque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam; facerent, iis impedimentis quae secum agere ac portare non poterant citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodiae [ex suis] ac praesidio VI milia hominum una reliquerant. [5] Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerant.

a. II.68.18. prope ad internecionem : the Nervii were not by any means exterminated. Three years later they revolted again ( Bk. v. ch. 38 ), and two years after that they sent a force of 5000 men to Alesia to relieve Vercingetorix ( Bk. vii. ch. 75 ).

b. II.68.20. aestuaria : the country lying to the north, the modern Zealand, is low and marshy, cut up with bays and tide-water inlets.

c. II.68.21. dixeramus : for tense, cf. note on the same word, 49 4 . cum : casual; cf. 57 1 . impeditum [esset], etc., here was no obstacle in the way of (lit. nothing hindered to ) the conquerors .

d. II.68.24. in ... calamitate : gerundive construction.

e. II.68.26. qui ... possent : this would naturally be a characteristic SUB in the dir. ; cf. 26 10 . quos : see note on 58 9 .

f. II.68.27. usus [esse]: § 582 (330. b) ; B. 332. b ; G. 528. 1 ; H. 611. N. 2 (534. 1. N. 1) ; cf. H-B. 590. 2 . misericordiā (abl.), mercy : it has been observed that Caesar's dealings with the Gauls were comparatively merciful for a Roman dealing with barbarians, but his cruelty seems to us atrocious.

g. II.69.2. ut ... prohiberent : subst. clause of purpose, obj. of imperavit ; cf. this construction with that of uti iussit just before.

II.29. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum nostris contendebant; [2] postea vallo pedum XII in circuitu †XV† milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese continebant. [3] Ubi vineis actis aggere extructo turrim procul constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio a tanto spatio institueretur: [4] quibusnam mallibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam plerumque omnibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum quorum brevitas nostra contemptui est) tanti oneris turrim in muro sese posse conlocare confiderent?

a. II.69.4. supra : see 60 9 . cum ... venirent , while on the way . omnibus copiis : cf. 50 16 , 54 8 .

b. II.69.7. sua omnia : cf. 50 15, and note . oppidum : often identified with the citadel of Namur, at the confluence of the Meuse and Sambre. See Fig. 41 . For a striking description of the locality, see Motley's . Others place it more probably at Falhize , opposite Huy, on the Meuse below Namur, though neither place quite agrees with Caesar's description.

c. II.69.8. quod cum : cf. qui cum , 58 9, and note .

d. II.70.1. pedum : cf. 52 27 .

e. II.70.3. conlocabant : notice the change of tense from the pluperf.

f. II.70.4. ex Cimbris Teutonisque : ABL of source; cf. 51 1 . See note on 7 1 .

g. II.70.6. impedimentis refers to cattle as well as portable baggage, hence the two verbs, agere and portare . Cf. ferre et agere , to plunder .

h. II.70.7. custodiam , a guard , whose duty it was to keep an eye on the booty, etc.; praesidium , a garrison , who were to hold the place. The words are in apposition with milia .

i. II.70.8. sex milia : this Teutonic military colony was probably merely adopted into the Celtic tribe of the Aduatuci, thus giving rise to the story that the whole tribe were of Teutonic descent. unā (adv.), with it , i.e. the impedimenta . hi : i.e. the six thousand. eorum : i.e. the Cimbri and Teutons.

j. II.70.9. obitum , destruction : the Teutons were totally defeated by Gains Marius at Aquae Sextiae ( Aix les Bains ), B.C. 102; the Cimbri, by Marius and Catulus, the next year, at Vercellae. alias : adv.

k. II.70.10. inferrent : the regular word for offensive war. inlatum [sibi bellum] defenderent , defended themselves when attacked . consensu eorum omnium , by mutual agreement , i.e. between themselves and all their neighbors.

l. II.70.11. sibi domicilio : cf. 54 3 . hunc locum : the land between the Meuse and the Scheldt.

II.30. Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare muris viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti, [2] non se existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent, [3] se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere dixerunt. [4] Unum petere ac deprecari: si forte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Atuatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis despoliaret. [5] Sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti invidere; a quibus se defelldere traditis armis non possent. [6] Sibi praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati quam ab his per cruciatum interfici inter quos dominari consuessent.

a. II.70.12. adventu : ABL of time.

b. II.70.13. faciebant : notice the tense, and cf. 49 2 and note . parvulis for the formation of the word, see § 243 (164. a) ; B. 153 ; G. 189. 6 ; H. 340 (332) ; H-B. 207. 1 .

c. II.70.14. pedum xii : i.e. in height. xv milium : fifteen miles (sc. passuum ) seems large for so small a hill, but no satisfactory explanation has yet been given.

d. II.70.15. oppido : for the omission of in , cf. castris , 57 5 and note . For the siege operations, see chapter on military affairs, VIII , and Figs. 43 , 92 , 93 , 120 .

e. II.70.17. viderunt : note the regular mood and tense in the temporal clause with ubi ; cf. 62 18 and note. inridere : histor. INF; see note on 13 18 .

f. II.70.18. quod ... institueretur : because (as they said), etc.: SUB on the principle of implied indir. disc. ( § 540, 592. 3 (321, 341. d) ; B. 286. 1, 323 ; G. 663. 1 ; H. 652 (529. II) ; H-B. 555. a ). ab tanto spatio , so far off (lit. away by so great a space ): ABL of degree of difference, ab having an adv. force. quibusnam , etc.: the enclitic nam gives a sarcastic emphasis to this jeering question of the barbarians, by what hands, pray, or what strength?

g. II.71.2. conlocare : indir. disc.; we should have expected the fut. INF conlocaturos [esse]. Apparently the Gauls thought the Romans meant to lift the tower and set it up on the wall ( in muro ) ; and such an idea, of course, seemed very amusing. But when the tower began to roll forward they saw their error.

II.31. Ad haec Caesar respondit: se magis consuetudine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum, si prius quam murum aries attigisset se dedidissent; [2] sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque imperaturum ne quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam inferrent. [3] Re renuntiata ad suos illi se quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. [4] Armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iacta, sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi.

a. II.71.3. moveri , that it was actually moving : for the omission of the subj. ACC turrim , see § 582. N. 1 (336. a. N.) ; B. 314. 5 ; G. 527. 4 ; H. 642 (p. 296, foot-note 2) ; H-B. 592 .

b. II.71.5. locuti , speaking ; cf. 52 7 .

c. II.71.6. existimare (sc. se , and cf. 59 23 and note ), that they thought : depending on locuti .

d. II.71.8. possent : a ref. clause expressing cause; § 535. e (320. e) ; B. 283. 3. a ; G. 633 ; H. 592 (517) ; H-B. 523 . se (obj.) ... permittere , that they surrendered themselves , etc.: depending on dixerunt .

e. II.71.9. unum , only one thing ; notice the emphatic position of the word. pro sua , etc., in accordance with his usual , etc.; cf. 68 27 .

f. II.71.10. quam ... audirent , which they were [all the time] hearing of : repeated action.

g. II.71.11. statuisset : for the fut. perf. ( statueris ) of the dir. disc. ( § 516. c (307. c) ; B. 264. a ; G. 595 ; H. 540. 2 (473. 2) ; cf. H-B. 536, 470. ftn. 1 ). ne ... despoliaret : subst. clause of purpose, in app. with unum , but really depending on deprecari for its form ; see note on 4 17 .

h. II.71.12. inimicos : cf. 71 10 .

i. II.71.13. virtuti : § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 2 (385. II) ; H-B. 363 . traditis armis (= si arma tradita essent ): ABL absolute, equivalent to a protasis ( § 521. a (310. a) ; B. 227. 2. b ; G. 593. 2 ; H. 489. 2 (431. 2) ; H-B. 578. 6 ); In the dir. disc. a vivid fut. condition, si arma tradita erunt, non poterimus.

j. II.71.14. sibi praestare , that it was better for them : impers.; the subj. is the following INF clause. si ... deducerentur (fut. condition), if they shouId be reduced to such an extremity.

k. II.71.15. quamvis : from quivis .

l. II.71.16. consuessent : for the form, see § 181. a (128. a) ; B. 116. 1 ; G. 131. 1 ; H. 238 (235) ; H-B. 163. 1 . Give the speech of the ambassadors of the Aduatuci in dir. disc., and also Caesar's reply, ch. 32 .

II.32. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire iussit, ne quam noctu oppidani a militibus iniuriam acciperent. [2] Illi ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crediderant, partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones accensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. [3] Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperaverat, ignibus significatione facta, ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, [4] pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes consisteret. [5] Occisis ad hominum milibus IIII reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. [6] Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem eius oppidi universa Caesar vendidit. [7] Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium LIII.

a. II.71.17. consuetudine ... merito : cf. note on 65 9 . This is a good example of the free use of the ablative case in Latin. If consuetudine were alone we should call it manner , 'that in accordance,' etc. if merito were alone we should call it cause . Caesar in using them both did not think of either category; to him they were both ablatives and needed no classification. We may call them cause if we like.

b. II.71.19. aries : a long beam with an iron head (like a ram's ),suspended from a framework, and swung with great force against a wall, crumbling the strongest masonry (see Fig. 127 ). attigisset ... dedissent stand for attigerit ... dedideritis (fut. perf.) of the dir. ( § 551. c (327. a) ; B. 291. 1 ; G. 574 ; H. 605 (520) ; H-B. 507. 4. b )

c. II.71.20. nisi armis traditis : cf. nisi munitis castris , 63 12 .

d. II.71.21. facturum : i.e. in case they came to terms. ne quam , lest any , § 310. a (105. d) ; B. 91. 5 ; G. 315 ; H. 512. 1 (455. 1) ; H-B. 142.

e. II.71.22. re nuntiata ad quos : the idea of motion causes the use of ad ; the dat. would refer simply to the utterance of the message, not to its being carried.

f. II.71.23. imperarentur : the SUB shows that this subordinate clause is a part of the indir. disc. ( § 580 (336. 2) ; B. 314. 1 ; G. 650 ; H. 643 (524) ; H-B. 534. 2 ). facere : sc. se as subj. ACC, which is very often omitted by Caesar; cf. 59 23 . We should expect facturos [esse]. The pres. INF standing for facimus of the dir. is somewhat colloquial; § 468 (276. c) ; G. 228 ; H. 533. 2 (467. 5) ; cf. H-B. 571 . dixerunt : i.e. the ambassadors on their return.

g. II.71.25. ut prope ... adequarent : i.e. the arms filled the ditch and the deep space between the wall and the end of the agger almost to the top. See Figs. 43 , 118 .

h. II.72.2. eo die : the day is thought of as fixing the time, not as marking its duration ; hence the ABL; § 423 (256) ; B. 230 ; G. 393 ; H. 486 (429) ; H-B. 439 . pace ... usi : i.e. they enjoyed the cessation of war and were peaceable, opposed to their later conduct.

II.33. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, Coriosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas.

a. II.72.3. ex oppido exire : for the repetition of ex , see § 402 (243. b) ; B. 214. 2 ; G. 390 ; H. 462. 1 (413. N. 3) ; H-B. 408. 1 .

b. II.72.4. ne quam : see note on 71 21 .

c. II.72.5. ante inito consilio , in accordance with a plan previously agreed upon .

d. II.72.6. quod crediderant : a reason stated on the writer's own authority, hence the indict; cf. 49 12 , 56 23 . — praesidia : i.e. those stationed in the castella.

e. II.72.8. ex cortice : ABL of material; § 403 (244) ; B. 224 ; G. 396 ; H. 470 (415. III) ; H-B. 406. 4.

f. II.72.9. viminibus intextis : in the same construction as cortice .

g. II.72.10. pellibus : ABL ( § 364 (225. d) ; B. 187. i. a ; G. 348 ; H. 426. 6 (384. ii. 2) ; H-B. 376. b ).

h. II.72.11. quā , where : an ABL or instrumental form, used adverbially.

i. II.72.13. celeriter : note the emphatic position. Caesar had ordered them to give the signal, in case of any disturbance, and to do it instantly . ignibus : this signal was given by stretching out a great flaming torch from the side of a watch-tower.

j. II.72.14. eo , to that place . concursum ... pugnatum : impers. use of pass. ( § 208. d (146. d) ; B. 256. 3 ; G. 208. 2 ; H. 302. 6 (301. 1) ; H-B. 290. a. 1 ); see note on 23 1 .

k. II.72.15. ita ... ut , they fought as fiercely as brave men ought to fight . in extrema spe , for their last chance (lit. in the last hope ).

l. II.72.16. iniquo loco : § 429. 1 (258. f) ; B. 228. 1. b ; G. 385. N. 1 ; H. 485. 2 (425. 2) ; H-B. 436 . qui ... iacerent : SUB of characteristic; cf. 51 4 , 68 12 , 68 26 .

m. II.72.17. in una virtute , in valor alone . — cum ... consisteret , at a time when , etc.; see note on 62 18 .

n. II.72.18. ad , about .

o. II.72.19. postridie eius diei : cf. 20 5 and note .

p. II.72.21. sectionem ... universam : i.e. the whole people, as slaves, with all their possessions.

q. II.72.22. capitum : cf. 26 7 . milium : pred. gen., after esse understood.

II.34. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus quae trans Rhenum incolerent legationes ad Caesarem mitterentur, quae se obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. [2] Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. [3] Ipse in Carnutes, Andes, Turonos quaeque civitates propinquae iis locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiberna deductis, in Italiam profectus est. [4] Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dierum XV supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli.

a. II.72.25. Venetos , etc.: the name of the Veneti survives in the modern Vannes ; that of the Redones, in Rennes .

b. II.72.26. maritimae civitates : inhabiting the modern Brittany and Normandy ; they are spoken of at length in Bk. iii. chs. 7-16 .

III COMMENTARIUS TERTIUS

III.1 III.2 III.3 III.4 III.5 III.6 III.7 III.8 III.9 III.10 III.11 III.12 III.13 III.14 III.15 III.16 III.17 III.18 III.19 III.20 III.21 III.22 III.23 III.24 III.25 III.26 III.27

III.1. Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Ser. Galbam cum legione XII. et parte equitatus in Nantuates, Veragros Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad summas Alpes pertinent. [2] Causa mittendi fuit quod iter per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo magnisque cum portoriis mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat. [3] Huic permisit, si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his locis legionem hiemandi causa conlocaret. [4] Galba secundis aliquot proeliis factis castellisque compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta, constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus conlocare et ipse cum reliquis eius legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus hiemare; [5] qui vicus positus in valle non magna adiecta planitie altissimis montibus undique continetur. [6] Cum hic in duas partes flumine divideretur, alteram partem eius vici Gallis [ad hiemandum] concessit, alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit.

a. III.74.1. cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar : cf. this with the beginning of the second book, cum esset Caesar in , etc. There the verb is made emphatic because the place where he was has been already named, and his destination becomes important and so takes the first place. If this were the first book, it would begin with Caesar , the principal personage in the narrative. If his going away were the main thing, it would begin with proficisceretur . But as it is, the route across, and so his destination, is here the main thing. Hence instantly the Latin order corresponds to the thought, and we have the form here presented. proficisceretur : the familiar use of the SUB with cum in descriptive clauses; cf. 11 7 , 62 13 . Galbam : this officer was one of the assassins of Caesar, his oId general. The emperor Galba was his great-grandson.

b. III.74.3. qui a finibus , etc.: Geneva seems to have been at the northeast corner of the Allobroges' territory. Between that point and the entrance of the Rhone must have been the country of the Nantuates. On the other side of the Rhone were the Seduni and Veragri. See maps, Figs. 6 , 46 .

c. III.74.5. iter per Alpīs : the pass of the Great St. Bernard, which reaches the Rhone valley at Martigny (the ancient Octodurus), at the great bend of the river. This was the shortest route across the Alps at this period. Hannibal is said to have crossed by the Little St. Bernard, pass by Mont Genèvre was also in use. magno cum periculo , but only with great danger , referring probably rather to the savage tribes than to the dangers of the way.

d. III.74.6. magnis portoriis , heavy transit-duties ; portoriis and periculo are ablatives of manner; for meaning,see note on 15 25 . mercatores : see note on 1 8 .

e. III.74.7. arbitraretur : informal indir. disc. The form of the original would be arbitraris with an imperat. in the conclusion, which is absorbed in permisit and the following uti -clause. See note on 32 21 .

f. III.74.8. hiemandi causa : cf. 39 26 , 56 15 .

g. III.74.9. secundis ... factis , etc.: see notes on 15 19 , 49 6 (last note) .

h. III.74.15. hic , eius : both refer to vicus . flumine , the Dranse.

i. III.74.17. concessit , etc.: he seems to have deprived the natives of one half of their village to accommodate his troops, and to have left the rest to them.

III.2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent frumentumque eo comportari iussisset, subito per exploratores certior factus est ex ea parte vici, quam Gallis concesserat, omnes noctu discessisse montesque qui impenderent a maxima multitudine Sedunorum et Veragrorum teneri. [2] Id aliquot de causis acciderat, ut subito Galli belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae consilium caperent: [3] primum, quod legionem neque eam plenissimam detractis cohortibus duabus et compluribus singillatim, qui commeatus petendi causa missi erant, absentibus propter paucitatem despiciebant; [4] tum etiam, quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela coicerent, ne primum quidem impetum suum posse sustineri existimabant. [5] Accedebat quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum nomine dolebant, et Romanos non solum itinerum causa sed etiam perpetuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habebant.

a. III.75.3. concesserat: indict because not part of the indir. disc.; cf. qui ... appellantur , 52 5, and note .

b. III.75.4. montīs : not the higher ranges, but the lower heights directly upon the valley.

c. III.75.5. id , this , in apposition with ut ... caperent ; cf. note on 4 17 .

d. III.75.8. neque eam plenissimam , etc., and that not entirely full . The twelfth legion had suffered severely in the battle on the Sambre ( Bk. ii. ), and was probably already below the normal strength before the detachments were sent off. detractis : see 74 11 .

e. III.75.9. commeatūs ... causa : gerundive of purpose; cf. gerund, 74 8 .

f. III.75.10. despiciebant , existimabant , etc.: notice the imperfects describing the situation. See note on 3 5 .

g. III.75.11. cum ipsi ... decurrerent , when they should charge down from the hills upon the valley . The imperf. SUB of indir. disc. with cum is here equivalent to the fut. indict of dir. disc.

h. III.75.13. accedebat quod , and besides (lit. it was added that ). The subject of accedebat is the clause quod ... dolebant ; cf. 60 25 .

i. III.76.2. Romanos ... adiungere : indir. disc. after persuasum habebat = they had persuaded themselves (lit. they had it persuaded to themselves ). With persuasum habebant cf. coactum habebat ,13 4 , compertum habere , 40 20 , habere explorata , 51 8 , and notes.

III.3. His nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum munitionesque plene essent perfectae neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocato sententias exquirere coepit. [2] Quo in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opinionem accidisset ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine armatorum completa conspicerentur neque subsidio veniri neque commeatus supportari interclusis itineribus possent, [3] prope iam desperata salute non nullae eius modi sententiae dicebantur, ut impedimentis relictis eruptione facta isdem itineribus quibus eo pervenissent ad salutem contenderent. [4] Maiori tamen parti placuit, hoc reservato ad extremum casum consilio interim rei eventum experiri et castra defendere.

a. III.76.6. hibernorum : see chapter on military affairs, V . In the present case, Galba saved labor by appropriating a part of the Gallic buildings without much ceremony; but he proceeded to lay out the usual fortifications ( munitiones ).

b. III.76.7. perfectae : referring both to opus and munitiones , but agreeing with the nearer; cf. 24 7 .

c. III.76.10. consilio : i.e. of tribunes, cavalry officers, and first centurions.

d. III.76.11. quo in consilio : cf. 25 5 , 58 9 , and notes.

e. III.76.14. subsidio veniri , that any one should come to their aid : veniri is impers., sc. posset implied in possent ; subsidio is dat. of service or end for which.

f. III.76.15. non nullae sententiae , several opinions (or votes ) given by the officers in council.

g. III.76.18. maiori ... placuit , it was determined by the majority . hoc ... defendere , to reserve this course for the extremity, and meanwhile, etc.

III.4. Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut iis rebus quas constituissent conlocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus signo dato decurrere, lapides gaesaque in vallum coicere. [2] Nostri primo integris viribus fortiter propugnare neque ullum flustra telum ex loco superiore mittere, et quaecumque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre, [3] sed hoc superari quod diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proelio excedebant, alii integris viribus succedebant; [4] quarum rerum a nostris propter paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo defesso ex pugna excedendi, sed ne saucio quidem eius loci ubi constiterat relinquendi ac sui recipiendi facultas dabatur.

a. III.76.21. rebus ... administrandis : dat. of the gerundive, expressing purpose; an unusual construction, the ACC with ad or in or the gen. with causa being much more common. Why is constituissent in the SUB ?

b. III.76.23. decurrere , conicere , repugnare , mittere , occurrere , ferre , superari : histor. infinitives, describing the scene and implying incessant action; cf. 13 18 , 70 17 , and notes.

c. III.76.24. gaesa : Gallic javelins, of unknown form. integris viribus (ABL absolute), as long as their strength was unimpaired .

d. III.76.27. eo : adv. occurrere , ran to meet the danger.

e. III.76.29. alii , while others . quarum rerum , things of which ; cf. 30 19 , 38 19 , 62 20 , and notes. The gen. is part. with nihil .

f. III.77.1. non modo ... sed ne ... quidem , not only not, but not even , etc.; we should expect another negative after modo , but the Latin regularly omits it where both parts have the same predicate. Note the emphasis on saucio .

g. III.77.3. sui recipiendi : cf. 40 15, and note .

III.5. Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur, ac non solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes acrius instarent languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et fossas complere coepissent, resque esset iam ad extremum perducta casum, [2] P. Sextius Baculus, primi pili centurio, quem Nervico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et item C. Volusenus, tribunus militum, vir et consilii magni et virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione facta extremum auxilium experirentur. [3] Itaque convocatis centurionibus celeriter milites certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium ac tantum modo tela missa exciperent seque ex labore reficerent, post dato signo ex castris erumperent, atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent.

a. III.77.5. cum ... pugnaretur , when the fight had been [and was still] going on ( § 471. b (277. b) ; B. 260. 4 ; G. 234 ; H. 535 (469. ii. 2) ; H-B. 485 ).

b. III.77.7. languidioribus nostris : ABL absolute, expressing cause.

c. III.77.9. Baculus : see 67 1, and note .

d. III.77.13. unam : note the emphasis, only one .

e. III.77.14. experirentur : note that, as usual, the histor. pres. docent has the effect of a secondary tense on the dependent verb.

f. III.77.15. intermitterent : a command in indir. disc., following certiores facit in the sense of instructs .

g. III.77.16. tela ... exciperent : i.e. the Romans were to gather up the spent weapons to use them against the enemy, as their weapons were almost exhausted (l. 6).

III.6. Quod iussi sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portis eruptione facta neque cognoscendi quid fieret neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. [2] Ita commutata fortuna eos qui in spem potiundorum castrorum venerant undique circumventos intercipiunt, et ex hominum milibus amplius XXX, quem numerum barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus tertia parte interfecta reliquos perterritos in fugam coiciunt ac ne in locis quidem superioribus consistere patiuntur. [3] Sic omnibus hostium copiis fusis armisque exutis se intra munitiones suas recipiunt. [4] Quo proelio facto, quod saepius fortunam temptare Galba nolebat atque alio se in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occurrisse rebus videbat, maxime frumenti [commeatusque] inopia permotus postero die omnibus eius vici aedificiis incensis in provinciam reverti contendit, [5] ac nullo hoste prohibente aut iter demorante incolumem legionem in Nantuates, inde in Allobroges perduxit ibique hiemavit.

a. III.77.19. quod = id quod : cf. 73 12 .

b. III.77.20. cognoscendi facultatem , opportunity of finding out . sui conligendi , of collecting their wits : observe that sui is plural in meaning ; cf. sui recipiendi , line 3 above, and note .

c. III.77.23. circumventos interficiunt , they surround and kill . ex milibus : for part. gen. after parse.

d. III.77.27. armis : ABL of separation.

e. III.77.28. exutis : agreeing with copiis ( § 364 (225. d) ; B. 187. i. a ; G. 348 ; H. 462 (414. 1) ; H-B. 408. 3. ftn. 2 ), i.e. in their flight they threw their arms away. Of course the Romans did not catch them and strip off their arms.

f. III.77.29. fortunam temptare : cf. English 'to tempt Providence.' alio consilio ... aliis rebus videbat , remembered that he had come with one design, and saw that he had met a different state of things. NAVAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE VENETI. The Veneti inhabited the peninsula of Aremorica called Bretagne , Brittany, or Little Britain, since the emigration from Great Britain to escape the Saxon invasion. It has always been the home of the hardiest, most independent, and most strongly characterized of all the Gallic populations. Its scenery is wild and secluded, the character of its coast being clearly given in Caesar's narrative. Its language remains Celtic to this day. No one of Caesar's campaigns shows more strikingly his boldness and fertility of resource than this.

III.7. His rebus gestis cum omnibus de causis Caesar pacatam Galliam existimaret, [superatis Belgis, expulsis Germanis, victis in Alpibus Sedunis,] atque ita inita hieme in Illyricum profectus esset, quod eas quoque nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat, subitum bellum in Gallia coortum est. [2] Eius belli haec fuit causa. P. Crassus adulescens cum legione VII. proximus mare Oceanum in Andibus hiemabat. [3] Is, quod in his locis inopia frumenti erat, praefectos tribunosque militum complures in finitimas civitates frumenti causa dimisit; [4] quo in numero est T. Terrasidius missus in Esuvios, M. Trebius Gallus in Coriosolites, Q. Velanius eum T. Silio in Venetos.

a. III.78.8. Germanis : i.e. under Ariovistus. It will be noticed that the geographical order, and not the order of events, is followed in Seduni are mentioned as the most important. The passage in brackets makes sense, and may be translated.

b. III.78.10. Illyricum : part of Caesar's province.

c. III.78.12. Crassus : see 46 24-27 , 72 24 ff. ; for force of adulescens , see note on 46 25 .

d. III.78.13. mare : following proximus with the construction of prope ( § 432. a (261. a) ; B. 141. 3 ; G. 359. N. 1 ; H. 435. 2 (391. 2) ; H-B. 380. b ).

e. III.78.14. praefectos , officers of cavalry and auxiliaries.

f. III.78.15. complurīs goes with civitatīs .

III.8. Huius est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis orae maritimae regionum earum, quod et naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque usu rerum nauticarum ceteros antecedunt et in magno impetu maris atque aperto paucis portibus interiectis, quos tenent ipsi, omnes fere qui eo mari uti consuerunt habent vectigales. [2] Ab his fit initium retinendi Silii atque Velanii, quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso dedissent, recuperaturos existimabant. [3] Horum auctoritate finitimi adducti, ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia, eadem de causa Trebium Terrasidiumque retinent et celeriter missis legatis per suos principes inter se coniurant nihil nisi communi consilio acturos eundemque omnes fortunae exitum esse laturos, [4] reliquasque civitates sollicitant, ut in ea libertate quam a maioribus acceperint permanere quam Romanorum servitutem perferre malint. [5] Omni ora maritima celeriter ad suam sententiam perducta communem legationem ad P. Crassum mittunt, si velit suos recuperare, obsides sibi remittat.

a. III.78.19. huius civitatis : i.e. the Veneti, on the southern coast of Brittany, the modern Morbihan .

b. III.78.20. orae : part. gen. regionum : added to describe and limit orae .

c. III.78.21. Britanniam : at this time an important Celtic country, having close commercial and social relations with the mainland. Doubtless a large part of the shipping trade was in the hands of the Veneti and their allies, whose commerce extended from Ireland to Spain. consuerunt , are accustomed ( § 476 (279. e) ; B. 262. A ; G. 236. R. ; H. 299. 2 (297. i. 2) ; H-B. 487 ); cf. 59 14 .

d. III.78.23. in magno ... aperti : i.e. on a sea exposed to great and violent storms.

e. III.78.24. omnīs ... habent vectigalīs : i.e. levy tolls upon them all; vectigalīs is in pred. app. with omnīs .

f. III.78.28. subita ... consilia : this national characteristic of the Gauls is often alluded to by Caesar and other Roman historians.

g. III.79.5. quam acceperint : § 592 (341) ; B. 323 ; G. 628 ; H. 643 (524) ; H-B. 535. 1. a .

h. III.79.6. quam perferre , than to endure , following the comparative contained in malint .

i. III.79.9. remittat : SUB expressing a command in indir. disc., depending on the message implied in legationem mittunt . The dir. disc. would be " si vis ," etc., " remitte ."

III.9. Quibus de rebus Caesar a Crasso certior factus, quod ipse aberat longius, naves interim longas aedificari in flumine Ligeri, quod influit in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia institui, nautas gubernatoresque comparari iubet. [2] His rebus celeriter administratis ipse, cum primum per anni tempus potuit, ad exercitum contendit. [3] Veneti reliquaeque item civitates cognito Caesaris adventu [certiores facti], simul quod quantum in se facinus admisissent intellegebant, [legatos, quod nomen ad omnes nationes sanctum inviolatumque semper fuisset, retentos ab se et in vincula coniectos,] pro magnitudine periculi bellum parare et maxime ea quae ad usum navium pertinent providere instituunt, hoc maiore spe quod multum natura loci confidebant. [4] Pedestria esse itinera concisa aestuariis, navigationem impeditam propter inscientiam locorum paucitatemque portuum sciebant, [5] neque nostros exercitus propter inopiam frumenti diutius apud se morari posse confidebant; [6] ac iam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse, [quam] Romanos neque ullam facultatem habere navium, neque eorum locorum ubi bellum gesturi essent vada, portus, insulas novisse; [7] ac longe aliam esse navigationem in concluso mari atque in vastissimo atque apertissimo Oceano perspiciebant. [8] His initis consiliis oppida muniunt, [9] frumenta ex agris in oppida comportant, naves in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem primum bellum gesturum [10] constabat, quam plurimas possunt cogunt. Socios sibi ad id bellum Osismos, Lexovios, Namnetes, Ambiliatos, Morinos, Diablintes, Menapios adsciscunt; auxilia ex Britannia, quae contra eas regiones posita est, arcessunt.

a. III.79.11. aberat longius , was too far off , i.e. to take command at once in person. naves longas , galleys . See chapter on military affairs, IX , and Figs. 48 , 51 . The Gallic ships, it seems, used sails alone, without oars (see 84 25-28 ).

b. III.79.12. Ligeri : the Loire , on the banks of which Crassus was wintering. institui , to be organized , i.e. in gangs for the several galleys.

c. III.80.1. cum primum : the first moment when (lit. when first ). Caesar has spent the winter as usual in Cisalpine Gaul. He reached his army perhaps in April or early in May.

d. III.80.3. certiores facti ]: omit in translation.

e. III.80.4. admisissent : indir. quest. legatos ... coniectos (the specific act): in app. with facinus , but the construction is. determined by intellegebant; see note on 4 17 ; legatos : they were hardly such in the sense of international law. They were only Caesar's legati or lieutenants.

f. III.80.5. quod nomen : cf. quarum rerum , 76 29, and note .

g. III.80.8. hoc : ABL of degree of difference, approaching the idea of cause.

h. III.80.9. pedestria itinera , etc., approaches by land .

i. III.80.10. concisa , impeditam : with esse . They depend upon sciebant .

j. III.80.11. inscientiam : i.e. the Romans' lack of acquaintance. — neque ... confidebant , and they trusted that our armies could not, etc. Notice that connective and negative have an attraction for each other, though we separate them.

k. III.80.13. ut ... acciderent , etc.: granting that , etc.: ut here introduces a concessive clause. This is the only instance in the "Gallic War." Note that when so used the SUB mood follows ( § 440 (266. c) ; B. 278 ; G. 608 ; H. 586. ii (515. iii) ; H-B. 532. 2. b ).

l. III.81.1. posse and the following infinitives depend upon perspiciebant , line 18 .

m. III.81.3. gesturi essent : SUB of ind. disc. Observe the first perphrastic conj. referring to future time.

n. III.81.4. longe aliam ... atque , very different ... from ; cf. aliter ac , 62 6 . concluso : i.e. like the Mediterranean, where there is no tide, and which is quiet as compared with the Atlantic.

o. III.81.9. socios : pred. apposition ; cf. vectigalis , 78 25 . Osismos , etc.: the coast tribes as far as Flanders. The name Lexovii remains in Lisieux ; Namnetes in Nantes ; Diablintres in Jablins .

III.10. Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra ostendimus, sed tamen multa Caesarem ad id bellum incitabant: [2] iniuria retentorum equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civitatum coniuratio, in primis ne hac parte neglecta reliquae nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur. [3] Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et condicionem servitutis odisse, prius quam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit.

a. III.81.14. iniuria retentorum equitum , the wrong done by detaining the knights ( § 497 (292. a) ; B. 337. 5 ; G. 664. R. 2 ; H. 636. 4 (549. 5, N. 2) ; H-B. 608. 2 ). rebellio , renewal of hostilities (not rebellion ).

b. III.81.16. ne ... arbitrarentur : a new rising was threatened by the Belgians, while the maritime tribes, it is said, were already fearful of a Roman attempt upon Britain. (Observe that this purpose clause is under the same construction as the nominatives iniuriae , defectio , etc., which express other reasons for Caesar's action, and are all in apposition with multa .)

c. III.81.17. idem : subj. of licere .

d. III.81.19. excitari : the pres. INF here corresponds to the pres. of a general truth ; while odisse answers to oderunt taken as a pres., all men naturally hate.

e. III.81.20. priusquam ... conspirarent : see note on 38 27 .

III.11. Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proximi flumini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. [2] Huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat atque in officio contineat Germanosque, qui auxilio a Belgis arcessiti dicebantur, si per vim navibus flumen transire conentur, prohibeat. [3] P. Crassum cum cohortibus legionariis XII et magno numero equitatus in Aquitaniam proficisci iubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur ac tantae nationes coniungantur. [4] Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum legionibus tribus in Venellos, Coriosolites Lexoviosque mittit, qui eam manum distinendam curet. [5] D. Brutum adulescentem classi Gallicisque navibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus convenire iusserat, praeficit et, cum primum possit, in Venetos proficisci iubet. Ipse eo pedestribus copiis contendit.

a. III.81.24. flumini : dat. with proximis , but cf. 78 13 .

b. III.81.25. adeat : after mandat , which expresses a command; cf. 6 10 and note ; § 565. a (331. f. R.) ; B. 295. 8 ; G. 546. R. 2 ; H. 565. 4 (499. 2) ; H-B. 502. 3. a .

c. III.81.26. auxilio : dat. of service or end for which. § arcessiti [esse] dicebantur , were reported to have been invited .

d. III.82.2. Crassum : cf. 78 12, and note .

e. III.82.3. Aquitaniam : in southwest Gaul (see 2 7-10 ). These peoples were of different race and language from the other Gauls, and took little interest in their affairs, not even joining in the great revolt described in Book vii .

f. III.82.6. Venellos , etc.: in Normandy.

g. III.82.7. distinendam : cf. pontem faciendum curat , 11 5, and note . Brutum : afterwards one of the conspirators against Caesar, with the more celebrated Marcus Brutus.

h. III.82.8. Pictonibus , Santonis : on the coast south of the Loire ( Poitou and Saintonge ).

III.12. Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in extremis lingulis promunturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod [bis] accidit semper horarum XII spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis adflictarentur. [2] Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio impediebatur. [3] Ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, magno numero navium adpulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, omnia sua deportabant seque in proxima oppida recipiebant: [4] ibi se rursus isdem oportunitatibus loci defendebant. [5] Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus difficultas navigandi.

a. III.82.12. eius modi ... ut , of such sort that .

b. III.82.13. lingulis : some of these narrow tongues of land run out to sea several miles.

c. III.82.14. cum ... incitavisset : i.e. at high tide. [ bis ]: apparently an error of the MSS. Some editors read XXIV instead of XII; others refer it to the general ignorance or carelessness of ancient writers.

d. III.82.15. quod ... adflictarentur : SUB as an integral part of the result clause.

e. III.82.16. minuente , at the ebb : intransitive.

f. III.82.17. utraque re , in either case .

g. III.82.18. superati , agreeing with the subj. of coeperant .

h. III.82.19. his (aggere ac molibus) ... adaequatis , when these were brought level with the walls. General von Göler explains the Roman works as follows: "A dike was extended along each side of the isthmus in the direction of the town. While these were building, of course with each rise of the tide the space within would be overflowed. When the dikes were nearly completed, the Romans waited until the ebb had carried off the water, and then rapidly pushed their works to completion before the next turn of the tide. Thus the sea was shut out and the isthmus left dry. Meanwhile the dikes themselves, being raised to the height of the walls, served the purpose each of an agger for approach to the town."

i. III.82.23. haec faciebant , this they continued to do , repeated action.

j. III.82.24. partem : duration of time.

k. III.82.25. summa : with difficultas ; note the emphasis. vasto mari , etc.: in each of these points the ocean is contrasted with the sheltered and tideless waters of the Mediterranean. The words may be called ABL absolute, but they probably go back to the locative ABL; see foot-note under § 419 (255) ftn. ; cf. H-B. 421. 4 .

III.13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factae armataeque erant: carinae aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum aestus excipere possent; [2] prorae admodum erectae atque item puppes, ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatae; [3] naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam; [4] transtra ex pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus, confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis crassitudine; [5] ancorae pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctae; [6] pelles pro velis alutaeque tenuiter confectae, [hae] sive propter inopiam lini atque eius usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis veri simile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. [7] Cum his navibus nostrae classi eius modi congressus erat ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret, reliqua pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum illis essent aptiora et accommodatiora. [8] Neque enim iis nostrae rostro nocere poterant (tanta in iis erat firmitudo), neque propter altitudinem facile telum adigebatur, et eadem de causa minus commode copulis continebantur. [9] Accedebat ut, cum [saevire ventus coepisset et] se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent facilius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu relictae nihil saxa et cotes timerent; quarum rerum omnium nostris navibus casus erat extimescendus.

a. III.82.28. namque : introduces the reason for the fewer troubles of the Veneti, '(but the Veneti had less trouble) for.' ipsorum, their own.

b. III.82.29. aliquanto : ABL of degree of difference.

c. III.83.1. navium : depending on carinae understood. quo ... possent : cf. 7 15 , 60 27 .

d. III.83.2. atque item puppes , and the sterns too : accommodatae (being adapted) standing as an additional predicate.

e. III.83.4. quamvis : from quivis .

f. III.83.5. transtra , etc., the cross benches (for the rowers) of timbers a foot thick, fastened with iron bolts the thickness of a [man's] thumb .

g. III.83.7. pelles : the Romans used sails made of flax, the Veneti of skins untanned ( pelles ) or tanned ( alutae ).

h. III.83.11. tanta onera navium , ships of so great weight . non satis commode , not very well .

i. III.83.12. nostrae classi : dat. of possession, but translate, the encounter of our fleet with , etc.

j. III.83.13. praestaret , had the advantage (i.e. our fleet).

k. III.83.14. reliqua : here a neut. plu. substantive, everything else .

l. III.83.15. eis : dat. with nocere , § 367 (227) ; B. 187. ii. a ; G. 346 ; H. 426. 1 (385. 1) ; H-B. 362 .

m. III.83.16. rostro : see Figs. 48 , 51 .

n. III.84.2. copulis : the Romans were not very skilful in naval tactics, and they always aimed, by means of grappling hooks and boarding bridges, to get aboard the enemy's ship and reduce the conflict as soon as possible to a hand-to-hand combat, in which they excelled. accedebat ut , there was this additional advantage that , followed by the result clauses, ferrent , consisterent , and timerent ; cf. 41 15 , 51 6 .

o. III.84.3. se vento dedissent , ran before the wind . The phrase is a nautical one; hence ventus is repeated to give the complete expression.

p. III.84.4. consisterent , rode at anchor.

q. III.84.5. ab aestu relictae : trans. by if or when , etc.; see § 496 (292) ; B. 337. 2. a, b ; G. 664. ff. ; H. 638. 2 (549) ; H-B. 604. 3 .— nihil : cf. 63 13, and note .

III.14. Compluribus expugnatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intellexit frustra tantum laborem sumi neque hostium fugam captis oppidis reprimi neque iis noceri posse, statuit expectandam classem. [2] Quae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter CCXX naves eorum paratissimae atque omni genere armorum ornatissimae profectae ex portu nostris adversae constiterunt; [3] neque satis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, vel tribunis militum centurionibusque, quibus singulae naves erant attributae, constabat quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae insisterent. [4] Rostro enim noceri non posse cognoverant; turribus autem excitatis tamen has altitudo puppium ex barbaris navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco satis commode tela adigi possent et missa a Gallis gravius acciderent. [5] Una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostris, falces praeacutae insertae adfixaeque longuriis, non absimili forma muralium falcium. [6] His cum funes qui antemnas ad malos destinabant comprehensi adductique erant, navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. [7] Quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant, ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes in velis armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur. [8] Reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset; [9] omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur. [10] Deiectis, ut diximus, antemnis, cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi transcendere in hostium naves contendebant. [11] Quod postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt. [12] Ac iam conversis in eam partem navibus quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas extitit ut se ex loco movere non possent. [13] Quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maximae fuit oportunitati: [14] nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terram per venirent, cum ab hora fere IIII usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur.

a. III.84.8. neque : see note on 80 11 .

b. III.84.9. eis noceri posse , they could be harmed . Observe that the expression is impers., and cf. 56 24 and note .

c. III.84.10. quae ubi: cf. note on qui cum , 58 9 .

d. III.84.11. paratissimae , fully equipped ; ornatissimae , thoroughly furnished . The battle was probably fought in the bay of Quiberon, off the heights of St. Gildas, on which Caesar was encamped. The fleet of Crassus issued from the Loire and took a northwesterly course. Meanwhile the fleet of 49 .

e. III.84.13. neque satis Bruto ... constabat , and Brutus coul not make out ( agerent and insisterent refer to Brutus and his officers).

f. III.84.14. tribunis militum , etc.: in the ancient modes of fighting, the fleet was only a part of the army, and was commanded by the military officers, as here.

g. III.84.16. noceri , etc.: cf. similar phrase above, line 9 .

h. III.84.17. excitatis , raised . The ABL absolute has a concessive force, as is shown by the following tamen .

i. III.84.18. ex barbaris navibus , on the enemy's ships ; for force of ex , cf. una ex parte , ex itinere , etc.

j. III.84.20. magno usui , of great service (cf. auxilio , 81 26 ), in fact turning threatened disaster to victory; but Caesar will not use words that hint a possible defeat.

k. III.84.22. muralium falcium , wall-hooks , long poles with sickle-shaped hooks attached, like those used by hook-and-ladder companies for pulling down walls (see Fig. 127 ). The gen. limits formae understood, which would be dat. after absimili . cum = whenever, as often as , and the sentence following is a general condition, the verbs comprehensi adductique erant being in the protasis, and praerumpebantur in the apodosis expressing repeated action, which is regularly expressed in Latin by the indict; cf. 59 13, and note .

l. III.84.24. praerumpebantu r, etc., they [the halyards] were torn away by driving the ship forward with the oars .

m. III.84.26. Gallicis navibus : dat. of reference used for poss. gen.

n. III.85.1. paulo fortius factum : one of Caesar's mild expressions for an act of remarkable daring.

III.15. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totiusque orae maritimae confectum est. [2] Nam cum omnis iuventus, omnes etiam gravioris aetatis in quibus aliquid consilii aut dignitatis fuit eo convenerant, tum navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant; [3] quibus amissis reliqui neque quo se reciperent neque quem ad modum oppida defenderent habebant. [4] Itaque se suaque omnia Caesari dediderunt. In quos eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit quo diligentius in reliquum tempus a barbaris ius legatorum conservaretur. Itaque omni senatu necato reliquos sub corona vendidit. [5] Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Q. Titurius Sabinus cum iis copiis quas a Caesare acceperat in fines Venellorum pervenit. [6] His praeerat Viridovix ac summam imperii tenebat earum omnium civitatum quae defecerant, ex quibus exercitum [magnasque copias] coegerat; [7] atque his paucis diebus Aulerci Eburovices Lexoviique, senatu suo interfecto quod auctores belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt seque cum Viridovice coniunxerunt; [8] magnaque praeterea multitudo undique ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat, quos spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agri cultura et cotidiano labore revocabat. [9] Sabinus idoneo omnibus rebus loco castris sese tenebat, cum Viridovix contra eum duorum milium spatio consedisset cotidieque productis copiis pugnandi potestatem faceret, ut iam non solum hostibus in contemptionem Sabinus veniret, sed etiam nostrorum militum vocibus non nihil carperetur; [10] tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit ut iam ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. [11] Id ea de causa faciebat quod cum tanta multitudine hostium, praesertim eo absente qui summam imperii teneret, nisi aequo loco aut oportunitate aliqua data legato dimicandum non existimabat.

a. III.85.4. cum , etc.: another general condition, see note on 84 22 . singulas , etc.: i.e. two or three ships about each one of the enemy's.

b. III.85.6. contendebant , expressing repeated action; cf. with contenderunt below, which describes a single act. Cf. 75 10 . quod postquam : cf. quae ubi , 84 10, and note .

c. III.85.8. cum ... repetiretur : a causal clause; cf. 2 15 , 57 1 .

d. III.85.9. conversis ... navibus : i.e. steered so as to run before the wind. The prevailing winds at present towards the end of summer in this quarter are from the east or northeast, the precise winds needed for the two fleets to have met as indicated above. Further, when these winds have blown during the morning, it usually falls calm at noon. This is
e. III.85.14. pervenerint , came to land ; for the tense, cf. 28 6 , 50 22 , the perf. SUB being used, as usual, to express past time in a result clause, without regard to sequence of tense.

f. III.85.15. hora quarta : about 10 A. M.

III.16. Hac confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quendam hominem et callidum deligit, Gallum, ex iis quos auxilii causa secum habebat. [2] Huic magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque persuadet uti ad hostes transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet. [3] Qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem Romanorum proponit, quibus angustiis ipse Caesar a Venetis prematur docet, [4] neque longius abesse quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat et ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa proficiscatur. [5] Quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotii bene gerendi amittendam non esse: [6] ad castra iri oportere. Multae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hortabantur: superiorum dierum Sabini cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio, inopia cibariorum, cui rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum, spes Venetici belli, et quod fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. [7] His rebus adducti non prius Viridovicem reliquosque duces ex concilio dimittunt quam ab iis sit concessum arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant. [8] Qua re concessa laeti, ut explorata victoria, sarmentis virgultisque collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant, ad castra pergunt.

a. III.86.2. cum ... tum , while ... at the same time .

b. III.86.4. convenerant, coegerant : i.e. for this war. quod ubique , all that there were anywhere , followed by the part. gen. navium .

c. III.86.5. quo , whither ; i.e. any refuge.

d. III.86.8. eo gravius ... quo , the more severely , etc., in order that . vindicandum [esse] (impers.), punishment should be inflicted .

e. III.86.10. sub corona vendidit , sold [as slaves] at public auction ; lit. under the wreath , since the captives were crowned like an animal to be sacrificed, as indeed they had been in earlier times. Thus the only naval power in Gallia that could be formidable to the Romans was totally destroyed, and neither the Veneti nor their allies gave the proconsul any more trouble.

III.17. Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acclivis circiter passus mille. Huc magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam minimum spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur, exanimatique pervenerunt. [2] Sabinus suos hortatus cupientibus signum dat. Impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri iubet. [3] Factum est oportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defatigatione, virtute militum et superiorum pugnarum exercitatione, ut ne unum quidem nostrorum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent. [4] Quos impeditos integris viribus milites nostri consecuti magnum numerum eorum occiderunt; reliquos equites consectati paucos, qui ex fuga evaserant, reliquerunt. [5] Sic uno tempore et de navali pugna Sabinus et de Sabini victoria Caesar est certior factus, civitatesque omnes se statim Titurio dediderunt. [6] Nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates ferendas mens eorum est.

a. III.86.13. Venellorum : along the Channel coast of Normandy.

b. III.86.14. his : cf. classi , 84 13 .

c. III.86.16. magnae copias : most likely meaning here irregular troops as opposed to exercitum. his paucis diebus : i.e. about the same time.

d. III.86.17. Eburovices : this branch of the Aulerci lived on the south side of the lower Seine.

e. III.86.18. nolebant : i.e. the senate. clauserunt : i.e. against the Romans.

f. III.86.20. perditorum , desperate : there might well be many such, as it was now the third year of constant war in Gaul.

g. III.86.23. loco, castris : locative ablatives without a prep.; cf. 13 6 , 57 5 and note .

h. III.86.24. cum : concessive.

i. III.87.1. eo absente : i.e. Caesar. A legatus regularly had no imperium , or independent command, but served under that of his superior.

j. III.87.3. dimicandum [esse]: impers., with legato as dat. of apparent agent.

III.18. Eodem fere tempore P. Crassus., cum in Aquitaniam pervenisset, quae [pars], ut ante dictum est, [et regionum latitudine et multitudine hominum] tertia pars Galliae est [aestimanda], cum intellegeret in iis locis sibi bellum gerendum ubi paucis ante annis L. Valerius Praeconinus legatus exercitu pulso interfectus esset atque unde L. Manlius proconsul impedimentis amissis profugisset, non mediocrem sibi diligentiam adhibendam intellegebat. [2] Itaque re frumentaria provisa, auxiliis equitatuque comparato, multis praeterea viris fortibus Tolosa et Carcasone et Narbone, quae sunt civitates Galliae provinciae finitimae, ex his regionibus nominatim evocatis, in Sotiatium fines exercitum introduxit. [3] Cuius adventu cognito Sotiates magnis copiis coactis, equitatuque, quo plurimum valebant, in itinere agmen nostrum adorti primum equestre proelium commiserunt, [4] deinde equitatu suo pulso atque insequentibus nostris subito pedestres copias, quas in convalle in insidiis conlocaverant, ostenderunt. Hi nostros disiectos adorti proelium renovarunt.

a. III.87.8. pro perfuga , in the character of a deserter .

b. III.87.10. neque longius esse quin : an idiomatic shorthand expression amounting to that not later than the following night Sabinus would , etc.

c. III.87.14. iri : depending on oportere .

d. III.87.15. superiorum dierum , on the previous days ; see note on belli , below.

e. III.87.17. spes ... belli : subj. gen. denoting the source; notice that the regular way to express the relation between two substantive ideas is by the genitive. One idea is conceived as belonging to the other in some sense. See note, 62 20 .

f. III.87.18. fere ... credunt , most men are glad to believe , etc.

g. III.87.19. non prius ... quam , not ... until ; cf. 81 20 .

h. III.87.21. ut ... victoria (ABL absolute), as if victory were already assured .

i. III.87.22. sarmentis , cuttings , young growth trimmed off from trees; virgultis , brushwood .

III.19. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sotiates superioribus victoriis freti in sua virtute totius Aquitaniae salutem positam putarent, nostri autem quid sine imperatore et sine reliquis legionibus adulescentulo duce efficere possent perspici cuperent; tandem confecti vulneribus hostes terga verterunt. [2] Quorum magno numero interfecto Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sotiatium oppugnare coepit. Quibus fortiter resistentibus vineas turresque egit. [3] Illi alias eruptione temptata, alias cuniculis ad aggerem vineasque actis (cuius rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani, propterea quod multis locis apud eos aerariae secturaeque sunt), ubi diligentia nostrorum nihil his rebus profici posse intellexerunt, legatos ad Crassum mittunt seque in deditionem ut recipiat petunt. Qua re impetrata arma tradere iussi faciunt.

a. III.87.25. mille : an indecl. adj. in agreement with passus .

b. III.88.1. quam ... spati , as little time as possible , subj. of daretur .

c. III.88.2. que , and (consequently) , as often with -que .

d. III.88.7. primum and statim .

e. III.88.8. quos : the antecedent is eorum .

f. III.88.15. animus , etc.: cf. 78 28 and note . SOUTHERN GAUL. The campaign in Aquitania was made merely for strategic reasons, was not provoked by any attack or threat of war, and appears to have been quite unnecessary (see note on 82 3 ) as well as difficult and dangerous. The Aquitani had no strong military league or combination, but consisted of small, isolated clans, and were besides of more industrial habit than the Gauls, being good miners and engineers. As a mere narrative, however, this is an interesting episode of the war.

III.20. Atque in eam rem omnium nostrorum intentis animis alia ex parte oppidi Adiatunnus, qui summam imperii tenebat, cum DC devotis, quos illi soldurios appellant, [2] quorum haec est condicio, ut omnibus in vita commodis una cum iis fruantur quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid his per vim accidat, aut eundem casum una ferant aut sibi mortem consciscant; [3] neque adhuc hominum memoria repertus est quisquam qui, eo interfecto cuius se amicitiae devovisset, mortem recusaret--- [4] cum his Adiatunnus eruptionem facere conatus clamore ab ea parte munitionis sublato cum ad arma milites concurrissent vehementerque ibi pugnatum esset, repulsus in oppidum tamen uti eadem deditionis condicione uteretur a Crasso impetravit.

a. III.88.17. P. Crassus , etc.: cf. 82 2-5 .

b. III.88.18. ante dictum est : i.e. in 2 7-10 . Omit bracketed words in lines 18-20.

c. III.88.19. tertia pars : these statements show extreme ignorance, as would be natural (cf. the account of Britain, Bk. v. chs. 12-14 ).

d. III.88.21. Praeconinus, Manlius : these defeats were twenty-two years before (B.C. 78), when the Aquitani united with Sertorius, the leader of the Marian party, who held Spain for six years against Rome. (See Plutarch's "Life of Sertorius." )

e. III.88.26. Tolosa et Narbone : Tolosa was an old Gallic town; Narbo, a Roman colony established by the policy of Gaius Gracchus, B.C. 118. It became the capital of the Roman province, to which it gave its name, Narbonensis.

f. III.88.27. his regionibus : cat. after finitimae , which agrees with civitates . Omit [ ex ].

g. III.88.28. nominatim evocatis : i.e. veterans who had served their term, but were willing to reenlist. See chapter on military affairs, IV . a . Sotiatium : south of the Garonne, southeast of the modern Bordeaux; the name remains in the modern Sôs .

III.21. Armis obsidibusque acceptis, Crassus in fines Vocatium et Tarusatium profectus est. [2] Tum vero barbari commoti, quod oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum paucis diebus quibus eo ventum erat expugnatum cognoverant, legatos quoque versus dimittere, coniurare, obsides inter se dare, copias parare coeperunt. [3] Mittuntur etiam ad eas civitates legati quae sunt citerioris Hispaniae finitimae Aquitaniae: inde auxilia ducesque arcessuntur. [4] Quorum adventu magna cum auctoritate et magna [cum] hominum multitudine bellum gerere conantur. [5] Duces vero ii deliguntur qui una cum Q. Sertorio omnes annos fuerant summamque scientiam rei militaris habere existimabantur. [6] Hi consuetudine populi Romani loca capere, castra munire, commeatibus nostros intercludere instituunt. [7] Quod ubi Crassus animadvertit, suas copias propter exiguitatem non facile diduci, hostem et vagari et vias obsidere et castris satis praesidii relinquere, ob eam causam minus commode frumentum commeatumque sibi supportari, in dies hostium numerum augeri, non cunctandum existimavit quin pugna decertaret. [8] Hac re ad consilium delata, ubi omnes idem sentire intellexit, posterum diem pugnae constituit.

a. III.89.5. superioribus victoriis ; i.e. those just related; see § 431. a (254. b. 2) ; B. 218. 3 ; G. 401. N. 6 ; H. 476. 3 (425. ii. 1. N.) ; H-B. 424 .

b. III.89.7. sine imperatore ... adulescentulo duce : an imperator is the chief commander of an army, holding the imperium , or power of military command conferred on him by regular formalities; dux is a general designation for any person holding a command, and might be given to a subordinate officer, like Crassus, who acted as an agent and under the imperium of his superiors.

c. III.89.9. perspici : the subj. is the indir. quest. quid ... possent .

d. III.89.12. vineas turrīsque egit : see chapter on military affairs, VIII , and Figs. 33 , 43 , 92 . 93 , 120 .

e. III.89.13. cuniculis , mines , so called from their likeness to rabbits' burrows. The mine was intended to run under the Roman agger . The roof was carefully propped up with wooden posts, and these being set on fire, when they were burned through, the entire mass of Roman works would fall into the pit.

f. III.89.15. aerariae secturaeque : this seems to mean copper mines and quarries (not entirely underground); but the meaning of the words is not perfectly clear. diligentia : the Romans doubtless met the attack with countermines.

g. III.89.18. faciunt , they do [it] .

III.22. Prima luce productis omnibus copiis duplici acie instituta, auxiliis in mediam aciem coniectis, quid hostes consilii caperent expectabat. [2] Illi, etsi propter multitudinem et veterem belli gloriam paucitatemque nostrorum se tuto dimicaturos existimabant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur obsessis viis commeatu intercluso sine vulnere victoria potiri, [3] et si propter inopiam rei frumentariae Romani se recipere coepissent, impeditos in agmine et sub sarcinis infirmiores animo adoriri cogitabant. [4] Hoc consilio probato ab ducibus, productis Romanorum copiis, sese castris tenebant. [5] Hac re perspecta Crassus, cum sua cunctatione atque opinione timoris hostes nostros milites alacriores ad pugnandum effecissent atque omnium voces audirentur expectari diutius non oportere quin ad castra iretur, cohortatus suos omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra contendit.

a. III.89.21. soldurios , paid retainers (hence soldiers ), a Gallic word. It is related that these soldurii were dressed in royal garments like their chief.

b. III.89.22. condicio : the same condition of service was found among the Germans ( Bk. vi. ch. 23 ), and was the foundation of feudal vassalage. commodis : ABL with fruantur .

c. III.89.23. quorum amicitiae , to whose friendship . si quid ... accidat : a euphemism, cf. 16 14 .

d. III.89.24. sibi mortem , etc.: cf. 4 15 .

e. III.89.26. qui ... recusaret : ref. clause of characteristic ; cf. 5 6 , 51 4 .

f. III.89.27. cum his (repeated from cum devotis ; cf. vidit , 67 7 repetition of ), with these (I say).

III.23. Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii multis telis coniectis defensores vallo munitionibusque depellerent, auxiliaresque, quibus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat, lapidibus telisque subministrandis et ad aggerem caespitibus comportandis speciem atque opinionem pugnantium praeberent, cum item ab hostibus constanter ac non timide pugnaretur telaque ex loco superiore missa non frustra acciderent, [2] equites circumitis hostium castris Crasso renuntiaverunt non eadem esse diligentia ab decumana porta castra munita facilemque aditum habere.

a. III.90.4. Vocatium , etc.: these were further west.

b. III.90.7. quibus , within which .

c. III.90.8. quoqueversus , in every direction ( quoque , the adverb of place formed from the distributive quisque ; versus , the adverb of direction usually connected with prepositions, as ad-versus ). It is often written quoquoversum .

d. III.90.10. citerioris : i.e. from the standpoint of Rome; now northern Spain. Hispaniae : these Iberian populations were allied to the Aquitani ( Bk. i. ch. 1 ). Spain had been subject to Rome for more than 150 years, but was always rather mutinous, and had made several attempts at note on 88 21 ). It was also the last stronghold of Pompey's party in the civil war, till finally subdued at Munda, B. C. 45. finitimae : pred. adj. agreeing with quae .

e. III.90.15. consuetudine populi Romani : a custom which they had learned in the service with Sertorius.

f. III.90.16. loca capere , etc.: i.e. to practice Roman tactics.

g. III.90.18. suas ... augeri , etc.: these INF clauses are in app. with quod . diduci , be stationed in various places , to keep track of the enemy and prevent being surrounded.

h. III.90.22. decertaret : SUB of result with quin after cunctandum [esse]; see § 558 (319. d) ; B. 283. 4 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. 2 (504) ; cf. H-B. 502. 3. b cf. 29 5 , 50 9 , 50 25 .

III.24. Crassus equitum praefectos cohortatus, ut magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque suos excitarent, quid fieri vellet ostendit. [2] Illi, ut erat imperatum, eductis iis cohortibus quae praesidio castris relictae intritae ab labore erant, et longiore itinere circumductis, ne ex hostium castris conspici possent, omnium oculis mentibusque ad pugnam intentis celeriter ad eas quas diximus munitiones pervenerunt [3] atque his prorutis prius in hostium castris constiterunt quam plane ab his videri aut quid rei gereretur cognosci posset. [4] Tum vero clamore ab ea parte audito nostri redintegratis viribus, quod plerumque in spe victoriae accidere consuevit, acrius impugnare coeperunt. [5] Hostes undique circumventi desperatis omnibus rebus se per munitiones deicere et fuga salutem petere contenderunt. [6] Quos equitatus apertissimis campis consectatus ex milium L numero, quae ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, vix quarta parte relicta, multa nocte se in castra recepit.

a. III.90.25. duplici : i.e. two cohorts in depth. His numbers were too few to allow the usual formation of three ( triplex acies ).

b. III.90.26. in mediam aciem : i.e. where they would be kept steady by his legionaries. (Their ordinary position was on the wings.)

c. III.90.27. exspectabat : waited [to see] what , etc.

d. III.91.1. obsessis viis ... potiri , to block the roads, cut off supplies, and win the victory without a wound.

e. III.91.3. sese recipere : i.e. to withdraw from Aquitania.

f. III.91.4. infirmiores animo ( § 253 ; B. 226 ; G. 397 ; H. 480 (424) ; H-B. 441 ), dispirited . adoriri cogitabant , had in mind to attack ; sc. eos for obj., and see note on 62 16 .

g. III.91.5. productis copiis : concessive (= although , etc.).

h. III.91.6. sua , their own.

i. III.91.7. opinione timoris , the notion [they had given] of their own cowardice.

j. III.91.9. oportere : depending on some word of saying implied in voces . iretur : cf. decertaret , 90 22 note on . Translate freely, that they should go to the camp without farther delay .

k. III.91.10. ad hostium castra : this is the only instance in the Commentaries of an attack by Romans on a fortified Gallic camp. The fight usually took place on a level stretch between the hostile camps. The Romans always chose their battle-ground with great care.

III.25. Hac audita pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae sese Crasso dedidit obsidesque ultro misit; quo in numero fuerunt Tarbelli, Bigerriones, Ptianii, Vocates, Tarusates, Elusates, Gates, Ausci, Garumni, Sibusates, Cocosates: [2] paucae ultimae nationes anni tempore confisae, quod hiems suberat, id facere neglexerunt.

a. III.91.11. telis coniectis (ABL absolute), by hurling weapons.

b. III.91.13. quibus : ABL with confidebat ( § 431 (254. b) ; B. 219. 1. a ; G. 401. 6 ; H. 476. 3 (425. i. 1. N.) ; H-B. 437 ).

c. III.91.14. lapidibus ... comportandis : gerundive expression of means. aggerem : i.e. Crassus was building a mound of turf to equal the height of the enemy's rampart, as in the siege of a city.

d. III.91.15. opinionem pugnantium : i.e. they made an impression as if actually engaged.

e. III.92.2. ex loco , etc.: i.e. as they stood on the rampart of the camp.

f. III.92.4. ab decumana porta : i.e. in the rear , where this gate was situated (see Fig. 119 ). The Gauls appear here to have adopted the Roman mode of constructing camps, probably under the instruction of the Sertorian officers.

III.26. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam aestas erat, tamen, quod omni Gallia pacata Morini Menapiique supererant, qui in armis essent neque ad eum umquam legatos de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse eo exercitum duxit; qui longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere coeperunt. [2] Nam quod intellegebant maximas nationes, quae proelio contendissent, pulsas superatasque esse, continentesque silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque omnia contulerunt. [3] Ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar pervenisset castraque munire instituisset neque hostis interim visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum fecerunt. [4] Nostri celeriter arma ceperunt eosque in silvas repulerunt et compluribus interfectis longius impeditioribus locis secuti paucos ex suis deperdiderunt.

a. III.92.9. praesidio castris : cf. 22 6 , 54 3 .

b. III.92.13. prius ... quam : this is often used with the IND to show that one actual fact precedes another, just as succession is denoted by postquam . Here the SUB subordinates the temporal clause to the main idea, like the SUB with cum ; cf. also 57 20 and note .

c. III.92.14. videri : sc. possent from the following posset . rei : part. gen.

d. III.92.18. per , over .

e. III.92.20. apertissimis campis (see note on 62 27 ): i.e. the broad, treelessplains which abound in this part of the country.

f. III.92.21. quae : ACC plu.; the antecedent is milium . Cantabris : a very hardy people of the western Pyrenees.

III.27. Reliquis deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere instituit, et ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque militibus ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem eam materiam quae erat caesa conversam ad hostem conlocabat et pro vallo ad utrumque latus extruebat. [2] Incredibili celeritate magno spatio paucis diebus confecto, cum iam pecus atque extrema impedimenta a nostris tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eius modi sunt tempestates consecutae uti opus necessario intermitteretur et continuatione imbrium diutius sub pellibus milites contineri non possent. [3] Itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis aedificiisque incensis, Caesar exercitum reduxit et in Aulercis Lexoviisque, reliquis item civitatibus quae proxime bellum fecerant, in hibernis conlocavit.

a. III.92.26. Tarbelli , etc.: some of the names will be recognized in the modern Tarbes , Bigorre , Garonne .

b. III.92.28. tempore : cf. note on 91 13 .

IV COMMENTARIUS QUARTUS

IV.1 IV.2 IV.3 IV.4 IV.5 IV.6 IV.7 IV.8 IV.9 IV.10 IV.11 IV.12 IV.13 IV.14 IV.15 IV.16 IV.17 IV.18 IV.19 IV.20 IV.21 IV.22 IV.23 IV.24 IV.25 IV.26 IV.27 IV.28 IV.29 IV.30 IV.31 IV.32 IV.33 IV.34 IV.35 IV.36 IV.37 IV.38

IV.1. Ea quae secuta est hieme, qui fuit annus Cn. Pompeio, M. Crasso consulibus, Usipetes Germani et item Tencteri magna [cum] multitudine hominum flumen Rhenum transierunt, non longe a mari, quo Rhenus influit. [2] Causa transeundi fuit quod ab Suebis complures annos exagitati bello premebantur et agri cultura prohibebantur. [3] Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum omnium. [4] Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt; [5] hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent. [6] Sic neque agri cultura nec ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. [7] Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco colendi causa licet. [8] Neque multum frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt multum sunt in venationibus; [9] quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, quod a pueris nullo officio aut disciplina adsuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciunt, et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. [10] Atque in eam se consuetudinem adduxerunt ut locis frigidissimis neque vestitus praeter pelles habeant quicquam, quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta, et laventur in fluminibus.

a. IV.94.1. ea quae , etc.: mark the emphasis as shown by the order and compare the opening of Bk. iii and note. Pompeio , Crasso : i.e. the year B.C. 55. Observe that the usual way of fixing a year is by naming the consuls for that year. The coalition between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, sometimes called the First Triumvirate, had been formed five years before. In carrying out the scheme, Caesar held the government of Gaul, while the others took into their own hands the whole control of affairs at home (see Introd., "Life of Caesar" ).

b. IV.94.2. Usipetes , Tencteri : beyond the Rhine, a little below Cologne.

c. IV.94.4. quo : adv. = in quod .

d. IV.94.5. quod ... prohibebantur : Caesar states this reason as his own, therefore the IND Suevis : this people (the modern Swabians ) occupied the greater part of central Germany, and was made up of several independent tribes.

e. IV.94.6. premebantur , prohibebantur : the imperfects here express that which was still going on, they were being hard pressed , etc.

f. IV.94.8. centum pagos (see 10 12 ): there is probably some confusion here with the ancient German institution of the Hundred , a division of the population giving its name to a district of territory. Each hundred seems singula milia ) to the army. The term early lost its numerical value, and became a mere local designation.

g. IV.94.9. bellandi causā : gerund, expressing purpose with causā . Observe that causa in this use always follows its case ; cf. causa transeundi above , with a totally different meaning.

h. IV.94.11. hi ... illi , the latter ... the former . anno post , the following year ( § 424. f (259. d) ; B. 357. 1 ; G. 403. N. 4 ; H. 488. 1 (430) ; cf. H-B. 424 ).

i. IV.94.12. ratio , theory (theoretical knowledge); usus , practice (knowledge derived from experience).

j. IV.94.13. sed : i.e. they attended to agriculture systematically, but , etc.— privati ... agri : i.e. the land was held in tribal communities.

k. IV.94.14. longius anno : i.e. the community had no fixed possessions, but was transferred yearly from one tract to another, its place being taken by another community. As is shown in Bk. vi. ch. 22 , the community was composed of persons kindred by birth. The annual shifting of occupancy would prevent at once forming local attachments, building up large properties, and too rapidly exhausting the soil.

l. IV.94.15. frumento (abl. of means), etc.: they were still in a half-nomadic state, though with some little advance in agriculture (cf. Bk. vi. ch. 22 , and Tacitus, Ger. 27 ).— maximam partem : adv. ACC; it is worth while to learn the few words that commonly occur in this construction; see § 390. c (240. a, b) ; B. 185. 1 ; G. 334. R. 2 ; H. 416. 2 (378. 2) ; cf. H-B. 388 .

m. IV.94.17. quae res : cf. note on 30 19 .

n. IV.95.1. quod ... faciunt : this clause is a parenthesis: because, having been trained from childhood to no service or discipline, they do nothing whatever against their will , a lively contrast of barbarous manners with the severity of Roman family and civil discipline.

o. IV.95.3. alit : the subj. is quae res. homines [eos] efficit , makes [them] men , etc.

p. IV.95.4. eam : correl. with ut , introducing a clause of result. locis (ABL absolute, concessive) frigidissimis , even in their extreme climate .

q. IV.95.5. vestitūs : part. gen. with quicquam . haberent , have ; lavarentur , bathe (imperf. by sequence of tenses following adduxerunt : § 485. a (287. a) ; B. 268. 1 ; G. 511. R. 2 ; H. 546 (495. 1) ; H-B. 481 ).

IV.2. Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo ut quae bello ceperint quibus vendant habeant, quam quo ullam rem ad se importari desiderent. [2] Quin etiam iumentis, quibus maxime Galli delectantur quaeque impenso parant pretio, Germani importatis non utuntur, sed quae sunt apud eos nata, parva atque deformia, haec cotidiana exercitatione summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. [3] Equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur, equos eodem remanere vestigio adsue fecerunt, ad quos se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt: [4] neque eorum moribus turpius quicquam aut inertius habetur quam ephippiis uti. [5] Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum equitum quamvis pauci adire audent. [6] Vinum omnino ad se importari non patiuntur, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari arbitrantur.

a. IV.95.8. eo, ut ... habeant , so (on this account) that they may have [some one] to whom , etc.

b. IV.95.9. quam quo ... desiderent , than that they want , etc. (For the use of quo expressing cause with the implied negative, see § 592. N (341. R.) ; B. 323 ; G. 541. N. 1 ; H. 588. ii. 2 (516. 2) ; H-B. 535. 2. b .)

c. IV.95.11. impenso pretio , at high cost. importatis non utuntur , do not import for use (lit. do not use imported ).

d. IV.95.13. deformia , ill-shaped . summi laboris , [capable] of great labor (gen. of quality).

e. IV.95.20. quamvis pauci , however few . vinum : cf. the description of the Nervii, 59 22-26 . They drank a kind of beer, however, and mead made of honey.

IV.3. Publice maximam putant esse laudem quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros: hac re significari magnum numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse. [2] Itaque una ex parte a Suebis circiter milia passuum C agri vacare dicuntur. [3] Ad alteram partem succedunt Ubii, quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus Germanorum; ii paulo, quamquam sunt eiusdem generis, sunt ceteris humaniores, propterea quod Rhenum attingunt multum ad eos mercatores ventitant et ipsi propter propinquitatem [quod] Gallicis sunt moribus adsuefacti. [4] Hos cum Suebi multis saepe bellis experti propter amplitudinem gravitatem civitatis finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmiores redegerunt.

a. IV.95.23. publice , as a community .

b. IV.95.26. una ... Suevis , extending from (the territory of) the Suevi in one direction . sexcenta : probably exaggerated. agri , their lands .

c. IV.95.27. Ubii : along the Rhine, opposite Cologne.

d. IV.96.1. paulo ... humaniores , somewhat more civilized than the others of that race (Germans).

e. IV.96.4. cum : concessive, as shown by the following tamen.

f. IV.96.5. gravitatem , importance , referring to the warlike character and extensive resources of the people ; while amplitudinem refers to their great numbers.

g. IV.96.7. vectigalīs : sc. eos referring to the Ubii. humiliores (pred.), in translating sc. so as to be .

IV.4. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri, quos supra diximus; qui complures annos Sueborum vim sustinuerunt, [2] ad extremum tamen agris expulsi et multis locis Germaniae triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, quas regiones Menapii incolebant. Hi ad utramque ripam fluminis agros, aedificia vicosque habebant; [3] sed tantae multitudinis adventu perterriti ex iis aedificiis quae trans flumen habuerant demigraverant, et cis Rhenum dispositis praesidiis Germanos transire prohibebant. [4] Illi omnia experti, cum neque vi contendere propter inopiam navium neque clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum possent, [5] reverti se in suas sedes regiones simulaverunt et tridui viam progressi rursus reverterunt atque omni hoc itinere una nocte equitatu confecto inscios inopinantes Menapios oppresserunt, [6] qui de Germanorum discessu per exploratores certiores facti sine metu trans Rhenum in suos vicos remigraverant. [7] His interfectis navibus eorum occupatis, prius quam ea pars Menapiorum quae citra Rhenum erat certior fieret, flumen transierunt atque omnibus eorum aedificiis occupatis reliquam partem hiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt.

a. IV.96.9. in eadem causa , in the same situation .

b. IV.96.12. quas regiones : North Brabant, with the north bank of the Rhine.

c. IV.96.13. ad utramque ripam , along both banks .

d. IV.96.14. multitudinis : see 102 10 .

e. IV.96.16. cis Rhenum : i.e. the west side.

f. IV.96.18. vi contendere = to force a passage .

g. IV.96.22. confecto : with itinere .

h. IV.96.23. oppresserunt : not oppressed ; see note on obtinere , 2 1 .

i. IV.97.2. priusquam ... fieret : § 551. b (327) ; B. 292 ; G. 577 ; H. 605. ii. (520. ii) ; H-B. 507. 4. b . See also note on 38 27 .

j. IV.97.5. partem : ACC of time. eorum copiis , on the supplies (cattle and grain).

IV.5. His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum existimavit. [2] Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant et quid quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit quaerant et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistat quibus ex regionibus veniant quas ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare cogat. [3] His rebus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serviant et pleri ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant.

a. IV.97.6. infirmitatem , weakness of purpose = fickleness .

b. IV.97.8. nihil ... committendum , no confidence should be placed in them . Observe that committendum (esse) is impers. and nihil adv. ACC
c. IV.97.9. est ... consuetudinis , it is [a point] of Gallic custom ( § 343. c (214. d) ; B. 198. 3 ; G. 366. R. 1 ; H. 439 (401) ; H-B. 340 ). uti ... cogant , etc.: we have here a number of clauses of result in app. with hoc .

d. IV.97.14. rebus atque auditionibus , facts and hearsays .

e. IV.97.15. quorum eos ... paenitere : § 354. b (221. b) ; B. 209. 1 ; G. 377 ; H. 457 (409. iii) ; H-B. 352 . in vestigio , on the spot ; cf. 95 16 .

f. IV.97.16. serviant , are slaves to . plerique : i.e. the travellers and traders.

g. IV.97.17. eorum : i.e. the questioners.

IV.6. Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello, occurreret, maturius quam consuerat ad exercitum proficiscitur. [2] Eo cum venisset, ea quas fore suspicatus erat facta cognovit: [3] missas legationes ab non nullis civitatibus ad Germanos invitatos eos uti ab Rheno discederent: omnia quae[que] postulassent ab se fore parata. [4] Qua spe adducti Germani latius iam vagabantur et in fines Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui sunt Treverorum clientes, pervenerant. [5] Principibus Gallice evocatis Caesar ea quae cognoverat dissimulanda sibi existimavit, eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis equitatu imperato bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit.

a. IV.97.18. graviori bello , too serious a war (i.e. unmanageable). ( § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii. ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376 .)

b. IV.97.19. maturius , earlier , i.e. in the season. ad exercitum : the army was now in Normandy ; see 93 28 .

c. IV.97.20. facta : sc. esse , so with missas below.

d. IV.97.21. missas legationes , etc.: these INF clauses explain ea .

e. IV.97.22. uti ... discederent : i.e. further into Gaul. The Belgae, it will be remembered, claimed kindred with the Germans, and were no doubt ready to assist them against the Romans.

f. IV.97.23. postulassent : for fut. perf. of dir. disc.; § 478, 519, 585 (281, 316, 336. b) ; B. 264, 312. 2, 318 ; G. 244, 516 ; H. 644. 2 (525. 2) ; H-B. 468. 6, 536, 470. ftn. 1 . fore parata , should be made ready (used for the fut. INF pass.). It depends on some word of saying, like promiserunt , implied in invitatos . Instead of fore parata , we might expect fore ut pararentur .

g. IV.97.24. Eburonum , etc.: German tribes.

h. IV.97.27. permulsis , calmed from their terror (lit. soothed by stroking , like a nervous horse).

IV.7. Re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis iter in ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos audiebat. [2] A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset, legati ab iis venerunt, quorum haec fuit oratio: [3] Germanos neque priores populo Romano bellum inferre neque tamen recusare, si lacessantur, quin armis contendant, quod Germanorum consuetudo [haec] sit a maioribus tradita, Quicumque bellum inferant, resistere neque deprecari. Haec tamen dicere venisse invitos, eiectos domo; [4] si suam gratiam Romani velint, posse iis utiles esse amicos; vel sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere quos armis possederint: [5] sese unis Suebis concedere, quibus ne di quidem immortales pares esse possint; reliquum quidem in terris esse neminem quem non superare possint.

a. IV.98.1. equitibus delectis : each of the allied states furnished its quota of cavalry.

b. IV.98.3. a quibus : refers to locis .

c. IV.98.5. priores , first , or, as aggressors (cf. the language of Ariovistus, Bk. i. ch. 36 ). neque recusare , they do not decline , followed by quin and SUB; cf. 50 25 .

d. IV.98.7. haec ]: may be translated. quicumque : the anteced. is eis (dat.) implied with resistere .

e. IV.98.8. neque deprecari , and ask no quarter (lit. and not beg off ). haec tamen dicere , this however they did say ; supply se for subj. of dicere and following infinitives. For similar instances, see 59 23 , 71 6 , 71 23 .

f. IV.98.10. eis : i.e. to the Romans. attribuant , SUB in indir. disc. for imperat. of the dir.

g. IV.98.11. eos : sc. agros .

h. IV.98.12. concedere , yield , as inferior.

i. IV.98.13. reliquum ... neminem : the position gives a force like, BESIDES THESE there was no one ELSE on earth , etc.

IV.8. Ad haec Caesar quae visum est respondit; sed exitus fuit orationis: sibi nullam cum iis amicitiam esse posse, si in Gallia remanerent; [2] neque verum esse, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint alienos occupare; neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros qui dari tantae praesertim multitudini sine iniuria possint; [3] sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum sint legati apud se et de Sueborum iniuriis querantur et a se auxilium petant: hoc se Ubiis imperaturum.

a. IV.98.15. quae visum est, what (it) seemed proper (to answer). He probably answered somewhat as in Bk. i. chs. 14 and 43 .

b. IV.98.20. Ubiorum : see ch. 3 .

c. IV.98.21. quorum sint , etc., whose envoys (he informs them) are now with him to (lit. and) complain , etc.

IV.9. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deliberata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros: interea ne propius se castra moveret petierunt. [2] Ne id quidem Caesar ab se impetrari posse dixit. [3] Cognoverat enim magnam partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante praedandi frumentandi causa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosam missam: hos expectari equites atque eius rei causa moram interponi arbitrabatur.

a. IV.98.25. post diem tertium ( = tertio die ), i.e. the next day but one. The first and last day are usually counted in the Roman reckoning.

b. IV.98.26. propius se : cf. 41 10 . id : i.e. the two days' delay (expressed by ne ... moveret ).

c. IV.99.1. trans : i.e. westwardly.

d. IV.99.2. exspectari : change the voice and translate as active, they were waiting for .

IV.10. [Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus Lingonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appellatur Vacalus insulam efficit Batavorum, in Oceanum influit [2] neque longius ab Oceano milibus passuum LXXX in Rhenum influit. [3] Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt, et longo spatio per fines Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequanorum, Mediomatricorum, Tribocorum, Treverorum citatus fertur et, [4] ubi Oceano adpropinquavit, in plures diffluit partes multis ingentibus insulis effectis, quarum pars magna a feris barbaris nationibus incolitur, [5] ex quibus sunt qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur, multis capitibus in Oceanum influit.]

a. IV.99.4. Vosego , the Vosges : in fact, the Meuse flows from the plateau of Langres.

b. IV.99.5. parte ... recepta : the Rhine branches in these low, marshy regions; one branch ( Vacalus , the modern Waal ) unites with the Meuse near Bois-le-duc (see note, ch. 15 ).

c. IV.99.6.

d. IV.99.9. Nantuatium : cf. Bk. iii. ch. 1 , where they are placed upon the Rhone, just above Lake Geneva; this was perhaps a branch or kindred tribe. The list of names here is incomplete.

e. IV.99.12. multis ... effectis : translate actively, making many , etc.

f. IV.99.13. feris ... nationibus : see the introduction to Motley's "

g. IV.99.15. captibus , mouths (more commonly, sources ).

IV.11. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum XII milibus abesset, ut erat constitutum, ad eum legati revertuntur; qui in itinere congressi magnopere ne longius progrederetur orabant. [2] Cum id non impetrassent, petebant uti ad eos [equites] qui agmen antecessissent praemitteret eos pugna prohiberet, sibique ut potestatem faceret in Ubios legatos mittendi; [3] quorum si principes ac senatus sibi iure iurando fidem fecisset, ea condicione quae a Caesare ferretur se usuros ostendebant: ad has res conficiendas sibi tridui spatium daret. [4] Haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur ut tridui mora interposita equites eorum qui abessent reverterentur; tamen sese non longius milibus passuum IIII aquationis causa processurum eo die dixit: [5] huc postero die quam frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognosceret. [6] Interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni equitatu antecesserant, mittit qui nuntiarent ne hostes proelio lacesserent, et si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent quoad ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset.

a. IV.99.17. ut erat constitutum , as had been arranged (i.e. the return of the envoys). Either this is a careless expression, or Caesar's consent is omitted in ch. 9. It is there stated merely that they said they would return.

b. IV.99.19. eos equites (anteced. to qui ), the cavalry who , etc.

c. IV.99.20. antecessissent : attracted into the SUB by the ut clause; cf. 73 5 . praemitteret : used without an object ; translate send word .

d. IV.99.21. sibi : i.e. the Germans. potestatem : see note on 16 7 .

e. IV.99.22. quorum si , and if their ; cf. qui cum , 58 9 note on .

f. IV.99.23. condicione ... usuros , would accept the terms ; see ch. 8 .

g. IV.99.25. daret : sc. petebant uti from l. 19. eodem illo pertinere , tended the same way (see ch. 9 ), i.e. to gain time till the German cavalry should arrive ( eodem and illo are adverbs).

h. IV.99.28. aquationis causa : a small stream (probably the Niers ) lay between him and the German encampment.

i. IV.100.3. accessisset : § 553 (328) ; B. 293. iii. 2 ; G. 572 ; H. 603. ii. 2 (519. ii. 2) ; H-B. 507. 5 .

IV.12. At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt, quorum erat V milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius DCCC equites haberent, quod ii qui frumentandi causa ierant trans Mosam profecti nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod legati eorum paulo ante a Caesare discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab his petitus, impetu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt; [2] rursus his resistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt subfossis equis compluribus nostris deiectis reliquos in fugam coniecerunt atque ita perterritos egerunt ut non prius fuga desisterent quam in conspectum agminis nostri venissent. [3] In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur IIII et LXX, [4] in his vir fortissimus Piso Aquitanus, amplissimo genere natus, cuius avus in civitate sua regnum obtinuerat amicus a senatu nostro appellatus. [5] Hic cum fratri intercluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret, illum ex periculo eripuit, ipse equo vulnerato deiectus, quoad potuit, fortissime restitit; [6] cum circumventus multis vulneribus acceptis cecidisset atque id frater, qui iam proelio excesserat, procul animadvertisset, incitato equo se hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est.

a. IV.100.5. amplius DCCC , more than 800 ( § 407. c (247. c) ; B. 217. 3 ; G. 296. R. 4 ; H. 471. 4 (417. 1. N. 2) ; H-B. 416. d .). Tacitus ( Ger. 32 ) says that this tribe was distinguished for cavalry.

b. IV.100.9. indutiis : dat. of the end for which.

c. IV.100.10. resistentibus : sc. nostris .

d. IV.100.11. subfossis , etc.: after stabbing our horses underneath and dismounting several of our men ; observe again, as in 99 12 , that an ABL absolute with a pass. part. is often best translated actively.

e. IV.100.14. venissent : cf. 97 2 .

f. IV.100.17. genere : ABL of source, § 403. a (244. a) ; B. 215 ; G. 395 ; H. 469. 2 (415. ii) ; H-B. 413 . regnum obtinuerat , had held supreme power .

g. IV.100.20. quoad : cf. this use and construction with that in l. 2.

IV.13. Hoc facto proelio Caesar neque iam sibi legatos audiendos neque condiciones accipiendas arbitrabatur ab iis qui per dolum atque insidias petita pace ultro bellum intulissent; [2] expectare vero dum hostium copiae augerentur equitatus reverteretur summae dementiae esse iudicabat, [3] et cognita Gallorum infirmitate quantum iam apud eos hostes uno proelio auctoritatis essent consecuti sentiebat; quibus ad consilia capienda nihil spatii dandum existimabat. [4] His constitutis rebus et consilio cum legatis et quaestore communicato, ne quem diem pugnae praetermitteret, oportunissima res accidit, quod postridie eius diei mane eadem et perfidia et simulatione usi Germani frequentes, omnibus principibus maioribusque natu adhibitis, ad eum in castra venerunt, [5] simul, ut dicebatur, sui purgandi causa, quod contra atque esset dictum et ipsi petissent, proelium pridie commisissent, simul ut, si quid possent, de indutiis fallendo impetrarent. [6] Quos sibi Caesar oblatos gavisus illos retineri iussit; ipse omnes copias castris eduxit equitatumque, quod recenti proelio perterritum esse existimabat, agmen subsequi iussit.

a. IV.100.25. neque iam , no longer : knowing how little his own cavalry (of Gauls) were to be trusted, and that the arrival of the main body of the Germans would put them at once to flight, Caesar resolved to attack at the first opportunity, right or wrong.

b. IV.100.26. ab eis qui , from men who , etc., followed by the SUB of characteristic.

c. IV.101.1. exspectare : subj. of esse; note the emphasis of position.

d. IV.101.2. pementiae : pred. gen.

e. IV.101.3. quantum ... auctoritatis , etc., how great prestige the enemyhad gained by one battle .

f. IV.101.5. quibus , i.e. the enemy (dat., inc. obj. of dandum [esse]); on the relative serving as a connective, see note, 40 20 .

g. IV.101.7. quaestore : see Bk. i. ch: 52 . ne quem , etc.: cf. 71 21 .

h. IV.101.8. res , in app. with quod ... venerunt .

i. IV.101.9. eadem perfidia : their perfidy Caesar takes for granted, as the best apology for his own; but the presence of the chiefs and old men looks more as if they came, as they said, to offer amends for the attack of the day before.

j. IV.101.11. simul ... simul , partly ... partly . purgandi sui: cf. 77 3 , and see § 504. c (298. a) ; B. 339. 5 ; G. 428. R. 1 ; H. 626. 3 (542. 1. N. 1) ; H-B. 614 .

k. IV.101.12. contra atque , contrary to what ; see vocab. Observe the subjunctives of implied indir. disc. in this passage.

l. IV.101.13. si quid ... de indutiis = whatever (lit. if anything ) they could in the way of truce.

m. IV.101.14. fallendo , i.e. by another trick. quos , illos : both refer to the same subject. quos oblatos [esse] gavisus , delighted that they were put in his power ( gavisus , from gaudeo ). By detaining their chief men, he would at once perplex and disable them.

n. IV.101.17. subsequi , to follow in the rear ; they usually went in advance (cf. 99 20 ), but now he could not trust them in the intended attack.

IV.14. Acie triplici instituta et celeriter VIII milium itinere confecto, prius ad hostium castra pervenit quam quid ageretur Germani sentire possent. [2] Qui omnibus rebus subito perterriti et celeritate adventus nostri et discessu suorum, neque consilii habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato perturbantur, copiasne adversus hostem ducere an castra defendere an fuga salutem petere praestaret. [3] Quorum timor cum fremitu et concursu significaretur, milites nostri pristini diei perfidia incitati in castra inruperunt. [4] Quo loco qui celeriter arma capere potuerunt paulisper nostris restiterunt atque inter carros impedimenta proelium commiserunt; [5] at reliqua multitudo puerorum mulierumque (nam eum omnibus suis domo excesserant Rhenum transierant) passim fugere coepit, ad quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit.

a. IV.101.18. acie triplici : i.e. a march in line of battle; see chapter on military affairs, VI and VII .

b. IV.101.19. quid ageretur , what was going on .

c. IV.101.20. possent : cf. 97 9 , 100 34 .

d. IV.101.21. et ... et , both ... and .

e. IV.101.23. ne ... an ... an ( § 335 (211) ; B. 162. 4 ; G. 458 ; H. 380 (353) ): the three infinitives all belong to praestaret , whether it was better .

f. IV.101.24. quorum timor cum : note the emphatic order.

g. IV.101.29. reliqua multitudo : the presence of women and children shows that it was a migration for settlement, not a mere inroad for plunder.

h. IV.102.1. ad quos consectandos (freq. of sequor ), to hunt them down . Referring to this massacre of helpless fugitives, Plutarch, in his "

IV.15. Germani post tergum clamore audito, eum suos interfici viderent, armis abiectis signis militaribus relictis se ex castris eiecerunt, [2] et eum ad confluentem Mosae et Rheni pervenissent, reliqua fuga desperata, magno numero interfecto, reliqui se in flumen praecipitaverunt atque ibi timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis oppressi perierunt. [3] Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. [4] Caesar iis quos in castris retinuerat discedendi potestatem fecit. [5] Illi supplicia cruciatusque Gallorum veriti, quorum agros vexaverant, remanere se apud eum velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem concessit.

a. IV.102.3. Germani : i.e. those who were fighting. clamore : i.e. of those who were being massacred.

b. IV.102.4. signis : figures of animals carried on poles ; see Figs. 11 , 70 , 128 .

c. IV.102.6. reliqua fuga , further flight . This action is usually placed at the junction of the Rhine and the Meuse. There are many reasons against this, but no other location seems possible without doing violence to the text, and for this no sufficient case is made out.

d. IV.102.9. ex ... timore , relieved from [the apprehension of] so great a war .

e. IV.102.12. discedendi potestatem , permission to depart . This was a practical acquittal of the charge of treachery.

f. IV.102.13. veriti : regularly pres. act. in force, fearing.

IV.16. Germanico bello confecto multis de causis Caesar statuit sibi Rhenum esse transeundum; quarum illa fuit iustissima quod, cum videret Germanos tam facile impelli ut in Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit, cum intellegerent et posse et audere populi Romani exercitum Rhenum transire. [2] Accessit etiam quod illa pars equitatus Usipetum et Tencterorum, quam supra commemoravi praedandi frumentandique causa Mosam transisse neque proelio interfuisse, post fugam suorum se trans Rhenum in fines Sugambrorum receperat seque cum his coniunxerat. [3] Ad quos cum Caesar nuntios misisset, qui postularent eos qui sibi Galliae bellum intulissent sibi dederent, responderunt: [4] populi Romani imperium Rhenum finire; si se invito Germanos in Galliam transire non aequum existimaret, cur sui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum postularet? [5] Ubii autem, qui uni ex Transrhenanis ad Caesarem legatos miserant, amicitiam fecerant, obsides dederant, magnopere orabant ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab Suebis premerentur; [6] vel, si id facere occupationibus rei publicae prohiberetur, exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret: id sibi ad auxilium spemque reliqui temporis satis futurum. [7] Tantum esse nomen atque opinionem eius exercitus Ariovisto pulso et hoc novissimo proelio facto etiam ad ultimas Germanorum nationes, uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint. [8] Navium magnam copiam ad transportandum exercitum pollicebantur.

a. IV.102.17. illa , the following .

b. IV.102.19. suis : note the emphasis on this word.

c. IV.102.20. curia intellegerent : here nearly equivalent to a participle.

d. IV.102.21. accessit quod , and besides ; see vocab.

e. IV.102.22. quam ... transisse , which, as I mentioned above, had crossed ; see 98 27 ff. (the conj. that of indir. disc. cannot be used in English to introduce a ref. clause). Observe that Caesar the writer uses the first person ( commemoravi ) ; Caesar the actor is always in the third.

f. IV.102.25. Sugambrorum : living just north of the Ubii.

g. IV.102.27. intulissent : cf. antecessissent , 99 20 . dederent : observe the omission of ut ( § 565. a (331. f. R.) ; B. 295. 8 ; G. 546. R. 3 ; H. 565. 4 (499. 2) ; H-B. 502. 3. a. ftn. 2 ).

h. IV.102.28. finire : see introd. note to Bk. iv .

i. IV.103.1. aequum : pred. adj. agreeing with the INF clause Germanos ... transire .

j. IV.103.2. sui ... imperi : pred. gen. of possession after esse , under his power .

k. IV.103.7. occupationibus rei publicae , by the demands of state affairs .

l. IV.103.8. transportaret : same construction as ferret .

m. IV.103.9. futurum [esse]: sc. verb of saying from orabant , l. 5 ; so, too, for the following sentence.

n. IV.103.17. dignitatis : cf. 103 2 .

IV.17. Caesar his de causis quas commemoravi Rhenum transire decreverat; sed navibus transire neque satis tutum esse arbitrabatur neque suae neque populi Romani dignitatis esse statuebat. [2] Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi pontis proponebatur propter latitudinem, rapiditatem altitudinemque fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non traducendum exercitum existimabat. [3] Rationem pontis hanc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipedalia. paulum ab imo praeacuta dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis intervallo pedum duorum inter se iungebat. [4] Haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat fistucisque adegerat, non sublicae modo derecte ad perpendiculum, sed prone ac fastigate, ut secundum naturam fluminis procumberent, [5] iis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta intervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetu fluminis conversa statuebat. [6] Haec utraque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eorum tignorum iunctura distabat, binis utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur; [7] quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis, tanta erat operis firmitudo atque ea rerum natura ut, quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc artius inligata tenerentur. [8] Haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibusque consternebantur; [9] ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pro ariete subiectae et cum omni opere coniunctae vim fluminis exciperent, [10] et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut, si arborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis causa essent a barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur neu ponti nocerent.

a. IV.103.19. latitudinem , etc.: Caesar's passage of the Rhine was most probably at Bonn, where the high and rocky banks begin ; or at Neuwied, 20 or 25 miles further south, where there is a break in the chain of hills, though here, it is said, the bottom is rock, and not fit for driving piles. The width of the river at either place is about 1400 feet, and its depth is very variable. It is now crossed in these parts by floating bridges of boats.

b. IV.103.21. rationem , plan . The brief description which Caesar gives of his rough and ready but very serviceable engineering may be made clearer by giving its different points as follows (see Fig. 59 ): 1. A pair of unhewn logs, a foot and a half thick ( tigna bina sesquipedalia ), braced two feet apart and sharpened at the end, are set up by derricks and driven with pile drivers ( fistucis ) into the bottom, sloping a little with the stream. 2. A similar pair is driven in opposite, 40 feet below, sloping a little in the other direction against the stream ; the upper ends of the two pairs would thus be some 25 or 30 feet apart, the width of the roadway. It is possible, as Rustow thinks, that the 40 feet refer to the top and not to the bottom of the piles. 3. A beam of square timber, two feet thick ( trabs bipedalis ), and about 30 feet long, is made fast at the ends by ties ( fibulis ) between the logs of each pair, which are thus kept at a proper distance apart, while they are strongly braced against the current. 4. A suitable number (probably about 60) of these trestles, or timber-arches, having been built and connected by cross-ties,—this part of the structure must be taken for granted,—planks are then laid lengthwise of the bridge ( directa materia ), resting on the heavy floor-timbers ; and upon these, again, saplings and twigs ( longurii , crates ) are spread, to prevent the jar and wear of the carts and hoofs of the pack-animals on the flooring. 5. Piles ( sublicae ) are then driven in below, resting obliquely against the logs, to which they serve as shores or buttresses ( pro ariete ), and other heavier piles a little way above, to break the force of floating logs or boats sent down to destroy the bridge.

c. IV.103.22. tigna , probably unhewn logs. bina , two and two , i.e. in pairs.

d. IV.103.24. pedum duorum : i.e. between the timbers of each pair. cum ... defixerat , etc.: cum here equals whenever or as often as and the clause is equivalent to the protasis of a general condition; hence the use of the pluperf. IND ; cf. 84 22 and note .

e. IV.103.26. sublicae modo , like a pile .

f. IV.103.27. ut ... procumberent , so as to lean forward in the direction of the current .

g. IV.103.29. ab inferiore parte , down stream . contra ... conversa , slanting against , agrees with duo [tigna].

h. IV.103.30. haec utraque ... distinebantur , these two sets (or pairs) were held apart by two-foot timbers laid on above, equal [in thickness] to the interval left by the fastening of the beams ( quantum ... distabat ), with a pair of ties at each end . For number of utraque , see vocab.

i. IV.104.2. quibus [tignis] ... revinctis , after these were held apart and secured in opposite directions : i.e. the horizontal beams held the piles ( tigna ) apart, which, sloping in opposite directions, had been secured by the clamps.

j. IV.104.4. rerum , structure ; see note on 4 4 . quo major ... hoc artius : the greater ... the more closely , ABL of degree of difference. The only doubtful part of the description is in fibulis , of which the exact meaning is somewhat uncertain. They are thought by some to be cross-ties (as in Fig. 80 ). But, as the word means properly a kind of clasp exactly like a modem safety-pin, it seems better to suppose they were damps joining the two piles with perhaps an iron bolt put through, answering to the pin of the fibula .

k. IV.104.5. haec ... contexebantur , these (the framework of timber) were covered with boards placed lengthwise .

l. IV.104.7. sublicae ... agebantur , piles also were driven on the lower side in a slanting direction , so as to prop the bridge against the current.

m. IV.104.8. pro ariete , as a buttress .

n. IV.104.10. aliae item : other piles a little way above, to serve as a break-water. There is nothing in the text to show whether these were attached to the bridge or not.— spatio : ABL of degree of difference.

o. IV.104.11. deiciendi operis : pred. gen. expressing tendency or purpose ( § 504. a. N. 1 (298. R.) ; B. 339. 6 ; G. 428. R. 2 ; H. 544. N. 2 ; H-B. 616, last example ), to throw down the work .

p. IV.104.12. neu ... nocerent , and that they ( trunci , etc.) might not harm the bridge .

IV.18. Diebus X, quibus materia coepta erat comportari, omni opere effecto exercitus traducitur. [2] Caesar ad utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio relicto in fines Sugambrorum contendit. [3] Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt; quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus liberaliter respondet obsidesque ad se adduci iubet. [4] At Sugambri, ex eo tempore quo pons institui coeptus est fuga comparata, hortantibus iis quos ex Tencteris atque Usipetibus apud se habebant, finibus suis excesserant suaque omnia exportaverant seque in solitudinem ac silvas abdiderant.

a. IV.104.14. diebus x quibus , within ten days from the time when . coepta erat : pass. because used with the pass. INF; cf. 53 6 ; see also l. 20 below .

b. IV.104.15. traducitur : the histor. pres., resumed from 102 21 .

c. IV.104.16. Sugambrorum : these were a little to the northeast of the bridge.

d. IV.104.21. hortantibus eis , etc.: i.e. the few who had escaped the massacre of ch. 15 , and had taken refuge across the Rhine.

e. IV.104.23. in solitudinem : notice that the Latin construction is that following verbs of motion, on account of the meaning of abdiderant ; we say hid in , etc.

f. IV.104.27. pollicitus : this word implies a main clause in the infin:, se daturum , on which the conditional clause would depend. This clause does not appear, but the dependent clause remains in the SUB according to the rule.

IV.19. Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus, omnibus vicis aedificiisque incensis frumentisque succisis, se in fines Ubiorum recepit atque his auxilium suum pollicitus, si a Suebis premerentur, haec ab iis cognovit: [2] Suebos, postea quam per exploratores pontem fieri comperissent, more suo concilio habito nuntios in omnes partes dimisisse, uti de oppidis demigrarent, liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvis deponerent atque omnes qui arma ferre possent unum in locum convenirent. [3] Hunc esse delectum medium fere regionum earum quas Suebi obtinerent; hic Romanorum adventum expectare atque ibi decertare constituisse. [4] Quod ubi Caesar comperit, omnibus iis rebus confectis, quarum rerum causa exercitum traducere constituerat, ut Germanis metum iniceret, ut Sugambros ulcisceretur, ut Ubios obsidione liberaret, diebus omnino XVIII trans Rhenum consumptis, satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatem profectum arbitratus se in Galliam recepit pontemque rescidit.

a. IV.104.28. premerentur : a good example of the SUB in implied indir. disc.; see note on 32 21 .

b. IV.105.1. per exploratores : cf. note on 57 3 .

c. IV.105.3. uti ... convenirent : object clauses of purpose, following the verbal phrase nuntios ... dimisisse , which involves an idea of sending orders or advice. The rest of the sentence contains only statements and is therefore in the indir. disc. construction.

d. IV.105.5. hunc , etc., this had been selected about the middle , etc.; medium is used as a pred. agreeing with hunc ( § 293 (193) ; B. 241. 1 ; G. 325. R. 6 ; H. 497. 4 (440. N. 2) ; H-B. 244 .) in preference to an adverbial phrase in medio .

e. IV.105.7. decertare : not merely fight , but fight the decisive battle or decide the issue . This force of de is very common.

f. IV.105.10. ut ... liberaret , etc.: these clauses are in app. with rebus , and their form as result clauses is determined by confectis ; see note on 4 17 . In English some change of construction is often necessary in such cases. Here, having accomplished , etc. (namely), inspired, ... chastised, ... relieved .

g. IV.105.13. arbitratus : cf. 52 7 and note .

IV.20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod omnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia intellegebat, [2] et si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adiisset, genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. [3] Neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque his ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones quae sunt contra Galliam notum est. [4] Itaque vocatis ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad maiorem navium multitudinem idonei portus reperire poterat.

IV.21. Ad haec cognoscenda, prius quam periculum faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi longa praemittit. [2] Huic mandat ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quam primum revertatur. [3] Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. [4] Huc naves undique ex finitimis regionibus et quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum fecerat classem iubet convenire. [5] Interim, consilio eius cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Britannos, a compluribus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. [6] Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque ut in ea sententia permanerent, [7] eos domum remittit et cum iis una Commium, quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cuius et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur cuiusque auctoritas in his regionibus magni habebatur, mittit. [8] Huic imperat quas possit adeat civitates horteturque ut populi Romani fidem sequantur seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. [9] Volusenus perspectis regionibus omnibus quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, V die ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.

IV.22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum populo Romano fecissent, seque ea quae imperasset facturos pollicerentur. [2] Hoc sibi Caesar satis oportune accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat neque belli gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat neque has tantularum rerum occupationes Britanniae anteponendas iudicabat, magnum iis numerum obsidum imperat. [3] Quibus adductis eos in fidem recipit. Navibus circiter LXXX onerariis coactis contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quod praeterea navium longarum habebat quaestori, legatis praefectisque distribuit. [4] Huc accedebant XVIII onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco a milibus passuum VIII vento tenebantur quo minus in eundem portum venire possent: has equitibus tribuit. [5] Reliquum exercitum Q. Titurio Sabino et L. Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum a quibus ad eum legati non venerant ducendum dedit; [6] Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio quod satis esse arbitrabatur portum tenere iussit.

IV.23. His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem III. fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi et naves conscendere et se sequi iussit. [2] A quibus cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse hora diei circiter IIII. cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. [3] Cuius loci haec erat natura atque ita montibus angustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. [4] Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent ad horam nonam in ancoris expectavit. [5] Interim legatis tribunisque militum convocatis et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset et quae fieri vellet ostendit monuitque, ut rei militaris ratio, maximeque ut maritimae res postularent, ut, cum celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus D omnes res ab iis administrarentur. [6] His dimissis et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo et sublatis ancoris, circiter milia passuum VII ab eo loco progressus aperto ac plano litore naves constituit.

IV.24. At barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito praemisso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus egredi prohibebant. [2] Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant, militibus autem, ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravi onere armorum oppressis simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, [3] cum illi aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam progressi omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis, audacter tela coicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. [4] Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque huius omnino generis pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate ac studio quo in pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant utebantur.

IV.25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac submoveri iussit; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. [2] Nam et navium figura et remorum motu et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem rettulerunt. [3] Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem maris, qui X legionis aquilam gerebat, obtestatus deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret, ' desilite', inquit, ' milites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere; ego certe meum rei publicae atque imperatori officium praestitero.' [4] Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, se ex navi proiecit atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. [5] Tum nostri cohortati inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt. [6] Hos item ex proximis primi navibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus adpropinquaverunt.

IV.26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque signa subsequi poterant atque alius alia ex navi quibuscumque signis occurrerat se adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur; [2] hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, [3] plures paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in universos tela coniciebant. [4] Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri iussit, et quos laborantes conspexerat, his subsidia submittebat. [5] Nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt; neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit.

IV.27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace miserunt; obsides sese daturos quaeque imperasset facturos polliciti sunt. [2] Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quem supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. [3] Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula coniecerant; [4] tum proelio facto remiserunt et in petenda pace eius rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur petiverunt. [5] Caesar questus quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere se imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit; [6] quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. [7] Interea suos in agros remigrare iusserunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt.

a. IV.110.12. quae imperasset , what he should require (in dir. disc. quae imperaveris ).

b. IV.110.13. quem ... praemissum [esse]: 106 13-19 .

c. IV.110.15. hunc , etc.: it is not unlikely that his imprisonment was a mere pretence.— oratoris modo , in the character of envoy (or spokesman ).

d. IV.110.19. ut ignosceretur , that their act might be pardoned : ignosco may take a dir. obj. of the thing, with an indir obj. of the person ( § 369 (227. f) ); B. 187. i. a ; H-B. 364. 4 ; hence the word here may be either personal or impersonal.

e. IV.110.20. cum ultro , etc.: cf; 106 10 .

f. IV.110.21. bellum ... intulissent : these barbarous people might well be pardoned for mistaking Caesar's expedition for an invasion.— ignoscere : for the omission of the subject, cf. note on 59 23 .

g. IV.110.23. arcessitam , after they had been fetched .

h. IV.110.24. remigrare , to move back , i.e. from the strongholds to their farms.

IV.28. His rebus pace confirmata, post diem quartum quam est in Britanniam ventum naves XVIII, de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. [2] Quae cum adpropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est ut nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem unde erant profectae referrentur, aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno suo cum periculo deicerentur; [3] quae tamen ancoris iactis cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt.

a. IV.110.27. post diem quartum quam , three days after (accordingto English reckoning); § 424. f (259. d) ; B. 357. 1 ; G. 403. N. 4, ; H. 488. 1 (430) ; H-B. 550. c .

b. IV.110.28. naves , etc: see 107 9 .

c. IV.111.3. Britanniae : § 370 (228) ; B. 187. iii ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376, cf. 362 .— tempestas : from the northeast.

d. IV.111.4. aliae ... aliae , some ... others .

e. IV.111.6. propius occasum : cf. 98 26 .

f. IV.111.7. cum ... complerentur , since they began to fill : the imperf. shows that the action was not completed.

g. IV.111.8. adversa nocte , in spite of the darkness .

IV.29. Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies a maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. [2] Ita uno tempore et longas naves, [quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverat,] quas Caesar in aridum subduxerat, aestus complebat, et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas adflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. [3] Compluribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent funibus, ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. [4] Neque enim naves erant aliae quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant quae ad reficiendas naves erant usui, et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum in his locis in hiemem provisum non erat.

a. IV.111.10. eadem nocte : this was probably the night of August 30; the moon was then full at 3 A.M.

b. IV.111.11. aestus maximos , very high tides . The ocean tides, rising here between twenty and thirty feet, were a strange phenomenon to those who had known only the tideless waters of the Mediterranean. One is at a loss to understand why the Romans had not learned more about the tides in the war with the Veneti.

c. IV.111.13. navīs : obj. of compleverat .—[ quibus , etc.]: an unnecessary explanation, and may be omitted.

d. IV.111.15. adflictabat (intensive), dashed about .

e. IV.111.16. facultas , etc.: i.e. chance to manage their own ships or help their companions.

f. IV.112.1. funibus ... amissis , etc., from the loss of , etc.

g. IV.112.2. id quod : see § 307. d (200. e) ; B. 247. 1. b ; G. 614. R. 2 ; H. 399. 6 (445. 7) ; H-B. 325. a. N. 2 .

h. IV.112.4. quibus = ut eis : result.

i. IV.112.5. quod ... constabat , because it was understood : the subj. is oportere , of which the subj. is hiemari , that it was best to winter in Gaul.

j. IV.112.7. provisum : see note on 56 16 .

IV.30. [2] optimum factu esse duxerunt rebellione facta frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod his superatis aut reditu interclusis neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant. [3] Itaque rursus coniuratione facta paulatim ex castris discedere et suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt.

a. IV.112.8. principes : subj. of duxerunt in l. 14 .

b. IV.112.12. hoc : ABL of cause, originally deg. of diff.; see note on 2 17 .

c. IV.112.13. optimum : in pred. agreement with frumento ... producere .

d. IV.112.14. factu : cf. 3 23 .— duxerunt : see vocab.— frumento commeatuque , corn and other supplies .

e. IV.112.15. rem , the campaign .— his ... interclusis , if these should be overcome , etc.: ABL absolute expressing condition.

f. IV.112.18. rursus : not a second time , which would be iterum , but back again from negotiations to hostilities.

g. IV.112.19. deducere : i.e. from their farms; cf. 110 24 .

IV.31. At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo quod obsides dare intermiserant fore id quod accidit suspicabatur. [2] Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex agris cotidie in castra conferebat et, quae gravissime adflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continenti comportari iubebat. [3] Itaque, cum summo studio a militibus administraretur, XII navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari satis commode posset effecit.

a. IV.112.20. At Caesar : emphatic transition to Caesar from what the soldiers feared and the Britons planned; cf. 68 8 .

b. IV.112.21. ex eventu navium , from what had befallen the ships .— ex eo quod , from the fact that .

c. IV.112.22. suspicabatur , began to suspect .

d. IV.112.24. quae ... naves , earum , etc., the timber and the bronze of those ships which , etc. ( § 307. b (200. b) ; G. 616 ; H. 399. 5 (445. 9) ; H-B. 284. 6 ).

e. IV.112.25. aere : the Romans used the word aes both for copper and bronze. These metals were more common than iron in the Roman ships, as they do not rust. They were employed to sheathe the rostrum and to make the spikes that held the timbers together.

f. IV.112.26. quae ... usui : the antecedent of quae is ea, the understood subj. of comportari ; see qui ... appellantur , 1 2 note on .

g. IV.112.29. reliquis ... effecit , he managed so that they could sail ( navigari , impers.) tolerably with the rest .

IV.32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frumentatum missa, quae appellabatur VII., neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum in agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem maiorem quam consuetudo ferret in ea parte videri quam in partem legio iter fecisset. [2] Caesar---id quod erat---suspicatus aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes quae in statione erant secum in eam partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in stationem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi iussit. [3] Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela coici animadvertit. [4] Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes huc nostros esse venturos noctu in silvis delituerant; [5] tum dispersos depositis armis in metendo occupatos subito adorti paucis interfectis reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.

a. IV.113.1. geruntur : § 556 (276. e) ; B. 293. i ; G. 229. R. ; H. 533. 4 (467. iii. 4) ; H-B. 559 . Notice that this present is regular with dum when there is no contrast of time. Cf. the use of dum , 107 26 .— frumentatum : supine; cf. 26 15 .

b. IV.113.3. pars hominum , some of the people .

c. IV.113.4. remaneret : indicating peaceable intentions on the part of the enemy.— ventitaret , returned from time to time (freq. or iter., § 263. 2 (167. b) ; B. 155. 2 ; G. 191. 1 ; H. 364 (336) ; H-B. 212. 1 ).

d. IV.113.5. statione : such outposts or pickets were always on duty to guard the camp, usually a cohort at each gate.

e. IV.113.6. quam ... ferret , than usual .

f. IV.113.7. id quod erat , what was the fact.

g. IV.113.8. aliquid ... consili (part. gen.), that some new design was on foot ; INF clause in app. with id .

h. IV.113.11. armari , to arm ; in verbs thus used reflexively, English prefers the active and Latin the passive form.— paulo longius , some little distance.

i. IV.113.12. premi ... sustinere , were getting hard pushed, and hardly held their ground .

j. IV.113.13. conferta legione (ABL absolute), the legion was closely crowded together, while weapons were hurled , etc. Observe the tendency of Latin to convey a description, as here, by a participial phrase.

k. IV.113.15. una , only one .— suspicati , supposing ; cf. 107 1 and note .

l. IV.114.2. dispersos , occupatos : agreeing with nostros understood from the preceding line.

m. IV.114.3. incertis ordinibus (ABL absolute), because the ranks were unsteady .

IV.33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes partes perequitant et tela coiciunt atque ipso terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant, et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. [2] Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt atque ita currus conlocant ut, si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. [3] Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et per temonem percurrere et in iugo insistere et se inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint.

a. IV.114.5. ex essedis : these chariots held six men ( essedarii ) wach besides the driver ( auriga ), and were drawn by two horses.

b. IV.114.6. terrore equorum : subj. gen., the terror that the horses arouse .

c. IV.114.8. cum se ... insinuaverunt , when they have worked their way between ; the protasis of a general condition, ex essedis ... proeliantur , being the apodosis ; cf. 103 24 . The perf. indict with cum is here used as a protasis because a repeated action is spoken of.— equitum , the cavalry of the Britons. When the essedarii had dismounted, the British line was composed of alternate bodies of horse and foot.

d. IV.114.10. illi : i.e. the fighting men spoken of above.

e. IV.114.11. expeditum ... receptum , a ready retreat .

f. IV.114.13. praestant , exhibit . Caesar was much struck with the efficiency of the German and British horse (see ch. 12 ), and later made it the basis of important changes in the Roman army. The ordinary cavalry was never able to cope with infantry; cf. Caesar's stratagem in 38 1 .

g. IV.114.14. uti ... consuerint : clause of result following efficiunt .— declivi ac praecipiti loco , a steep downward slope .

h. IV.114.15. incitatos equos sustinere , to check their horses in fall gallop (comp. INF after consuerint ).— brevi , within a short space .

i. IV.114.16. iugo : made of straight or curved wood, resting on the necks of the horses and holding up the pole of the chariot.

IV.34. Quibus rebus perturbatis nostris [novitate pugnae] tempore oportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit: namque eius adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt. [2] Quo facto, ad lacessendum hostem et committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus suo se loco continuit et brevi tempore intermisso in castra legiones reduxit. [3] Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis qui erant in agris reliqui discesserunt. [4] Secutae sunt continuos complures dies tempestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent et hostem a pugna prohiberent. [5] Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt et quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta ad castra venerunt.

a. IV.114.18. quibus rebus , under these circumstances : ABL of means.— nostris : dat. following tulit auxilium .— novitate : depends on perturbatis .

b. IV.114.22. alienum : see note on 13 6 .

c. IV.114.26. quae ... continerent : note the SUB
d. IV.115.1. quanta ... facultas daretur : indir. quest. following demonstraverunt.

e. IV.115.2. sui liberandi : cf. 40 15 and note .

IV.35. Caesar, etsi idem quod superioribus diebus acciderat fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter XXX, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. [2] Commisso proelio diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt. [3] Quos tanto spatio secuti quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, complures ex iis occiderunt, deinde omnibus longe lateque aedificiis incensis se in castra receperunt.

a. IV.115.7. ut ... effugerent : a result clause in app. with idem, the subj. of fore , namely , that if , etc.

b. IV.115.8. effugerent , would escape ; the future idea is given by fore .— equites xxx : these few cavalry would be of no service in an engagement, but only in pursuit. To chase and cut down the beaten army was considered an essential part of the battle.

c. IV.115.9. ante : i.e. 106 13-19 , 110 13-17 .

d. IV.115.12. tanto spatio , over as much ground ( § 425. b (257. b) ; B. 223 ; G. 389 ; H. 417. 3 (379. 2) ; cf. H-B. 426. c ).

IV.36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace venerunt. [2] His Caesar numerum obsidum quem ante imperaverat duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci iussit, quod propinqua die aequinoctii infirmis navibus hiemi navigationem subiciendam non existimabat. [3] Ipse idoneam tempestatem nactus paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit, [4] quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex iis onerariae duae eosdem portus quos reliquae capere non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt.

a. IV.115.19. die aequinocti , etc. (Sept. 24, always held to be a stormy season), since the time of the equinox was near and his ships were . Napoleon III estimates that the return to Gaul occurred Sept. 11 or 12. This would make the stay about three weeks.

b. IV.115.23. eosdem portus , the same ports with the others .

c. IV.115.24. paulo infra : the west current sets in on the French coast, while the east current is still running in mid-channel.

IV.37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter CCC atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere iusserunt. [2] Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter milia VI convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. [3] Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius horis IIII fortissime pugnaverunt et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex iis occiderunt. [4] Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes abiectis armis terga verterunt magnusque eorum numerus est occisus.

a. IV.115.28. primo : adv.; see vocab.

b. IV.116.1. orbe : the circle was formed by a small body of troops when entirely surrounded by the enemy. It was generally hollow, with officers and baggage in the centre. chapter on military affairs, VII, last part.

c. IV.116.5. horis : ABL of comparison with amplius ; the more common construction would be horas ; cf. note on 54 9 .

d. IV.116.6. postea vero quam = but as soon as .

IV.38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum iis legionibus quas ex Britannia reduxerat in Morinos qui rebellionem fecerant misit. [2] Qui cum propter siccitates paludum quo se reciperent non haberent, quo perfugio superiore anno erant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt. [3] At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. [4] Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. [5] His rebus gestis ex litteris Caesaris dierum XX supplicatio a senatu decreta est.

a. IV.116.12. siccitatīs : see § 100. c (75. c) ; B. 55. 4. c ; G. 204. 5 ; H. 138. 2 (130. 2) ; H-B. 240. 5. b ; the tempestates of ch. 34 were apparently merely gusty weather without rain.

b. IV.116.13. reciperent : a purpose clause.— superiore anno : see Bk. iii. ch. 28 .

c. IV.116.22. supplicatio : cf. end of Bk. ii . The crossing of the Rhine strongly impressed the minds of the Romans at home, and so, too, the passage into Britain, though the last was in fact a failure. But, though Caesar had added nothing to Roman power, he had opened a new world to Roman ambition.

V COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS

V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 V.7 V.8 V.9 V.10 V.11 V.12 V.13 V.14 V.15 V.16 V.17 V.18 V.19 V.20 V.21 V.22 V.23 V.24 V.25 V.26 V.27 V.28 V.29 V.30 V.31 V.32 V.33 V.34 V.35 V.36 V.37 V.38 V.39 V.40 V.41 V.42 V.43 V.44 V.45 V.46 V.47 V.48 V.49 V.50 V.51 V.52 V.53 V.54 V.55 V.56 V.57 V.58

V.1. L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, legatis imperat quos legionibus praefecerat uti quam plurimas possent hieme naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas curarent. Earum modum formamque demonstrat. [2] Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat; ad onera, ad multitudinem iumentorum transportandam paulo latiores quam quibus in reliquis utimur maribus. [3] Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem multum humilitas adiuvat. [4] Ea quae sunt usui ad armandas naves ex Hispania apportari iubet. [5] Ipse conventibus Galliae citerioris peractis in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. [6] Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat certumque in locum convenire iubet. [7] Qua re nuntiata Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt qui doceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus rationibus de iniuriis satisfacere. [8] Accepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem adduci iubet; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. [9] Eis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant.

a. V.117.1. L. Domitio , etc.: cf. 94 1 and note . The consuls entered on their office Jan. 1, according to the official calendar; the real date appears to have been Dec. 12. Caesar's visit to Italy was therefore probably later.

b. V.117.2. ut quotannis , etc.: cf. 48 28 , 73 7 .

c. V.117.4. navis : see chapter on military affairs, IX . navīs ... curent , have as many vessels as possible built during the winter and the old ones repaired : cf. 82 7 , 11 5, and note .

d. V.117.5. modum formamque , style of build .

e. V.117.6. subductionis : the vessels of the ancients were usually 'beached' and not left at anchor. — humiliores : agrees with eas , the understood object of facit . See note on 62 16 .

f. V.117.7. nostro : i.e. the Mediterranean.

g. V.117.8. id : sc. tacit ( § 319 (206. c) ; B. 166. 3 ; H. 388. 5 (368. 3. N. 1) ; H-B. 222. a ).

h. V.117.9. minus magnos seems to refer to the smooth ocean swell, compared with the angry "chopping seas" of the Mediterranean.

i. V.117.10. iumentorum : not pack-animals so much as horses for his cavalry, the lack of which he felt so seriously the year before; see 110 6-9 .

j. V.117.11. actuarias , fitted with oars as well as sails. The Gallic ships, it will be remembered, did not have oars. See Bk. iii. ch. 14 .

k. V.117.12. humilitas : as compared with the high-banked galleys.

l. V.117.13. armandas , fitting out ; see introductory note .

m. V.117.14. conventibus , proconsular or provincial courts . These courts were regularly held in the winter; cf. 48 29 .

n. V.117.15. Illyricum : cf. 73 7 . — Pirustis : a tribe long allied with Rome, inhabiting the valley of the Drina.

o. V.117.17. imperat : in the sense of to levy, to make requisition for ; impero takes the ACC of the thing levied and the dat. of the person upon whom the levy is made.

p. V.118.5. arbitros , arbitrators .

q. V.118.6. litem , amount of damages . poenam : i.e. the amount of compensation to be paid.

r. V.118.8. Galliam revertitur : Caesar's activity during these winter months had been remarkable. He left his troops in Belgium about Jan. 1, travelled all through Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul, crossed over to Illyricum, and returned to his army again early in the spring. The distance was at least 2000 miles.

V.2. His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis, in citeriorem Galliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur. [2] Eo cum venisset, circumitis omnibus hibernis, singulari militum studio in summa omnium rerum inopia circiter sescentas eius generis cuius supra demonstravimus naves et longas XXVIII invenit instructas neque multum abesse ab eo quin paucis diebus deduci possint. [3] Collaudatis militibus atque eis qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit ostendit atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire iubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam traiectum esse cognoverat, circiter milium passuum XXX transmissum a continenti: huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum reliquit; [4] ipse cum legionibus expeditis IIII et equitibus DCCC in fines Treverorum proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia veniebant neque imperio parebant Germanosque Transrhenanos sollicitare dicebantur.

a. V.118.9. circumitis , having inspected ; see last note on 49 6 ( § 388. b (237. d) ; G. 331 ; H. 406 (372) ; H-B. 391. 2. ftn. ).

b. V.118.10. studio , etc.: i.e. the energy of the soldiers in building the vessels under difficulties.

c. V.118.12. neque ... quin , and are not far from the condition that ; eo is antecedent to the vague relative idea in quin , etc.

d. V.118.15. Itium : Boulogne or Wissant, either of which agrees with the account (cf. Bk. iv. ch. 23 , and note on 107 6 ).

e. V.118.17. XXX : a little less than 28 English miles. [ transmissum ]: omit in translation.

f. V.118.18. satis ... militum , enough soldiers : part. gen.

g. V.118.19. Treverorum , a tribe reckoned as Gauls or Celts, but believed to be, in part at least, of German origin. Their name appears in the modern Trèves . This, their principal town ( Augusta Treverorum ), was long the seat of Roman power in Northern Gaul.

h. V.118.20. concilia , assemblies , held by a province or confederacy for consultation or law-making. Caesar seems to have organized such assemblies under his own authority in Belgic Gaul after its conquest. — veniebant , etc. notice the force of the imperf. tense; see § 471. f (277. g) ; G. 233 .

i. V.118.22. dicebantur the personal form is regularly used with the tenses of incomplete action.

V.3. Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu valet magnasque habet copias peditum Rhenumque, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. [2] In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix; [3] e quibus alter, simul atque de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum est, ad eum venit, se suosque omnes in officio futuros neque ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos confirmavit quaeque in Treveris gererentur ostendit. [4] At Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere, eisque qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant in silvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine per medios fines Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare instituit. [5] Sed posteaquam nonnulli principes ex ea civitate et familiaritate Cingetorigis adducti et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti ad Caesarem venerunt et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere non possent, veritus ne ab omnibus desereretur Indutiomarus legatos ad Caesarem mittit: [6] sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur: [7] itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seseque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortunas eius fidei permissurum.

a. V.118.23. Galliae : part. gen.; § 346. a (216. a. 2) ; B. 201. 1 ; G. 372 ; H. 442 (397. 3) ; H-B. 346 .

b. V.118.24. ut supra demonstravimus : Bk. iii. ch. II .

c. V.118.27. alter , the latter , Cingetorix, the son-in-law of Indutiomarus.

d. V.119.1. suos : i.e. clansmen, retainers, etc. Cingetorix offers to bring his nation under Roman authority on condition of ruling them himself as a subject or friend of Rome.

e. V.119.3. at : marking the transition to the other man.

f. V.119.4. cogere : with instituit , l. 8 .

g. V.119.5. Arduennam : this hilly and forest region makes the natural frontier between Gaul and the Netherlands, and is the seat of the famous Belgian iron mines.

h. V.119.11. petere : used absolutely (i.e. without an object), ask his decision or assistance. civitati , etc.: they were prevented by Indutiomarus from taking any measures for the general good, and so asked favors of Caesar for themselves individually.

i. V.119.12. possent : the reason given by these Gauls, hence the SUB
j. V.119.16. laberetur , lit., fall off (from obedience).

k. V.119.17. se ... eius fidei permissurum , to put ... under his protection .

V.4. Caesar, etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerentur quaeque eum res ab instituto consilio deterreret, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur omnibus ad Britannicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum CC obsidibus venire iussit. [2] His adductis, in eis filio propinquisque eius omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum hortatusque est uti in officio maneret; [3] nihilo tamen setius principibus Treverorum ad se convocatis hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod cum merito eius a se fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur eius auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimum valere, cuius tam egregiam in se voluntatem perspexisset. [4] Id tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et, qui iam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit.

a. V.119.22. omnibus ... comparatis , now that , etc.

b. V.119.28. quod cum , etc.: Caesar seems to think this double dealing needs some excuse.

c. V.119.29. cum ... intellegebat , considered on the one hand .— cum ... tum : see vocab.; eius refers to Cingetorix, se to Caesar. merito eius , according to his deserts ( § 418. a (253. N.) ; cf. B. 220. 3 ; G. 397 ; H. 480 (424) ; cf. H-B. 414 ). magni interesse : § 417 (252. a) ; B. 203. 3 ; G. 380 ; H. 440. 3 (396. v) ; H-B. 356. 1 .

d. V.120.2. suam ... minui ]: in app. with id factum , and may be translated, though not necessary to the sense.

e. V.120.3. qui ... fuisset = while , etc. (see § 535. e (320. e) ; cf. B. 283. 3. b ; G. 634 ; H. 586. ii (515. iii) ; H-B. 523 ).

f. V.120.4. hoc dolore , this grievance ; properly, indignation at this .

V.5. His rebus constitutis Caesar ad portum Itium cum legionibus pervenit. [2] Ibi cognoscit LX naves, quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate reiectas cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem unde erant profectae revertisse; reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. [3] Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit, numero milium quattuor, principesque ex omnibus civitatibus. [4] Ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur.

a. V.120.6. in Meldis : these people were on the Marne, near Meaux. The ships were built here, probably for convenience of timber; they were low and of light draft ( ch. 1 ), and proved too frail for the Channel waters ( ch. 10 ; cf. Bk. iii. ch. 9 , where sturdier craft are built upon the Loire).

b. V.120.8. eodem (adv.) = in eundem locum .

c. V.120.13. loco , in the condition ( § 429. 3 (254. a) ; B. 228. 1. b ; G. 385. N. 1 ; H. 485. 2 (425. 2) ; H-B. 436 ).

d. V.120.14. cum ... abesset , while he should be away : a fut. idea ( cum abero ) thrown into the past by verebatur .

V.6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo ante ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperi, magri animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. [2] Accedebat huc quod in concilio Aeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri; quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. [3] Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus petere contendit ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret. [4] Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos hortarique coepit uti in continenti remanerent; [5] metu territare: non sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur; id esse consilium Caesaris, ut quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret; [6] fidem reliquis interponere, iusiurandum poscere, ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent communi consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem deferebantur.

a. V.120.15. Dumnorix : as it appears, he had been kept four years under strict surveillance ( 18 11 ).

b. V.120.19. accedebat huc quod , to this was added the fact that ; cf. 84 2 for a different construction after accedebat .

c. V.120.20. deferri : the present expresses the action as in process of completion, i.e. that Caesar was making arrangements, or intended, or the like.

d. V.120.21. neque , and yet not , a very common force of the word ; cf. note on 80 11 .

e. V.120.25. timeret , diceret : cf. possent , 119 12 .

f. V.120.26. religionibus , scruples , perhaps in regard to leaving the country or crossing the sea; among superstitious peoples such ideas are common.

g. V.121.2. territare : histor. INF; see 13 18 and note .

h. V.121.3. esse : depending on a verb of saying implied in metu territare . — fieri ut , etc., it was coming to pass that , etc.; or may be translated, that Gaul was , etc., compressing the two clauses into one.

i. V.121.6. interponere : same constr. as sollicitare . ex usu , to the advantage .

j. V.121.7. intellexissent : here represents the fut. perf. of dir. disc.

k. V.121.8. deferebantur : note the force of the tense.

V.7. Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Aeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deterrendum quibuscumque rebus posset Dumnorigem statuebat; [2] quod longius eius amentiam progredi videbat, prospiciendum, ne quid sibi ac rei publicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter XXV in eo loco commoratus, [3] quod Carus ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo tamen setius omnia eius consilia cognosceret. [4] Tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere in naves iubet. [5] At omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum equitibus Aeduorum a castris insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit. [6] Qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectione atque omnibus rebus postpositis magnam partem equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit retrahique imperat; [7] si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici iubet, nihil hunc se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. [8] Ille enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis. [9] Illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt: at equites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur.

a. V.121.9. quod ... statuebat : i.e. the severity shown to Dumnorix was proportioned to the favor and consequence granted by Caesar to his state.

b. V.121.11. longius , too far .

c. V.121.12. prospiciendum [esse], that precautions must be taken ; depends on statuebat .

d. V.121.13. quid ... nocere , to do some harm to ; quid is cognate or adv. ACC, § 390. d. N. 2 (240. a. N.) ; B. 176. 3. a ; G. 333 ; H. 409. 1 (371. ii, 378) ; cf. H-B. 396. 2, cf. 387. iii .

e. V.121.14. commoratus : i.e. during the delay (cf. 93 4 ). Corus (or Caurus ), the northwest wind.

f. V.121.15. omnis temporis , every season of the year; the windmills on this coast are said to have had their sails set permanently to the northwest.

g. V.121.18. milites : i.e. the legionary infantry.

h. V.121.19. at : note its force and cf. 119 3 . omnium impeditis animis , while the attention of all was occupied .

i. V.121.24. si vim ... iubet : informal indir. disc. The direct would be, Si vim facit neque paret, interficite [eum] .

j. V.121.25. pro sano , rationally .

k. V.121.26. neglexisset : the tense depends on arbitratus , which is, however, essentially present in meaning (see commoratus , l. 14 note on ).

l. V.121.28. liberum , etc. Caesar takes no pains to conceal the violence of his acts. He had no authority over Dumnorix except that of the stronger.

V.8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relicto ut portus tueretur et rem frumentariam provideret quaeque in Gallia gererentur cognosceret consiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet, [2] ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum, quem in continenti reliquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvit et leni Africo provectus media circiter nocte vento intermisso cursum non tenuit, et longius delatus aestu orta luce sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. [3] Tum rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis contendit ut eam partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. [4] Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore longarum navium cursum adaequarunt. [5] Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus; [6] sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque quas sui quisque commodi fecerat amplius octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant.

a. V.122.7. pro tempore et pro re , to suit the time and circumstance .

b. V.122.8. pari ... quem , the same ... as , etc. (i.e. 2000), as in l. 5 .

c. V.122.10. Africo : the southwest wind.

d. V.122.12. sub sinistra : i.e. he had drifted to the northeast (see map, Fig. 65 ). The voyage has been carefully calculated as follows: Caesar weighed anchor at sunset (about 8 P.M.). A gentle breeze was then blowing from the southwest; but at the same time a tidal current was setting towards the southwest. Under the impulse of these two forces, the fleet kept a north-westerly course until about midnight. The wind then died down, and the current also began to set in the opposite direction (northeast). relictam ) the North Foreland, and were drifting farther away from the land. But at about this time (5 A.M.) the tide changed, and the current again began to flow towards the southwest. With its help, and that of the oars, the fleet now began to move tou arcs the land, aiming to reach the same point that had been found in the previous expedition to be the most convenient for debarking. Here they arrived at about noon (von Göler).

e. V.122.15. superiore aestate : cf. Bk. iv. ch. 23 .

f. V.122.16. virtus , pluck, spirit . gravibusque , and heavy-laden besides .— navigiis : ABL of means.

g. V.122.18. accessum est (impers.): the landing was probably near Walmer Castle.

h. V.122.20. cum : concessive.

i. V.122.22. quae ... amplius DCCC , more than 800 of which : subj. of visae erant .— annotinis , those built the year before .— sui commodi : pred. gen. ( § 343. b (214. c) ; B. 198. 3 ; G. 366. R. 1 ; H. 447 (403) ; H-B. 340 ), here expressing purpose; cf. deiciendi , 104 11 note on . These were vessels that the rich members of Caesar's staff had had built for their own use.

V.9. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit, eo minus veritus navibus, quod in litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, [2] et praesidio navibus Q. Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia passuum circiter XII hostium copias conspicatus est. [3] Illi equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. [4] Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti egregie et natura et opere munitum, quem domestici belli, ut videbantur, causa iam ante praeparaverant; [5] nam crebris arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusi. [6] Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. [7] At milites legionis septimae, testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt paucis vulneribus acceptis. [8] Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod magna parte diei consumpta munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebat.

a. V.122.27. cohortibus x : i.e. two from a legion.

b. V.123.1. navibus : dat.

c. V.123.3. noctu : not nocte ; see vocab.

d. V.123.5. equitatu atque essedis : ABL of accomp. without cum; ( § 413. a (248. a. N.) ; B. 222. 1 ; G. 392. R. 1 ; H. 474. 2 (419. iii. 1. 1) ; H-B. 420 .). flumen : the Stour, which flows north-easterly through Canterbury. superiore : the north bank is higher ground than the opposite.

e. V.123.11. ipsi ... propugnabant , they themselves rushed out of the woods in small parties to fight .

f. V.123.12. testudine facta et aggere ... adiecto : from the rapidity with which this agger was completed, it is evident that it was not the elaborate structure required in attacking more formidable defences, but more like that described in Bk. iii. ch. 25 . We may also infer that the Bntish strong-hold was only rudely fortified.

V.10. Postridie eius diei mane tripertito milites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos qui fugerant persequerentur. [2] His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves adflictas atque in litore eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim tempestatis pati possent; [3] itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum.

a. V.124.5. tripartito : i.e: following different roads.

b. V.124.7. extremi : i.e. the rear of the retreating enemy.

c. V.124.8. Atrio : who had been placed in command of the camp, 123 3 .

d. V.124.12. concursu : referring to the violent driving together of the ships after they had broken from their moorings.

V.11. His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad naves revertitur; [2] eadem fere quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter XL navibus reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur. [3] Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continenti alios arcessi iubet; [4] Labieno scribit, ut quam plurimas posset eis legionibus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat. [5] Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione coniungi. [6] In his rebus circiter dies X consumit ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. [7] Subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit: ipse eodem unde redierat proficiscitur. [8] Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum convenerant summa imperi bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno, cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum LXXX. [9] Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni hunc toti bello imperioque praefeceraut.

a. V.124.15. revocari : i.e. those who were in advance and out of sight.— resistere , to halt : i.e. those who were near.

b. V.124.17. coram perspicit : i.e. after a careful and thorough personal examination. Caesar did not leave important duties of this sort to subordinates. sic ut , etc.: i.e. he sees that the account of the disaster is true to the extent that , etc.; ut and similar words often have a limiting meaning; cf. tantum , meaning only so much .

c. V.124.19. fabros deligit : a certain number of carpenters ( fabri lignarii ) was attached to the engineer corps of the army, but Caesar seems to have had no regular engineer corps, except that a praefectus fabrum was on his staff. See chapter on military affairs, I. 4 .

d. V.124.20. legionibus : ABL of means.

e. V.124.26. easdem quas , the same as ; see 122 27 .

f. V.124.27. eodem (cf. note on 120 8 ), i.e. to the British defences on the Stour.

g. V.125.4. a mari : probably from Caesar's place of landing. The distance is reckoned, not in a straight line, but by the roads, as the army marched.

h. V.125.5. huic , etc.: "The brave and cautious prince Cassivellaunus ( Caswallon ), who ruled in what is now Middlesex and the surrounding district, formerly the terror of the Celts to the south of the Thames, but now the protector and champion of the whole nation " (Mommsen). huic ... cum reliquis civitatibus ... intercesserant , had occurred between him and the other states ; note the idiomatic construction.

V.12. Britanniae pars interior ab eis incolitur quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt, [2] maritima pars ab eis, qui praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgio transierunt (qui omnes fere eis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi permanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. [3] Hominum est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia, pecorum magnus numerus. [4] Vtuntur aut aere aut nummo aureo aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. [5] Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia; aere utuntur importato. Materia cuiusque generis ut in Gallia est, praeter fagum atque abietem. [6] Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus.

a. V.125.8. natos in insula : they were not, however, indigenous, but a Celtic population following an earlier Iberian race.

b. V.125.9. proditum [esse]: the subj. is quos natos [esse] in insula .— pars : sc. incolitur .

c. V.125.11. eis nominibus : for example, Atrebates and Belgae .

d. V.126.3. Gallicis : brief references to the Gallic customs of building are made in Bk. v. ch. 43 , and Bk. vi. ch.30 ; see also introductory chapter on Gaul and the Gauls .

e. V.126.4. aut nummo aereo ]: omit in translation.

f. V.126.6. plumbum album : Caesar is mistaken in placing tin mines inland and iron on the coast; it was just the other way. The tin mines of Cornwall were known to the Phcenicians from the earliest times. He does not say whether iron was used in the arts, which, if true, would imply a pretty advanced civilization.

g. V.126.7. exigua : the great mineral wealth of England was then unknown.

h. V.126.9. fagum atque abietem : another error; the beech and fir are both native to Britain.

i. V.126.10. gallinam , etc.: it is of interest to note that these domestic fowls were known to the savage Britains; see Fig. 113 .

j. V.126.12. frigoribus , seasons of cold .

V.13. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est contra Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter mila passuum quingenta. [2] Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut aestimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. [3] In hoc medio cursu est insula, quae appellatur Mona: complures praeterea minores subiectae insulae existimantur, de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt dies continuos triginta sub bruma esse noctem. [4] Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti noctes videbamus. [5] Huius est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium. [6] Tertium est contra septentriones; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milia passuum octingenta in longitudinem esse existimatur. [7] Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum.

a. V.126.17. ad Hispaniam , etc. i.e. he places Spain west of Britain on the same side as Ireland. For this crude geography, cf. Tacitus (Agric. 34) , who says that Ireland is between Britain and Spain. Caesar conceives Britain as lying somewhat in the accompanying form.

b. V.126.20. atque , as ( § 324. c (156. a) ; B. 341. 1. c ; G. 643 ; H. 657. 1. N. (554. 1. 2. N.) ; H-B. 307. 2. a.); i.e. the distance from Ireland to Britain is the same as that from Britain to Gaul.

c. V.126.21. Mona : the Isle of Man, or confounded with it; but Tacitus evidently gives this name to Anglesea.

d. V.126.25. ex aqua mensuris : the clepsydra , or water-clock, measured time by the dropping of fixed measures of water through a small pipe or aperture something like a sand-glass. breviores naturally, as this was in the summer.

e. V.127.1. hoc : sc. latus .

V.14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. [2] Interiores plerique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc horridiores sunt in pugna aspectu; [3] capilloque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. [4] Vxores habent deni duodenique inter se communes et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum liberis; sed qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo primum virgo quaeque deducta est.

a. V.127.6. interiores : the ruder barbarians here described are probably represented by the later Picts , whose name Picti (cf. picti , painted ) has been thought to denote their woad-staining. The woad plant, Isatis tinctoria , akin to the common shepherd's purse , is still used somewhat for dyeing.

b. V.127.11. parte : § 415 (251) ; B. 224 ; G. 400 ; H. 473. ii (419. ii) ; H-B. 443 .

c. V.127.13. sed qui sunt , etc., but the children of these wives are regarded as belonging to the man to whom each maiden was first espoused .

d. V.127.14. quo (adv.) here stands for ad quos ( § 321. a (207. a) ; G. 611. R. 1 ; H. 307. 4 (304. ii. 3. N.) ; H-B. 284. 10 .).

V.15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint. [2] Sed compluribus interfectis cupidius insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. [3] At illi intermisso spatio imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorum subito se ex statione pro castris collocati, [4] acriter pugnaverunt, duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare atque eis primis legionum duarum, cum hae perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medios audacissime perruperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt. [5] Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus, tribunus militum, interficitur. Illi pluribus submissis cohortibus repelluntur.

a. V.127.16. essedarii : see Bk. iv. ch. 33 .

b. V.127.18. fuerint : for tense. see 85 14 and note .

c. V.127.25. atque his , and these, too .— primis : the first cohorts had the best soldiers. See chapter on military affairs, I. 7 (last part) .

d. V.127.27. per medios : i.e. through the interval between the two cohorts.

V.16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad huius generis hostem, [2] equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. [3] Equestris autem proeli ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum inferebat. [4] Accedebat huc ut numquam conferti sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defetigatis succederent.

a. V.128.11. equestris , etc.]: this parenthesis may be translated.— cedentibus et insequentibus (ABL absolute): with eis understood, referring to the Britons. Whether advancing or retreating, the islanders were equally formidable.

b. V.128.14. proeliarentur : this clause is conceived as a result, and hence is expressed by ut with the SUB, instead of the usual construction with quod and indic; cf. 120 19 and note .— stationes , supports . It will be observed that the Britons showed considerable military skill, and that their phalanges ) of the Gauls and Germans.

V.17. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt rarique se ostendere et lenius quam pridie nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. [2] Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum Gaio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. [3] Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto reppulerunt neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, [4] praecipites hostes egerunt magnoque eorum numero interfecto neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. [5] Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant, auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus umquam summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt.

a. V.128.24. quoad : observe that the IND follows, and cf. 100 2 and note .

b. V.128.25. subsidio confisi : cf. 91 13 .

c. V.128.27. sui conligendi : cf. 77 3 , 115 2 .

d. V.129.1. facultatem : cf. note on 16 7 . — ex , directly after .

V.18. Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Tamesim in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. [2] Eo cum venisset, animum advertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas; [3] ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munita, eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tegebantur. [4] His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit. [5] Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent.

a. V.129.5. uno loco : somewhere between Brentford and the mouth of the Wey. The details of Caesar's march are here uncertain.

b. V.129.13. capite solo : a most hazardous depth. By the rule for modern infantry, a ford should not be more than three feet deep. But, says Merivale, "the swimming and fording of rivers were among the regular exercises of the Roman legionary. Though immersed up to his chin in water, he was expert in plying his hatchet against the stakes which opposed his progress, while he held his buckler over his head not less steadily than on dry land. Behind him a constant storm of stones and darts was impelled against the enemy from the engines which always accompanied the Roman armies."

V.19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni deposita spe contentionis dimissis amplioribus copiis milibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis itinera nostra servabat paulumque ex via excedebat locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque eis regionibus quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat et, [2] cum equitatus noster liberius praedandi vastandique causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum eis confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. [3] Relinquebatur ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant.

a. V.130.1. supra : i.e. 129 1-3 .

b. V.130.3. servabat , excedebat , etc.: note the imperfects, expressing customary and repeated action, he used to : cf. 1218.

c. V.130.4. locis , regionibus : loc. ABL— locisque impeditis ac silvestribus : from this description we must infer that the British chariots were very narrow, to pass through the forest roads, and had high wheels, to go easily over rough ground.

d. V.130.7. cum ... eiecerat : a general condition ; see cum , 84 22 note on . Other instances of general conditions occur 103 24 , 109 15 , 110 3 .

e. V.130.9. emittebat , confligebat , prohibebat : the subj. is Cassivellaunus .

f. V.130.10. hoc ... prohibebat , by fear of this kept them [sc. eos ] from roving too widely .

g. V.130.11. relinquebatur ut , the consequence was that .

h. V.130.12. discedi : impersonal.

i. V.130.13. tantum ... quantum : correlatives; see vocab.

j. V.130.14. noceretur : impers., governs the dat. hostibus ; cf. note on 56 24 .

V.20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesaris fidem secutus ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos; [2] petunt ut Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. [3] His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. [4] Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt.

a. V.130.16. Trinobantes : in Essex. Their chief place was Camulodunum , later Colonia Castrum , now Colchester. This defection was soon followed by the break-up of the Briton confederacy.

b. V.130.18. Galliam ]: omit in translation.

c. V.130.23. mittat : sc. aliquem .

d. V.130.24. his imperat obsides : see note on 117 17 .

V.21. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum iniuria prohibitis Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. [2] Ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. [3] Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consuerunt. [4] Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus: locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. [5] Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. [6] Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti.

a. V.131.2. Cenimagni , etc.: these were petty populations of the vicinity.

b. V.131.4. oppidum Cassivellauni : thought to be the modern St. Albans.

c. V.131.6. oppidum , etc.: the Britons, like the Germans, did not live in towns but used these strongholds simply for defence against attack.

d. V.131.7. cum , whenever , another general condition; cf. 130 7 and note . The preceding case refers to repeated action in past time, this to the present of a general truth. Notice the difference between these cases and the regular descriptive cum in narration.

e. V.131.9. consuerunt : what tense in translation?

f. V.131.14. multi : i.e. the people, not the cattle.

V.22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regionibus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque eis imperat uti coactis omnibus copiis castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. [2] Ei cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige suos incolumes reduxerunt. [3] Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. [4] Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia penderet constituit; [5] interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat.

a. V.131.17. supra : see 127 5 .

b. V.131.18. regionibus : implying that Kent ( Cantium ) was divided into four recognized military commands.

c. V.131.20. castra navalia : i.e. the fortified camp on the beach, surrounding the beached ships. See 124 21-25 .

d. V.131.28. neque multum aestatis : Caesar had now been in Britain about two months (cf. ch. 23 ). The dates assigned by Napoleon III for his sailing and return are July 20 and Sept. 21.

e. V.131.29. extrahi , protracted , i.e. wasted. Besides, Caesar had just learned of the death of his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, which threatened the dissolution of the triumvirate, and gave him strong reason for wishing to be nearer home.

f. V.132.1. vectigalis (part. gen.): this was mere form, as no means were left to enforce the tribute.

V.23. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit refectas. [2] His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. [3] Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis, [4] quae milites portaret, desideraretur; at ex eis, quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitterentur et prioris commeatus expositis militibus et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero LX, perpaucae locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes reicerentur. [5] Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, [6] quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves perduxit.

a. V.132.7. commeatibus : here has its original meaning; see vocab.

b. V.132.8. accidit uti , etc.: cf. 130 11 for a similar construction.

c. V.132.10. portaret , remitterentur : SUB of characteristic.

d. V.133.1. et ]: omit.— prioris commeatus , etc., after the soldiers of the first trip had been landed .

e. V.133.2. quas : refers back to ex eis .— faciendas curaverat , had had made : cf. 82 7 , 11 5 . Labienus had been ordered to build these directly after the big storm; see 124 20 .

f. V.133.3. locum : i.e. Britain.— caperent , reicerentur : in the same construction as desideraretur .

g. V.133.6. aequinoctium : cf. 115 19 and note . FRESH RISINGS OF THE GAULS.—The remaining events of this campaign are among the most critical of the entire Gallic war, and show to what extreme peril Caeasar had exposed his conquests by his expedition across the Channel. They serve, besides, to bring out in very marked relief the personal qualities of his several lieutenants. As a series of episodes, this Book is, in fact, the most interesting of the eight. The Romans did not visit Britain again till A.D. 43, in the reign of Claudius. READING REFERENCES ON THE GALLIC REBELLIONS. Dodge's Fowler's Froude's Holmes's Merivale's Mommsen's Napoleon's Trollope's

V.24. Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere; [2] ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam Gaio Fabio legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Quinto Ciceroni, tertiam in Esubios Lucio Roscio; quartam in Remis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Treverorum hiemare iussit. Tres in Belgis collocavit: [3] eis Marcum Crassum quaestorem et Lucium Munatium Plancum et Gaium Trebonium legatos praefecit. [4] Vnam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes V in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. [5] Eis militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. [6] Ad hunc modum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit. [7] Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna praeter eam, quam Lucio Roscio im pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continebantur. [8] Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit.

a. V.133.10. Samarobrivae (locative): the chief town of the Ambiani, whose name is found in the modern Amiens .

b. V.133.12. aliter ac : i.e. distributing them where supplies were most abundant, not where there was most danger of disturbance, as in previous years. The location of these camps has been much disputed. The most common view puts Fabius at St. Pol, Cicero at Charleroy (or possibly Namur), Roscius at Séez in Normandy, Labienus on the Ousthe (in Luxembourg), Crassus, Plancus, and Trebonius not far from Amiens, Sabinus and Cotta at Tongres. These places do not quite agree with the description unless we take the hundred mile limit ( 133 29 ) as the radius of a circle, a meaning which seems improbable. But this division is perhaps near enough.

c. V.133.15. ducendam : gerundive expressing purpose; cf. faciendas , l. 2 ( § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b. 2 ; G. 430 ; H. 622 (544 2. N. 2) ; H-B. 605. 2 ).— Q. Ciceroni : the younger brother of the orator, and a man of tougher fibre and of great military and executive ability. He had joined Caesar's army that very year and had taken part in the expedition to Britain. Quintus, like his brother Marcus, sided with Pompey in the Civil War, and met a similar fate in the same year (B. C. 43) at the command of the triumvirs.

d. V.133.20. proxime , latest . This was the 14th legion, enrolled in B.C. 57.— trans Padum : i.e. from Rome to the north.

e. V.133.21. cohortis : these must have been troops not organized into a legion, probably provincials.

f. V.133.25. inopiae : dat.with mederi ; § 367. b (227. b) ; G. 346. N. 4 ; H. 385. ii. N. 3 ; H-B. 364. 5 .

g. V.133.29. quoad ... cognovisset : cf. 128 24 . Why is the IND used there and the SUB here?

V.25. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. [2] Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius onera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat. [3] Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici, multis palam ex civitate eius auctoribus, eum interfecerunt. [4] Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere. [5] Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoreque, quibus legiones tradiderat, certior factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum.

a. V.134.3. Carnutibus : in the vicinity of Chartres.

b. V.134.4. huic : indir. obj. of restituerat .

c. V.134.7. restituerat : this act of restoring chiefs exiled by the democracy of the tribes was peculiarly odious to the Gauls, as here appears.

d. V.134.8. auctoribus (ABL absolute): i.e. either at their instigation, or, at any rate, with their consent.

e. V.134.12. quorum : the antecedent is hos .

f. V.134.13. comprehensos mittere : cf. 5 5 , 55 3, and notes .

g. V.134.14. legatis quaestoribusque ] omit in translation.

V.26. Diebus circiter XV, quibus in hiberna ventum est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco; [2] qui, cum ad fines regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitaverunt subitoque oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppugnatum venerunt. [3] Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent atque una ex parte Hispanis equitibus emissis equestri proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. [4] Tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad colloquium prodiret: habere sese, quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent.

a. V.134.17. diebus ... quibus , within a fortnight after , etc.

b. V.134.19. cum : concessive; cf. 122 20 .— Sabino : see § 367. a N. 2 (227. N. 2) ; H-B. 362. ftn. 3. b .

c. V.134.20. praesto , in attendance upon , as obedient subjects.

d. V.135.1. Indutiomari : for the bitter offence given him by Caesar, see above, ch. 4 .

e. V.135.2. subitoque , etc., and after suddenly surprising the wood-cutters .

f. V.135.7. aliqui : the usual form is aliquis ( § 151. e (105. d) ; B. 252. 2 ; G. 107 ; H. 187. N. 1 (190. N. 2) ; H-B. 142 ).

V.27. Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa Gaius Arpineius, eques Romanus, familiaris Quinti Tituri, et Quintus Iunius ex Hispania quidam, qui iam ante missu Caesaris ad Ambiorigem ventitare consuerat; apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est: [2] sese pro Caesaris in se beneficiis plurimum ei confiteri debere, quod eius opera stipendio liberatus esset, quod Aduatucis, finitimis suis, pendere consuesset, quodque ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, quos Aduatuci obsidum numero missos apud se in servitute et catenis tenuissent; [3] neque id, quod fecerit de oppugnatione castrorum, aut iudicio aut voluntate sua fecisse, sed coactu civitatis, suaque esse eiusmodi imperia, ut non minus haberet iuris in se multitudo quam ipse in multitudinem. [4] Civitati porro hanc fuisse belli causam, quod repentinae Gallorum coniurationi resistere non potuerit. Id se facile ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeo sit imperitus rerum ut suis copiis populum Romanum superari posse confidat. [5] Sed esse Galliae commune consilium: omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alterae legioni subsidio venire posset; [6] non facile Gallos Gallis negare potuisse, praesertim cum de recuperanda communi libertate consilium initum videretur. [7] Quibus quoniam pro pietate satisfecerit, habere nunc se rationem offici pro beneficiis Caesaris: monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio, ut suae ac militum saluti consulat. [8] Magnam manum Germanorum conductam Rhenum transisse; hanc adfore biduo. [9] Ipsorum esse consilium, velintne priusquam finitimi sentiant eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter milia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab eis absit. [10] Illud se polliceri et iureiurando confirmare tutum iter per fines daturum; [11] quod cum faciat, et civitati sese consulere, quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam referre. Hac oratione habita discedit Ambiorix.

a. V.135.12. eques , a knight , a member of the equestrian order, the commercial aristocracy of Rome.

b. V.135.19. Aduatuci : subj. of tenuissent .

c. V.135.20. fecerit : by sequence of tense we should have fecisset , but see note on 51 11 . Note several similar cases in this speech.

d. V.135.22. imperia , sovereignty . The word is used in English abstractly, referring to all cases; while in Latin each act of sovereignty is regarded as a separate imperium . Observe the emphasis on sua , that HIS OWN sovereignty was of such a nature .

e. V.135.26. humilitate , weakness .

f. V.135.27. rerum : § 349. a (218. a) ; B. 204. 1 ; G. 374 ; H. 451. 1 (399. i. 2) ; H-B. 354 .

g. V.135.28. omnibus ... oppugnandis : dat. of gerundive expressing purpose; see 76 21 and note .

h. V.136.1. non ... potuisse , that Gauls could not easily say 'no' to Gauls .

i. V.136.4. pro pietate : pietas implies the love of a child to a parent; here, of course, to his native land, patriotism .

j. V.136.5. rationem offici , regard to his duty .

k. V.136.8. hanc : i.e. manum . ipsorum , etc.: i.e. it was for themselves to consider.

l. V.136.13. quod cum faciat , in so doing , SUB merely from indir. disc.

m. V.136.14. hibernis : i.e. the burden of providing grain for the soldiers.

V.28. Arpineius et Iunius, quae audierunt, ad legatos deferunt. Illi repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant maximeque hac re permovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilem atque humilem Eburonum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendum. [2] Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt magnaque inter eos exsistit controversia. [3] Lucius Aurunculeius compluresque tribuni militum et primorum ordinum centuriones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis iniussu Caesaris discedendum existimabant: quantasvis [magnas] copias etiam Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis docebant: rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostium impetum multis ultro vulneribus illatis fortissime sustinuerint: re frumentaria non premi; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia: postremo quid esse levius aut turpius, quam auctore hoste de summis rebus capere consilium?

a. V.136.21. ausam [esse], with civitatem .— consilium : as the two legates had one and one-half legions under their command, the council of war contained, besides the legates, nine military tribunes, and either nine or six centurions, according as the half legion did or did not include the first cohort. Thus there were in the council either twenty or seventeen persons.

b. V.136.26. magnas ] may be omitted.

c. V.136.27. quod ... sustinuerint : in apposition with rem .

d. V.137.2. quid esse , etc.: see note on 12 8 . auctore hoste , on the advice of the enemy .

V.29. Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum maiores manus hostium adiunctis Germanis convenissent, aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset acceptum. Brevem consulendi esse occasionem. Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam; [2] neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tasgeti consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostri ad castra venturos esse. [3] Non hostem auctorem, sed rem spectare: subesse Rhenum; magno esse Germanis dolori Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias; [4] ardere Galliam tot contumeliis acceptis sub populi Romani imperium redactam superiore gloria rei militaris exstincta. [5] Postremo quis hoc sibi persuaderet, sine certa re Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi consilium descendisse? [6] Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse tutam: si nihil esset durius, nullo cum periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, unam esse in celeritate positam salutem. [7] Cottae quidem atque eorum, qui dissentirent, consilium quem habere exitum? In quo si non praesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset timenda.

a. V.137.6. proximis , nearest . This camp was farthest off from the main body, and hence if the nearest camps should be taken, the forces could not easily withdraw in safety.

b. V.137.7. se : i.e. Titurius.

c. V.137.9. fuisse capturos : in dir. cepissent , a contrary-to-fact apodosis; see § 517 (308) ; B. 304 ; G. 597 ; H. 579 (510) ; H-B. 581 .

d. V.137.10. nostri : obj. gen; § 295. b (194. b) ; B. 242. 2 ; G. 304. 2 ; H. 500. 4 (446. N. 3) ; H-B. 254. a . venturos esse : for venirent of the dir., the apodosis of a pres. condition contrary to fact. We should expect venturos fuisse ; § 589. N. 3 (337. b. N. 3) ; B. 321. 1. a ; G. 659 ; H. 647 (527. iii) ; H-B. 581. b. 1 .

e. V.137.11. auctorem : cf. auctore hoste , l. 2 . spectare , sc. se .

f. V.137.12. Ariovisti mortem : he had, however, escaped after the battle ( Bk. i. ch. 53 ).

g. V.137.13. ardere , is in a blaze .

h. V.137.16. persuaderet : dir. persuadeat , a deliberative question.

i. V.137.18. esset : dir. erit , a fut. protasis; § 516. a (307. a) ; B. 302. 1 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 (508) ; H-B. 579. a .

j. V.137.20. consentiret : pres. inc. in dir., a simple condition.— esse ... positam : dir. est posita , a past apodosis with a pres. protasis.

k. V.137.22. habere : cf. esse , l. 2 .

l. V.137.23. esset : dir. est .

V.30. Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, " Vincite," inquit, " si ita vultis," Sabinus, et id clariore voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret; [2] "neque is sum," inquit, "qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear: hi sapient; si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent, [3] qui, si per te liceat, perendino die cum proximis hibernis coniuncti communem cum reliquis belli casum sustineant, non reiecti et relegati longe ab ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant."

a. V.137.26. primis ordinibus = primorum ordinum centurionibus .

b. V.137.27. id : sc. he said from preceding inquit .

c. V.138.2. ex vobis : instead of a part. gen. after gravissime . hi : i.e. the magna pars militum who were listening.

d. V.138.3. acciderit , etc.: a more vivid fut. condition; for the tense, see § 516. c (307. c) ; B. 303 ; G. 244 ; H. 540. 2 (473) ; cf. H-B. 577. a .

e. V.138.4. liceat , etc.: a less vivid fut. condition.

V.31. Consurgitur ex consilio; comprehendunt utrumque et orant, ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in summum periculum deducant: [2] facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere. Res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur. [3] Tandem dat Cotta permotus manus: superat sententia Sabini. Pronuntiatur prima luce ituros. [4] Consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. [5] Omnia excogitantur, quare nec sine periculo maneatur, et languore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. [6] Prima luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur, ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo Ambiorige consilium datum, longissimo agmine maximisque impedimentis.

a. V.138.8. comprehendunt : i.e. the centurions.— utrumque : i.e. Sabinus and Cotta.

b. V.138.12. res disputatione perducitur , the question is debated at length .

c. V.138.13. dat manus (a formal sign of surrender), gives in .

d. V.138.14. pronuntiatur , wordis given out .

e. V.138.15. ituros [esse]: sc. eos ; see second note on 59 23 .

f. V.138.18. omnia , etc.]: this passage has been questioned, but it seems to mean that all the measures taken were devised as if on purpose to make it dangerous to remain, and to increase the danger of departure through the fatigue and demoralization of the men.

g. V.138.20. ut quibus , etc., as if they were convinced that : ( § 535. e (320. e, 230) ; B. 283. 3. a, 187. ii. b ; G. 634, 217 ; H. 586. ii, 426. 3 (515. iii, 384. 5) ; H-B. 523, 364. 2 ).

h. V.138.22. Ambiorige ]: omit in translation. — longissimo : the line of march was very long, as it might well be under a guaranteed safe conduct, and consequently very weak.

V.32. At hostes, posteaquam ex nocturno fremitu vigiliisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis insidiis bipertito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco a milibus passuum circiter duobus Romanorum adventum exspectabant, [2] et cum se maior pars agminis in magnam convallem demisisset, ex utraque parte eius vallis subito se ostenderunt novissimosque premere et primos prohibere ascensu atque iniquissimo nostris loco proelium committere coeperunt.

a. V.138.24. at : note the force and cf. 119 3 , 121 19 . — fremitu vigiliisque : almost a hendiadys, i.e. the noise caused by the soldiers who took no rest; cf. 28 25 and note .

b. V.138.26. a milibus , etc., about two miles off . On this use of a , cf. 54 9 .

c. V.138.28. convallem : a valley enclosed on all sides. In such a place of course the Romans were at a disadvantage.

d. V.139.1. ex utraque , etc.: i.e. at each end, attacking the advance which was coming up out of the glen, and the rear from the heights at the other end.

V.33. Tum demum Titurius, qui nihil ante providisset, trepidare et concursare cohortesque disponere, haec tamen ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderentur; quod plerumque eis accidere consuevit, qui in ipso negotio consilium capere coguntur. [2] At Cotta, qui cogitasset haec posse in itinere accidere atque ob eam causam profectionis auctor non fuisset, nulla in re communi saluti deerat et in appellandis cohortandisque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat. [3] Cum propter longitudinem agminis minus facile omnia per se obire et, quid quoque loco faciendum esset, providere possent, iusserunt pronuntiare, ut impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent. [4] Quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu reprehendendum non est, tamen incommode accidit: [5] nam et nostris militibus spem minuit et hostes ad pugnam alacriores effecit, quod non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. Praeterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet, ab impedimentis petere atque arripere properaret, clamore et fletu omnia complerentur.

a. V.139.5. tum demum : implying, as always, 'not till then,' here with the further idea that he ought to have roused himself before.— providisset : a rel. clause of cause; see § 535. e (320. e) ; B. 283. 3 ; G. 633 ; H. 592 (517) ; H-B. 523 . — trepidare : histor. INF; for use, cf. flagitare , 13 18 note on .

b. V.139.9. cogitasset : cf. providisset , l. 5 .

c. V.139.14. quoque : from quisque .

d. V.139.15. possent : the subj. is Cotta and Titurius.

e. V.139.16. in orbem : see note on 116 1 . A modern army would form a hollow square. The orbis also was hollow, having room within for the higher officers, the non-combatants, the wounded, etc.

f. V.140.5. accidit ... ut , etc. (cf. 132 8 ): this clause is divided into three parts with the verbs discederent , properaret , complerentur , the first two being connected by -que ( quaeque ).

g. V.140.8. fletu : not from cowardice. These men fought with splendid courage. It was their way of showing their feelings.

V.34. At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam duces eorum tota acie pronuntiare iusserunt, ne quis ab loco discederet: illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari quaecumque Romani reliquissent: proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent. [2] Erant et virtute et studio pugnandi pares; nostri, tametsi ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. [3] Qua re animadversa Ambiorix pronuntiari iubet, ut procul tela coniciant neu propius accedant et, quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint, cedant (levitate armorum et cotidiana exercitatione nihil eis noceri posse), [4] rursus se ad signa recipientes insequantur.

a. V.140.9. at barbaris , etc.: showing the contrast with the behavior of the Romans about their valuables.

b. V.140.13. existimarent : for imperat. of dir. disc. ( § 588 (339) ; B. 316 ; G. 652 ; H. 642 (523. iii) ; H-B. 538 ). [ erant , etc.]: these bracketed words may be omitted, as also in the passage below.

c. V.140.14. a fortuna : i.e. the goddess fortune, as is shown by the preposition.

d. V.140.15. quotiens procurrerat, ... cadebat : a general condition referring to past time; cf. 130 7 , 131 7 .

e. V.140.21. ad signa recipientīs : the standards remained fixed during these sorties, thus indicating the alignment of the circle.

V.35. Quo praecepto ab eis diligentissime observato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. [2] Interim eam partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi. [3] Rursus cum in eum locum unde erant egressi reverti coeperant, et ab eis qui cesserant et ab eis qui proximi steterant circumveniebantur; [4] sin autem locum tenere vellent, nec virtuti locus relinquebatur, neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela conferti vitare poterant. [5] Tamen tot incommodis conflictati, multis vulneribus acceptis resistebant et magna parte diei consumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil quod ipsis esset indignum committebant. [6] Tum Tito Balventio, qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat, viro forti et magnae auctoritatis, utrumque femur tragula traicitur; [7] Quintus Lucanius, eiusdem ordinis, fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur; [8] Lucius Cotta legatus omnes cohortes ordinesque adhortans in adversum os funda vulneratur.

a. V.140.22. cum ... excesserat , as often as , etc., equivalent to a general condition; cf. note on l. 15 above ( § 518. b (309. c) ; B. 288. 3 ; G. 584 ; H. 601. 4 (521. ii. 1) , with last example).

b. V.140.24. eam partem , etc.: when the soldiers from one side of the orbis made a sally, that side, of course, had no defenders.

c. V.140.27. proximi , etc.: only those immediately opposite the sally had fled, and so the party on its return was attacked at once by the enemy remaining on both flanks and also by the late fugitives.

d. V.141.1. vellent : not contrary to fact, but a future condition thrown into the past; see § 516. f (307. f) ; H-B. 580. b .

e. V.141.4. resistebant , they kept on fighting . Note the force of the tense.

f. V.141.6. esset : characteristic SUB
g. V.141.7. Balventio : connect with femur ; dat. of reference where we might have expected a gen. of possession; but the Latin is especially fond of this construction.— qui . . duxerat : as he had been chief centurion the year before, we infer that he was now serving in the corps of veterans called evocati . See chapter on military affairs, IV. a .

V.36. His rebus permotus Quintus Titurius, cum procul Ambiorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem suum Gnaeum Pompeium ad eum mittit rogatum ut sibi militibusque parcat. [2] Ille appellatus respondit: si velit secum colloqui, licere; sperare a multitudine impetrari posse, quod ad militum salutem pertineat; ipsi vero nihil nocitum iri, inque eam rem se suam fidem interponere. Ille cum Cotta saucio communicat, [3] si videatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Ambiorige una colloquantur: sperare ab eo de sua ac militum salute impetrari posse. Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum negat atque in eo perseverat.

a. V.141.15. rogatum : supine; cf. 26 15 .

b. V.141.18. ipsi vero , etc., that to him, certainly, no harm will be done ; nihil is ACC of specif. and nocitum iri impers. Instead of the latter we should expect fore ut noceatur .

c. V.141.21. sperare se , etc., that he hopes to be able to obtain a request from him so far as pertairs to their own safety and that of the soldiers .

V.37. Sabinus quos in praesentia tribunos militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi iubet et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, iussus arma abicere imperatum facit suisque ut idem faciant imperat. [2] Interim, dum de condicionibus inter se agunt longiorque consulto ab Ambiorige instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. [3] Tum vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum tollunt impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. [4] Ibi Lucius Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi; [5] ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum proiecit; ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. Illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent; [6] noctu ad unum omnes desperata salute se ipsi interficiunt. [7] Pauci ex proelio lapsi incertis itineribus per silvas ad Titum Labienum legatum in hiberna perveniunt atque eum de rebus gestis certiorem faciunt.

a. V.141.24. quos ... tribunos militum = eos tribunos militium quos .

b. V.141.26. Ambiorigem : cf. 41 10 and note .

c. V.142.1. condicionibus : i.e. of surrender.

d. V.142.8. aquilam : he thus saved the standard from disgrace, a characteristic and truly heroic act.

e. V.142.11. se interficiunt : a death worthy of Roman soldiers. This was the most serious loss that Caesar sustained during the Gallic war. There must have been at least 5000 men in the ill-fated command of Cotta and Sabinus. From this time on Caesar makes it his duty to avenge his massacred legion, and he carries on a relentless warfare against the Eburones and Ambiorix, until the former are exterminated and the latter becomes a hunted fugitive.

V.38. Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficiscitur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit peditatumque se subsequi iubet. [2] Re demonstrata Aduatucisque concitatis postero die in Nervios pervenit hortaturque, ne sui in perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos pro eis quas acceperint iniuriis occasionem dimittant: [3] interfectos esse legatos duos magnamque partem exercitus interisse demonstrat; [4] nihil esse negoti subito oppressam legionem quae cum Cicerone hiemet interfici; se ad eam rem profitetur adiutorem. Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet.

a. V.142.17. neque noctem neque diem intermittit : Ambiorix marched only one night and one day. More than that would have been expressed by nocturnis diurnisque itineribus ; cf. 33 16 .

b. V.142.19. in Nervios : see introductory note to Bk. ii. and note on 68 18 .

c. V.142.23. nihil esse negoti , that it was a matter of no difficulty . oppressam ... interfici : render by two verbs, to be surprised and slain ( § 496. N. 2 (292. R.) ; B. 337. 2 ; G. 664. R. 1 ; H. 639 (549. 5) ; H-B. 604. 1 ).

V.39. Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas manus possunt cogunt et de improviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant nondum ad eum fama de Tituri morte perlata. [2] Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nonnulli milites, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. [3] His circumventis magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci atque horum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt. [4] Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant atque hanc adepti victoriam in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant.

a. V.142.27. qui omnes : why not omnes qui ? See note on 30 19 .

b. V.143.1. advolant : note the speed expressed in this verb.

c. V.143.3. ut non nulli , etc.: cf. 135 2 .

V.40. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone litterae magnis propositis praemiis, si pertulissent: obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. [2] Noctu ex materia, quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum CXX excitantur incredibili celeritate; quae deesse operi videbantur, perficiuntur. [3] Hostes postero die multo maioribus coactis copiis castra oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione, qua pridie, ab nostris resistitur: [4] hoc idem reliquis deinceps fit diebus. [5] Nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur; non aegris, non vulneratis facultas quietis datur. [6] Quaecumque ad proximi diei oppugnationem opus sunt noctu comparantur; multae praeustae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum numerus instituitur; turres contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. [7] Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur.

a. V.143.13. pertulissent : for the fut. perf., implied inc. disc.

b. V.144.2. turres : these were open at the sides and behind, solidly timbered towards the enemy, and their object was, like that of the modern bastion, to shorten the length of wall to be occupied by the defence as well as to give the soldiers a still higher position from which to throw their missiles. In this case they were probably not more than three stories, or perhaps thirty feet, high. Each story was floored with a platform, on which the soldiers stood. The front and sides of each platform were protected by a parapet ( loricae ) of hurdles, to the height of about four feet. Above this projected a sort of battlement of stakes ( pinnae ), or of hurdle standing erect, with spaces at intervals, through which the spears were hurled. The structure was square, of about ten feet on a side. Of these towers, it appears that on the first night only the framework was erected. On succeeding nights they were completed. Cf. Fig. 103 .

c. V.144.10. praeustae sudes : heavy stakes or piles of wood, sharpened at the end, and charred to harden the point. They were hurled by the tormenta ; see Fig. 61 . — muralium pilorum : javelins heavier than usual for the defence of the wall.

d. V.144.11. contabulantur , were floored with plank . Possibly also the towers were connected by galleries, one for each story.

e. V.144.12. cum : concessive.

f. V.144.14. concursu ac vocibus = by the spontaneous movement and entreaties .

V.41. Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum qui aliquem sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant colloqui sese velle dicunt. [2] Facta potestate eadem quae Ambiorix cum Titurio egerat commemorant: omnem esse in armis Galliam; [3] Germanos Rhenum transisse; Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari. [4] Addunt etiam de Sabini morte: Ambiorigem ostentant fidei faciendae causa. [5] Errare eos dicunt, si quidquam ab his praesidi sperent, qui suis rebus diffidant; sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Romanum animo, ut nihil nisi hiberna recusent atque hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint: [6] licere illis incolumibus per se ex hibernis discedere et quascumque in partes velint sine metu proficisci. [7] Cicero ad haec unum modo respondit: non esse consuetudinem populi Romani accipere ab hoste armato condicionem: [8] si ab armis discedere velint, se adiutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant; sperare pro eius iustitia, quae petierint, impetraturos.

a. V.144.18. potestate : see note on 16 7 .

b. V.144.23. errare ... si ... sperent : simple condition, indir. disc.; cf. 137 19 . — qui : referring to eis .

c. V.144.24. hoc : with animo .

d. V.144.25. ut , etc.: i.e. they will be friends, but not subjects; they only refuse to admit a standing military force.

e. V.145.2. se adiutore utantur (for the imperat. of dir. disc.), they may use him as an advocate .

V.42. Ab hac spe repulsi Nervii vallo pedum IX et fossa pedum XV hiberna cingunt. [2] Haec et superiorum annorum consuetudine ab nobis cognoverant et, quosdam de exercitu habebant captivos, ab eis docebantur; [3] sed nulla ferramentorum copia quae esset ad hunc usum idonea, gladiis caespites circumcidere, manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire nitebantur. [4] Qua quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit: nam minus horis tribus milium pedum XV in circuitu munitionem perfecerunt [5] reliquisque diebus turres ad altitudinem valli, falces testudinesque, quas idem captivi docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt.

a. V.145.5. hac spe : i.e. of betraying Cicero as they had betrayed Sabinus. — fossa pedum quindecim : a ditch 15 ft. wide would be 11 ft. deep.

b. V.145.8. ab his : i.e. the captives. nullā ... copiā = having no supply , etc. (a sort of ABL absolute). "They were not yet used, like the Romans, to fight with the spade."

c. V.145.10. manibus sagulisque ... exhaurire , to dig out with their hands and [carry] in their cloaks . A kind of zeugma , 640 (385) ; B. 374. 2. a ; G. 690 ; H. 751. 2. N (636. ii. 1) ; H-B. 631. 7 ; but, as usual in such cases, the meaning of the verb really covers the thought by implication.

d. V.145.13. XV : probably an error, as a circuit of fifteen miles seems out of the question; perhaps pedum , or else v , instead of xv .

e. V.145.14. falcīs , hooks ; see note on 84 22 . — testudines : wooden galleries or sheds, to protect the undermining (see Figs. 33 , 127 ).

V.43. Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto vento ferventes fusili ex argilla glandes fundis et fervefacta iacula in casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, iacere coeperunt. [2] Hae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magnitudine in omnem locum castrorum distulerunt. [3] Hostes maximo clamore sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria turres testudinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt. [4] At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit, ut, cum undique flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omnes fortunas conflagrare intellegerent, non modo demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam, ac tum omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. [5] Hic dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit; sed tamen hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus numerus hostium vulneraretur atque interficeretur, ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant. [6] Paulum quidem intermissa flamma et quodam loco turri adacta et contingente vallum tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt suosque omnes removerunt, nutu vocibusque hostes, si introire vellent, vocare coeperunt; quorum progredi ausus est nemo. [7] Tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbati, turrisque succensa est.

a. V.145.16. ferventis ... glandis , red-hot balls of clay .

b. V.145.18. casas : the huts of the encampment, thatched with straw.

c. V.145.20. distulerunt : sc. ignem .

d. V.145.21. clamore : see 142 4 .

e. V.145.26. non modo , etc.: needs a 'pulpit' paraphrase, which, after all, would be, like many, less forcible than the original. It is a masterly bit of compressed expression. Omit the bracketed words.

f. V.146.2. pugnarent : same construction as respiceret and decederet .

g. V.146.5. ut , etc.: this use of ut , as , is almost precisely parallel to the English causal as, inasmuch as . In fact, the expressions have really the same origin. intermissa , etc.: while the flames were raging, such exploits of attack and defence were of course impossible.

h. V.146.7. turri : this advance of a tower was quite in the manner of Roman attack.

i. V.146.10. vellent : implied indir. disc.; in their words, si ... vultis , cf. 121 24 , ( § 592. 2 (341. c) ; B. 323 ; G. 662 ; H. 652 (529. ii) ; H-B. 536. a ).

j. V.146.11. deturbati : i.e. the enemy.

V.44. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, Titus Pullo et Lucius Vorenus. [2] Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant. [3] Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas," inquit, " Vorene? aut quem locum tuae probandae virtutis exspectas ? [4] Hic dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit." Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones quaque pars hostium confertissma est visa irrumpit. [5] Ne Vorenus quidem tum sese vallo continet, sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur. [6] Mediocri spatio relicto Pullo pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit; quo percusso et exanimato hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela universi coniciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem. [7] Transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitur. [8] Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt. [9] Succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit. [10] Ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit: [11] illum veruto arbitrantur occisum. Gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit; [12] dum cupidius instat, in locum deiectus inferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pullo, [13] atque ambo incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. [14] Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque diiudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.

a. V.146.13. erant , etc.: this superb bit of narrative, marvellous for its matter and its manner, shows the kind of soldiers with which the Romans conquered the world. Everywhere, where great deeds are done in personal prowess, you will find this mixture of rivalry and common spirit. These are the conditions of the great feats of the world.

b. V.146.14. primis ordinibus : see chapter on military affairs, I. 7 .

c. V.147.1. habebant , used to have .

d. V.147.2. de loco , for promotion or rank .

e. V.147.5. locum , opportunity .

f. V.147.8. sese vallo continet , remain within the wall .

g. V.147.15. hic casus , etc.: i.e. the javelin, piercing his sword belt, twisted the scabbard of his sword out of his reach.

h. V.147.18.

i. V.147.21. in locum deiectus , etc., slipping into a hollow he fell .

j. V.147.24. in contentione , in their rivalry .

V.45. Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio, et maxime quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur; quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necabatur. [2] Erat unus intus Nervius nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque ei fidem praestiterat. [3] Hic servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis, ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat. [4] Has ille in iaculo illigatas effert et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. [5] Ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur.

a. V.147.28. quanto gravior ... tanto crebriores , the more severe ... the more frequent .

b. V.148.5. a prima obsidione , at the beginning of the siege .

c. V.148.8. in iaculo : i.e. the shaft of the spear was probably hollow and the letter was inserted in it.

d. V.148.9. versatus , going about .

V.46. Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter XI diei statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem mittit, cuius hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum XXV; [2] iubet media nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. [3] Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad Gaium Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. [4] Scribit Labieno, si rei publicae commodo facere posset, cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectandam; equites circiter quadringentos ex proximis hibernis colligit.

a. V.148.12. hora XI : i.e. about five or six o'clock. In this chapter and the following note the wonderful celerity of Caesar's movements and the quick obedience of his officers.

b. V.148.14. milia passuum XXV : i.e. from Amiens to (probably) Montdidier.

c. V.148.18. rei publicae , etc.: cf. 31 24 and last note .

d. V.148.19. reliquam partem : the detachments under Roscius and Plancus were too far away.

V.47. Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certior factus eo die milia passuum XX procedit. [2] Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque attribuit, quod ibi impedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas frumentumque omne quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat relinquebat. [3] Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum moratus in itinere cum legione occurrit. [4] Labienus interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venissent, veritus, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem fecisset, ut hostium impetum sustinere posset, praesertim quos recenti victoria efferri sciret, litteras Caesari remittit, quanto cum periculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset; rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit; docet omnes equitatus peditatusque copias Treverorum tria milia passuum longe ab suis castris consedisse.

a. V.148.23. antecursoribus : the vanguard of Crassus's cavalry, or his scouts.

b. V.149.1. non ita , etc., not delaying for a moment .

c. V.149.4. veritus ne : § 564 (331. f) ; B. 296. 2 ; G. 550. 2 ; H. 567 (498. iii) ; H-B. 502. 4 .

d. V.149.5. quos sciret = cum eos sciret : a causal clause.

e. V.149.6. quanto ... esset : indir. quest. depending on the verb of telling implied in litteras remittit .

f. V.149.7. rem : i.e. the loss of Sabinus and Cotta.

V.48. Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium legionum deiectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat. Venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. [2] Ibi ex captivis cognoscit, quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit. [3] Tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. [4] Hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur. [5] Si adire non possit, monet ut tragulam cum epistola ad amentum deligata intra munitionem castrorum abiciat. [6] In litteris scribit se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore; hortatur ut pristinam virtutem retineat. [7] Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. [8] Haec casu ad turrim adhaesit neque ab nostris biduo animadversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defertur. [9] Ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat maximaque omnes laetitia adficit. [10] Tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur; quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit.

a. V.149.12. duas : Caesar thus had only his own legion and that of Fabius, —a very small force to face the multitude of the enemy.

b. V.149.17. Graecis litteris : i.e. in Greek letters . The Gauls were well acquainted with the Greek characters ( 26 4-6 , 167 6 ). According to Polyaenus, the despatch contained merely the words, " Caesar to Cicero. Be of good courage. Expect aid."

c. V.149.20. amentum : the amentum was a small strap fastened to the middle of a light spear, in some cases, at any rate, giving it a whirling motion, like the rifle-ball of modern times. By its use the spear could be thrown twice as far and with better aim than without it, as has been proved by experiment.

d. V.149.25. biduo , for two days ( § 424. c (259. c) ; B. 231. 1 ; G. 393 ; H. 486 (429) ; H-B. 439 ).

e. V.149.26. perlectam ... recitat , having read it through (to himself), he then recited it aloud in the assembly of the soldiers.

V.49. Galli re cognita per exploratores obsidionem relinquunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt. Hae erant armata circiter milia LX. [2] Cicero data facultate Gallum ab eodem Verticone, quem supra demonstravimus, repetit, qui litteras ad Caesarem deferat; hunc admonet, iter caute diligenterque faciat: [3] perscribit in litteris hostes ab se discessisse omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. [4] Quibus litteris circiter media nocte Caesar adlatis suos facit certiores eosque ad dimicandum animo confirmat. [5] Postero die luce prima movet castra et circiter milia passuum quattuor progressus trans vallem et rivum multitudinem hostium conspicatur. [6] Erat magni periculi res tantulis copiis iniquo loco dimicare; tum, quoniam obsidione liberatum Ciceronem sciebat, aequo animo remittendum de celeritate existimabat: [7] consedit et quam aequissimo loco potest castra communit atque haec, etsi erant exigua per se vix hominum milium septem praesertim nullis cum impedimentis, tamen angustiis viarum quam maxime potest contrahit, eo consilio, ut in summam contemptionem hostibus veniat. [8] Interim speculatoribus in omnes partes dimissis explorat quo commodissime itinere vallem transire possit.

a. V.150.3. Gallum ... repetit , asks again for the Gaul .

b. V.150.4. supra : see 148 4-6 .

c. V.150.6. faciat : ut omitted; cf. note on 108 1 . — se ... eum : notice the difference in meaning.

d. V.150.9. animo : ABL of specification.

e. V.150.14. aequo animo , etc., he thought that he might well be content to slacken his speed .

f. V.150.16. haec : referring to castra , and obj. of contrahit . — hominum : a pred. gen. after erant .

g. V.150.17. milium VII : these legions averaged, then, 3500 men each, and this was somewhat less than the normal strength; see chapter on military affairs, I. I .

h. V.150.18. angustiis viarum : i.e. narrow paths or streets within the camp; angustiis , a loose use of ABL of means, a very elastic construction. The ABL in Latin contains three different cases, from , with or by , and at , so that its range of meaning is very wide.

i. V.150.19. hostibus : dat. of reference.

V.50. Eo die parvulis equestribus proeliis ad aquam factis utrique sese suo loco continent: [2] Galli, quod ampliores copias, [3] quae nondum convenerant, exspectabant; Caesar, si forte timoris simulatione hostes in suum locum elicere posset, ut citra vallem pro castris proelio contenderet, si id efficere non posset, [4] ut exploratis itineribus minore cum periculo vallem rivumque transiret. Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit proeliumque cum nostris equitibus committit. [5] Caesar consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere iubet, simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri portasque obstrui atque in his administrandis rebus quam maxime concursari et cum simulatione agi timoris iubet.

a. V.150.23. Galli : sc. sese continent .

b. V.150.24. Caesar , etc.: translate as if Caesar sese continet ut, si , etc.— si ... posset : future protasis of ut contenderet , which, expressing a purpose, has a future force; see § 516. d (307. d) ; G. 595 ; cf. H-B. 582. 2 . The same construction is repeated in the next sentence.

c. V.151.3. equites ... castra : notice that with iubeo and veto either the person or the thing may be the subject of the dependent INF, or the verb may even be used impersonally, as in concursari .

V.51. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias traducunt aciemque iniquo loco constituunt, nostris vero etiam de vallo deductis propius accedunt et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus partibus coniciunt [2] praeconibusque circummissis pronuntiari iubent, seu quis Gallus seu Romanus velit ante horam tertiam ad se transire, sine periculo licere; post id tempus non fore potestatem: [3] ac sic nostros contempserunt, ut obstructis in speciem portis singulis ordinibus caespitum, quod ea non posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas complere inciperent. [4] Tum Caesar omnibus portis eruptione facta equitatuque emisso celeriter hostes in fugam dat, sic uti omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo, magnumque ex eis numerum occidit atque omnes armis exuit.

a. V.151.12. velit : dir. volet .

b. V.151.16. ea : an adverb.

c. V.151.21. exuit : i.e. by forcing them to throw their arms away as they fled.

V.52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque intercedebant neque etiam parvulo detrimento illorum locum relinqui videbat, omnibus suis incolumibus copiis eodem die ad Ciceronem pervenit. [2] Institutas turres, testudines munitionesque hostium admiratur; legione producta cognoscit non decimum quemque esse reliquum militem sine vulnere: [3] ex his omnibus iudicat rebus, quanto cum periculo et quanta cum virtute res sint administratae. [4] Ciceronem pro eius merito legionemque collaudat; centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De casu Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis cognoscit. [5] Postero die contione habita rem gestam proponit, milites consolatur et confirmat: [6] quod detrimentum culpa et temeritate legati sit acceptum, hoc aequiore animo ferendum docet, quod beneficio deorum immortalium et virtute eorum expiato incommodo neque hostibus diutina laetatio neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur.

a. V.151.23.

b. V.151.27. decimum quemque , one man in ten .

c. V.152.6. certius : the letter of Labienus had given him the first news of this; see 149 7 .

d. V.152.7. rem gestam [esse]: i.e the destruction of Sabinus and Cotta.

e. V.152.8. quod detrimentum = detrimentum quod ; observe that a ref. clause standing first usually incorporates its antecedent.

f. V.152.9. hoc : the usual ABL of cause (properly degree of difference) with comparatives.

g. V.152.10. beneficio deorum : cf. 10 17 and note .

V.53. Interim ad Labienum per Remos incredibili celeritate de victoria Caesaris fama perfertur, ut, cum ab hibernis Ciceronis milia passuum abesset circiter LX, eoque post horam nonam diei Caesar pervenisset, ante mediam noctem ad portas castrorum clamor oreretur, quo clamore significatio victoriae gratulatioque ab Remis Labieno fieret. [2] Hac fama ad Treveros perlata Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra Labieni oppugnare decreverat, noctu profugit copiasque omnes in Treveros reducit. [3] Caesar Fabium cum sua legione remittit in hiberna, ipse cum tribus legionibus circum Samarobrivam trinis hibernis hiemare constituit et, quod tanti motus Galliae exstiterant, totam hiemem ipse ad exercitum manere decrevit. [4] Nam illo incommodo de Sabini morte perlato omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello consultabant, nuntios legationesque in omnes partes dimittebant et quid reliqui consili caperent atque unde initium belli fieret explorabant nocturnaque in locis desertis concilia habebant. [5] Neque ullum fere totius hiemis tempus sine sollicitudine Caesaris intercessit, quin aliquem de consiliis ac motu Gallorum nuntium acciperet. [6] In his ab Lucio Roscio, quem legioni tertiae decimae praefecerat, certior factus est magnas Gallorum copias earum civitatum, quae Armoricae appellantur, oppugnandi sui causa convenisse [7] neque longius milia passuum octo ab hibernis suis afuisse, sed nuntio allato de victoria Caesaris discessisse, adeo ut fugae similis discessus videretur.

a. V.152.15. eo : i.e. at Cicero's camp. Caesar arrived there about three o'clock, and the news of his victory reached Labienus, sixty miles away, before midnight.

b. V.152.19. Indutiomarus : see 120 2-4 , 135 1 .

c. V.153.2. trinis : § 137. b (95. b) ; B. 81. 4. b ; G. 97. R. 3 ; H. 164. 3 (174. 2. 3) ; H-B. 247. 1. a .

d. V.153.4. ad exercitum manere : contrary to his usual course, which was, for political reasons, to keep in near communication with Italy.

e. V.153.7. quid ... caperent : what future plan they should adopt .

f. V.153.10. quin ... acciperet : result clause after neque ... intercessit ; see § 558 (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 554 ; H. 570 (500. ii) ; cf. H-B. 521. 2 .

g. V.153.11. in his : i.e. consiliis or nuntiis .

h. V.153.12. L. Roscio : see 133 16 .

i. V.153.13. Gallorum ]: may be translated.

j. V.153.14. Aremoricae : i.e. the natives along the coast of the Atlantic.

k. V.153.15. afuisse : notice the tense, they had been, but , etc.

V.54. At Caesar principibus cuiusque civitatis ad se evocatis alias territando, cum se scire quae fierent denuntiaret, alias cohortando magnam partem Galliae in officio tenuit. [2] Tamen Senones, quae est civitas in primis firma et magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis, Cavarinum, quem Caesar apud eos regem constituerat, cuius frater Moritasgus adventu in Galliam Caesaris cuiusque maiores regnum obtinuerant, interficere publico consilio conati, cum ille praesensisset ac profugisset, usque ad fines insecuti [3] regno domoque expulerunt et, missis ad Caesarem satisfaciendi causa legatis, cum is omnem ad se senatum venire iussisset, dicto audientes non fuerunt. [4] Ac tantum apud homines barbaros valuit esse aliquos repertos principes inferendi belli tantamque omnibus voluntatum commutationem attulit, ut praeter Aeduos et Remos, quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit, alteros pro vetere ac perpetua erga populum Romanum fide, alteros pro recentibus Gallici belli officiis, nulla fere civitas fuerit non suspecta nobis. [5] Idque adeo haud scio mirandumne sit, cum compluribus aliis de causis, tum maxime quod ei, qui virtute belli omnibus gentibus praeferebantur, tantum se eius opinionis deperdidisse ut a populo Romano imperia perferrent gravissime dolebant.

a. V.153.19. alias ... alias : see vocab. — cum ... denuntiaret , by announcing , etc. The descriptive cum clause admits a great variety of translations.

b. V.153.22. Cavarinum : obj. of interficere .

c. V.153.23. Moritasgus : sc. regnum obtinebat , from regnum obtinuerant in the next line.

d. V.153.24. adventu (abl. of time), at the time of , etc.

e. V.153.25. publico consilio , by general consent , or on the authority of the people , not a private act of revenge, or the like. — conati : agreeing with Senones .— ille : i.e. Cavarinus.

f. V.153.26. regno domoque : i.e. as a king and as a citizen as well.

g. V.154.1. valuit ... attulit : these verbs have for their subject esse , etc., and such an influence did it have that some had been found , etc ... . and such a change did this fact produce that , etc.

h. V.154.4. alteros ... alteros : see vocab.

i. V.154.6. adeo (emphatic), in fact .

j. V.154.7. cum ... tum maxime quod , not only for several other reasons, but especially because .

k. V.154.8. praeferebantur , used to be held superior .

V.55. Treveri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis nullum tempus intermiserunt, quin trans Rhenum legatos mitterent, civitates sollicitarent, pecunias pollicerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfecta multo minorem superesse dicerent partem. [2] Neque tamen ulli civitati Germanorum persuaderi potuit, ut Rhenum transiret, cum se bis expertos dicerent, Ariovisti bello et Tencterorum transitu: non esse amplius fortunam temptaturos. Hac spe lapsus Indutiomarus nihilo minus copias cogere, [3] exercere, a finitimis equos parare, exules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit. [4] Ac tantam sibi iam his rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat ut undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque peterent.

a. V.154.12. quin mitterent , etc.: cf. 153 10 .

b. V.154.15. ulli civitati , etc.: cf. 56 24 .

c. V.154.16. cum ... dicerent : a common periphrasis for our pres. part. — bis : see Bk. i. chs. 31-54 ; Bk. iv. chs. 1-15 .

d. V.154.20. tota Gallia , throughout Gaul ; see note on 150 18 .

V.56. Vbi intellexit ultro ad se veniri, altera ex parte Senones Carnutesque conscientia facinoris instigari, altera Nervios Aduatucosque bellum Romanis parare, neque sibi voluntariorum copias defore, si ex finibus suis progredi coepisset, armatum concilium indicit. Hoc more Gallorum est initium belli, [2] quo lege communi omnes puberes armati convenire consuerunt; qui ex eis novissimus convenit, in conspectu multitudinis omnibus cruciatibus affectus necatur. [3] In eo concilio Cingetorigem, alterius principem factionis, generum suum, quem supra demonstravimus Caesaris secutum fidem ab eo non discessisse, hostem iudicat bonaque eius publicat. [4] His rebus confectis, in concilio pronuntiat arcessitum se a Senonibus et Carnutibus aliisque compluribus Galliae civitatibus; [5] huc iturum per fines Remorum eorumque agros popula turum ac, priusquam id faciat, castra Labieni oppugnaturum. Quae fieri velit praecipit.

a. V.154.25. ultro veniri : i.e. that there was a spontaneous rising for his support.

b. V.154.26. Senones , Carnutes : about Sens and Chartres . The latter are not mentioned before, but seem to have taken part against Cavarinus.

c. V.154.28. defore si ... coepisset : a fut. condition. What in dir. disc. ?

d. V.155.1. hoc : subj. of est .

e. V.155.2. quo , at which (lit. whither ).

f. V.155.6. supra : see 118 25 ff .

V.57. Labienus, cum et loci natura et manu munitissumis castris sese teneret, de suo ac legionis periculo nihil timebat; ne quam occasionem rei bene gerendae dimitteret, cogitabat. [2] Itaque a Cingetorige atque eius propinquis oratione Indutiomari cognita, quam in concilio habuerat, nuntios mittit ad finitimas civitates equitesque undique evocat: his certum diem conveniendi dicit. [3] Interim prope cotidie cum omni equitatu Indutiomarus sub castris eius vagabatur, alias ut situm castrorum cognosceret, alias colloquendi aut territandi causa: equites plerumque omnes tela intra vallum coniciebant. [4] Labienus suos intra munitionem continebat timorisque opinionem, quibuscumque poterat rebus, augebat.

a. V.155.10. huc : i.e.on his way to the Senones and Carnutes he will go through the territory of the Remi.

V.58. Cum maiore in dies contemptione Indutiomarus ad castra accederet, nocte una intromissis equitibus omnium finitimarum civitatum quos arcessendos curaverat, tanta diligentia omnes suos custodiis intra castra continuit, ut nulla ratione ea res enuntiari aut ad Treveros perferri posset. [2] Interim ex consuetudine cotidiana Indutiomarus ad castra accedit atque ibi magnam partem diei consumit; equites tela coniciunt et magna cum contumelia verborum nostros ad pugnam evocant. [3] Nullo ab nostris dato responso, ubi visum est, sub vesperum dispersi ac dissipati discedunt. [4] Subito Labienus duabus portis omnem equitatum emittit; praecipit atque interdicit, proterritis hostibus atque in fugam coniectis (quod fore, sicut accidit, videbat) unum omnes peterent Indutiomarum, neu quis quem prius vulneret, quam illum interfectum viderit, quod mora reliquorum spatium nactum illum effugere nolebat; magna proponit eis qui occiderint praemia; [5] summittit cohortes equitibus subsidio. [6] Comprobat hominis consilium fortuna, et cum unum omnes peterent, in ipso fluminis vado deprehensus Indutiomarus interficitur, caputque eius refertur in castra: redeuntes equites quos possunt consectantur atque occidunt. [7] Hac re cognita omnes Eburonum et Nerviorum quae convenerant copiae discedunt, pauloque habuit post id factum Caesar quietiorem Galliam.

a. V.155.26. in dies : see vocab.

b. V.156.1. arcessendos curaverat : cf. 117 4 .

c. V.156.10. praecipit : refers to peterent ; interdicit to neu volneret .— proterritis hostibus , etc.: translate by a temporal clause, when, etc.

d. V.156.13. mora reliquorum : lit. the delay of the others . The regular way of expressing the relation between two nouns is by the use of the genitive. Here the delay caused by the pursuit of the others is characteristically looked upon as belonging to them. Translate, by waiting to attack the others .

e. V.156.14. spatium nactum , gaining time .

f. V.156.18. redeuntis : i.e. from the pursuit of Indutiomarus.

VI COMMENTARIUS SEXTUS

VI.1 VI.2 VI.3 VI.4 VI.5 VI.6 VI.7 VI.8 VI.9 VI.10 VI.11 VI.12 VI.13 VI.14 VI.15 VI.16 VI.17 VI.18 VI.19 VI.20 VI.21 VI.22 VI.23 VI.24 VI.25 VI.26 VI.27 VI.28 VI.29 VI.30 VI.31 VI.32 VI.33 VI.34 VI.35 VI.36 VI.37 VI.38 VI.39 VI.40 VI.41 VI.42 VI.43 VI.44

VI.1. Multis de causis Caesar maiorem Galliae motum exspectans per Marcum Silanum, Gaium Antistium Reginum, Titum Sextium legatos delectum habere instituit. [2] Simul ab Gnaeo Pompeio proconsule petit, quoniam ipse ad urbem cum imperio rei publicae causa remaneret, quos ex Cisalpina Gallia consulis sacramento rogavisset, [3] ad signa convenire et ad se proficisci iuberet, magni interesse etiam in reliquum tempus ad opinionem Galliae existimans tantas videri Italiae facultates ut, si quid esset in bello detrimenti acceptum, non modo id brevi tempore sarciri, sed etiam maioribus augeri copiis posset. [4] Quod cum Pompeius et rei publicae et amicitiae tribuisset, celeriter confecto per suos dilectu tribus ante exactam hiemem et constitutis et adductis legionibus duplicatoque earum cohortium numero, quas cum Quinto Titurio amiserat, et celeritate et copiis docuit, quid populi Romani disciplina atque opes possent.

a. VI.157.1. multis de causis : viz. the profitless expedition to Britain, the desertion of Dumnorix, the loss of Cotta and Sabinus, and the sudden revolt led by Indutiomarus (see Bk. iv. chs. 55-58 ).

b. VI.157.2. per Silanum : the regular construction of the means when it is a person; cf. 57 3 and note .

c. VI.157.3. delectum : i.e in Italy.

d. VI.157.4. proconsule : Pompey had been consul B.C. 55. He was now nominally proconsul of Spain, with six legions; but he remained in Italy, ruling his province through legati .— ad urbem (not in urbe ): as long as he was in military command ( cum imperio ), he could not enter the city.

e. VI.157.5. rei publicae causā : this business was the superintending of the corn supply ( cura annonae ).— quos ... rogavisset , whom he had enlisted when consul from Cisalpine Gaul ; the verb rogare is used of a commander sacramento rogare means to enlist ; quos : sc. the antecedent eos as obj. of iuberet and subj. of convenire and proficisci .— Cisalpina Gallia : this was Caesar's own province. But Pompey and Crassus had received authority to raise troops where they pleased, and in whatever number.

f. VI.157.7. iuberet : SUB of purpose, with ut omitted, following petit cf. 108 1 .— magni : cf. 52 11 and note .— etiam , etc.: i.e. not merely for this campaign, but for the Roman prestige in future.

g. VI.157.8. opinionem Galliae : subj. gen.

h. VI.158.2. augeri : does not refer to detrimentum , but to Caesar's force (implied). This linking of different ideas with a word that properly belong only to one is called zeugma .

i. VI.158.3. quod : i.e. the loan of the legion.— amicitiae : Casar and Pompey were still openly friends, though by the recent death of Julia, Caesar's daughter and Pompey's wife, as well as by the death of Crassus, the political coalition which united them had been dissolved, and an open rupture soon followed. The legion now forwarded to Caesar was demanded back two or three years later.

j. VI.158.5. constitutis et adductis : i.e. two levied and one borrowed.

k. VI.158.6. duplicato : fifteen cohorts had been lost under Sabinus ( Bk. v. chs. 26-37 ). The three legions now received had of course thirty cohorts. The new legions were known as I, III, and XIV, the last taking the place of the legion and a half that had been lost under Sabinus at Aduatuca. Caesar now led ten legions.

VI.2. Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad eius propinquos a Treveris imperium defertur. Illi finitimos Germanos sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt. Cum ab proximis impetrare non possent, [2] ulteriores temptant. Inventis nonnullis civitatibus iureiurando inter se confirmant obsidibusque de pecunia cavent: Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adiungunt. [3] Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios, Aduatucos ac Menapios adiunctis Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis esse in armis, Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus finitimisque civitatibus consilia communicare, a Treveris Germanos crebris legationibus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bello cogitandum putavit.

a. VI.158.9a.

b. VI.158.9b. ut docuimus : see Bk. v. ch. 58 .

c. VI.158.13. civitatibus : i.e. of the Germans.— inter se , each other, a common use of the phrase in any reciprocal relation.

d. VI.158.14. obsidibus ... cavent , by hostages give security for the money , i.e. the money promised the Germans for their help.— Ambiorigem : the clever and patriotic chief of the Eburones, who had entrapped and destroyed Sabinus.

e. VI.158.20. maturius : i.e. earlier than usual.

VI.3. Itaque nondum hieme confecta proximis quattuor coactis legionibus de improviso in fines Nerviorum contendit et, [2] priusquam illi aut convenire aut profugere possent, magno pecoris atque hominum numero capto atque ea praeda militibus concessa vastatisque agris in deditionem venire atque obsides sibi dare coegit. [3] Eo celeriter confecto negotio rursus in hiberna legiones reduxit. [4] Concilio Galliae primo vere, ut instituerat, indicto, cum reliqui praeter Senones, Carnutes Treverosque venissent, initium belli ac defectionis hoc esse arbitratus, ut omnia postponere videretur, concilium Lutetiam Parisiorum transfert. [5] Confines erant hi Senonibus civitatemque patrum memoria coniunxerant, sed ab hoc consilio afuisse existimabantur. [6] Hac re pro suggestu pronuntiata eodem die cum legionibus in Senones proficiscitur magnisque itineribus eo pervenit.

a. VI.158.22. nondum , etc.: notice that it is the promptness and dash of Caesar's operations that win the victory in almost every case.

b. VI.158.23. Nerviorum : see note on 68 18 .

c. VI.158.24. possent : for mood, see § 551. b (327) ; B. 292 ; G. 577 ; H. 605. 2 (520. i. 2) ; H-B. 507. 4. b ; cf. 38 27 and note . Here, as with cum , there is an inner connection between the two clauses. It is not merely before they were in a position to gather, but before they could get a chance to gather.

d. VI.158.25. praedā , as booty ; eā (referring to magno ... numero ) agrees by attraction with the appositive ( § 296. a (195. d) ; B. 250. 3 ; G. 211. R. 5 ; H. 396. 2 (445. 4) ; H-B. 326. 1 ).

e. VI.158.27. coegit : sc. eos .

f. VI.159.2. ut ... videretur : i.e. to show that he was determined to put down the rising at once.

g. VI.159.3. Lutetiam : the first mention in history of Paris , which was a place of no great importance until its occupation as a royal town by the Franks in A.D. 502. The original place of meeting had perhaps been Samarobriva ( Amiens ). Caesar apparently considered Lutetia a point nearer the scene of operations, and proceeded at once to the affected district.

h. VI.159.4. civitatem ... coniunxerant : i.e. with the Senones. This was a close political union, not a mere military league ( foedus ).

i. VI.159.5. hoc consilio : the new confederacy (cf. Bk. vii. ch. 75 ).— hac re : the removal to Lutetia.— pro suggestu , in front of the platform ; i.e. by public announcement, not special notification to the commanders. See chapter on military affairs, V .

VI.4. Cognito eius adventu Acco, qui princeps eius consili fuerat, iubet in oppida multitudinem convenire. Conantibus, priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur. [2] Necessario sententia desistunt legatosque deprecandi causa ad Caesarem mittunt: adeunt per Aeduos, quorum antiquitus erat in fide civitas. [3] Libenter Caesar petentibus Aeduis dat veniam excusationemque accipit, quod aestivum tempus instantis belli, non quaestionis esse arbitrabatur. [4] Obsidibus imperatis centum hos Aeduis custodiendos tradit. [5] Eodem Carnutes legatos obsidesque mittunt usi deprecatoribus Remis, quorum erant in clientela: eadem ferunt responsa. [6] Peragit concilium Caesar equitesque imperat civitatibus.

a. VI.159.9. conantibus (sc. eis , ABL absolute), while they were attempting to effect the gathering.

b. VI.159.12. quorum in fide , under whose protection ; i.e. of the Haedui, whose supremacy had once extended over the greater part of Gaul.

c. VI.159.13. libenter , etc.: but Acco was afterwards put to death; see ch. 44 .

d. VI.159.15. instantis belli : (pred. gen.) i.e. the war against the Treveri and Ambiorix.

e. VI.159.16. custodiendos : gerundive expressing purpose, § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b. 2 ; G. 430 ; H. 622 (544. 2. N. 2) ; H-B. 605. 2 ; cf. also 117 4 , 156 1 .

f. VI.159.19. equites : the cavalry of the Roman armies was wholly furnished by the subject-allies.

g. VI.159.20. civitatibus : cf. 117 17 , 130 24 .

VI.5. Hac parte Galliae pacata totus et mente et animo in bellum Treverorum et Ambiorigis insistit. [2] Cavarinum cum equitatu Senonum secum proficisci iubet, ne quis aut ex huius iracundia aut ex eo, quod meruerat, odio civitatis motus exsistat. [3] His rebus constitutis, quod pro explorato habebat Ambiorigem proelio non esse concertaturum, reliqua eius consilia animo circumspiciebat. [4] Erant Menapii propinqui Eburonum finibus, perpetuis paludibus silvisque muniti, qui uni ex Gallia de pace ad Caesarem legatos numquam miserant. Cum his esse hospitium Ambiorigi sciebat; item per Treveros venisse Germanis in amicitiam cognoverat. [5] Haec prius illi detrahenda auxilia existimabat quam ipsum bello lacesseret, ne desperata salute aut se in Menapios abderet aut cum Transrhenanis congredi cogeretur. [6] Hoc inito consilio totius exercitus impedimenta ad Labienum in Treveros mittit duasque legiones ad eum proficisci iubet; ipse cum legionibus expeditis quinque in Menapios proficiscitur. [7] Illi nulla coacta manu loci praesidio freti in silvas paludesque confugiunt suaque eodem conferunt.

a. VI.159.22. Cavarinum : a chief appointed at Caesar's dictation, and odious to his tribe ( 153 21-29 ). Hence came his animosity ( iracundia ) against the state which had driven him into exile.

b. VI.159.24. meruerat : implying a harsh and tyrannical rule, which had aroused the hatred of the state. Either the old odium of Cavarinus or his new animosity against the state might cause a disturbance.

c. VI.159.25. pro explorato habebat , he considered certain .

d. VI.159.26. reliqua , etc.: i.e. he considered what else Ambiorix would be likely to do.

e. VI.160.4. venisse : understand eum (Ambiorix).

f. VI.160.5. haec ... auxilia : i.e. both the Menapii and the Germans.— prius , with quam . Notice that the parts of this word are very often illi , a dat. rendered by from , instead of the ABL of separation; § 381 (229) ; B. 188. 2. d ; G. 345. R. 1 ; H. 427 (385. ii. 2) ; H-B. 371 .

g. VI.160.6. lacesseret : SUB in indir. disc., following existimabat .

h. VI.160.7. congredi , to form an alliance with .

i. VI.160.11. praesidio : cf. 89 5 .

VI.6. Caesar partitis copiis cum Gaio Fabio legato et Marco Crasso quaestore celeriterque effectis pontibus adit tripertito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur. [2] Quibus rebus coacti Menapii legatos ad eum pacis petendae causa mittunt. [3] Ille obsidibus acceptis hostium se habiturum numero confirmat, si aut Ambiorigem aut eius legatos finibus suis recepissent. His confirmatis rebus Commium Atrebatem cum equitatu custodis loco in Menapiis relinquit; ipse in Treveros proficiscitur.

a. VI.160.14. tripartito : in three columns, on different roads.

b. VI.160.20. Commium : appointed king of the Atrebates by Caesar ( 106 13-17 ). He served as Caesar's friend and ally in Britain and elsewhere, but finally joined in the great revolt against him ( Bk. vii. ch. 76 ).— custodis loco , as a guard .

VI.7. Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treveri magnis coactis peditatus equitatusque copiis Labienum cum una legione, quae in eorum finibus hiemaverat, adoriri parabant. [2] Iamque ab eo non longius bidui via aberant, cum duas venisse legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt. [3] Positis castris a milibus passuum XV auxilia Germanorum exspectare constituunt. [4] Labienus hostium cognito consilio sperans temeritate eorum fore aliquam dimicandi facultatem praesidio quinque cohortium impedimentis relicto cum viginti quinque cohortibus magnoque equitatu contra hostem proficiscitur et mille passuum intermisso spatio castra communit. [5] Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili transitu flumen ripisque praeruptis. Hoc neque ipse transire habebat in animo neque hostes transituros existimabat. [6] Augebatur auxiliorum cotidie spes. Loquitur in concilio palam, quoniam Germani appropinquare dicantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum et postero die prima luce castra moturum. Celeriter haec ad hostes deferuntur, [7] ut ex magno Gallorum equitum numero nonnullos Gallicis rebus favere natura cogebat. [8] Labienus noctu tribunis militum primisque ordinibus convocatis, quid sui sit consili proponit et, quo facilius hostibus timoris det suspicionem, maiore strepitu et tumultu, quam populi Romani fert consuetudo castra moveri iubet. His rebus fugae similem profectionem effecit. [9] Haec quoque per exploratores ante lucem in tanta propinquitate castrorum ad hostes deferuntur.

a. VI.160.23. dum geruntur : the regular construction with dum cf. 113 1 and note .

b. VI.160.25. in eorum finibus : see Bk. v. ch. 24 .

c. VI.160.26. via : ABL after longius .— cum ... cognoscunt : not like the descriptive cum , but really the main proposition. See § 546. a (325. b) ; B. 288. 2 ; G. 581 ; H. 600. i. 1 ; H-B. 566. a .

d. VI.160.27. a (adverbial), away .

e. VI.161.1. impedimentis : i.e. the greater part of the heavy baggage. He took a small baggage-train with him (see 161 28 ); but probably on what was necessary.

f. VI.161.4. flumen : probably some stream flowing into the Meuse ( Mosa ), perhaps the AIzette.

g. VI.161.5. transire , transituros : notice the regular use of these two constructions side by side: the first verb ( habebat in animo ) expresses intention and has the simple compl. INF; the second ( existimabat ) is a verb of thinking and takes the indir. disc. This is one of the most important distinctions in Latin Grammar.

h. VI.161.6. augebatur : i.e. in the minds of the Treveri.

i. VI.161.7. spes , their (the Treveri) hope .— loquitur : i.e. Labienus.— palam , freely or openly , on purpose to be heard, but not in a set speech.

j. VI.161.10. castra moturum : of course to withdraw.

k. VI.161.12. natura : i.e. their natural attachment to their own land.

l. VI.161.13. consili : pred. gen.; cf. 18 19 .

VI.8. Vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat, cum Galli cohortati inter se, ne speratam praedam ex manibus dimitterent--longum esse perterritis Romanis Germanorum auxilium exspectare, neque suam pati dignitatem ut tantis copiis tam exiguam manum praesertim fugientem atque impeditam adoriri non audeant--flumen transire et iniquo loco committere proelium non dubitant. [2] Quae fore suspicatus Labienus, ut omnes citra flumen eliceret, eadem usus simulatione itineris placide progrediebatur. [3] Tum praemissis paulum impedimentis atque in tumulo quodam collocatis "Habetis," inquit, "milites, quam petistis facultatem: hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis: [4] praestate eandem nobis ducibus virtutem, quam saepe numero imperatori praestitistis, atque illum adesse et haec coram cernere existimate." [5] Simul signa ad hostem converti aciemque dirigi iubet, et paucis turmis praesidio ad impedimenta dimissis reliquos equites ad latera disponit. [6] Celeriter nostri clamore sublato pila in hostes immittunt. Illi, ubi praeter spem quos fugere credebant infestis signis ad se ire viderunt, impetum modo ferre non potuerunt ac primo concursu in fugam coniecti proximas silvas petierunt. [7] Quos Labienus equitatu consectatus, magno numero interfecto, compluribus captis, paucis post diebus civitatem recepit. Nam Germani qui auxilio veniebant percepta Treverorum fuga sese domum receperunt. [8] Cum his propinqui Indutiomari, qui defectionis auctores fuerant, comitati eos ex civitate excesserunt. [9] Cingetorigi, quem ab initio permansisse in officio demonstravimus, principatus atque imperium est traditum.

a. VI.161.20. cum : see note on 160 26 .

b. VI.161.21. longum esse , it would be tedious ; § 437. a (264. b) ; B. 271. 1. b ; G. 254. R. 1 ; H. 525. 2 (476. 5) ; H-B. 582. 3 and b .

c. VI.162.4. imperatori : Caesar, who alone had the imperium , or military authority. Labienus was only dux .

d. VI.162.6. derigi : i.e. to be formed and aligned ; the verb properly has only the latter meaning, the former is only implied.

e. VI.162.8. celeriter , etc.: see chapter on military affairs, VII .

f. VI.162.14. recepit , recovered to obedience.— auxillo ; dat. of service.

g. VI.162.16. comitati eos , in company with them (the Germans).

h. VI.162.18. demonstravimus : see Bk. v. chs. 3, 4, and 56 .

VI.9. Caesar, postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, duabus de causis Rhenum transire constituit; quarum una erat, quod auxilia contra se Treveris miserant, [2] altera, ne ad eos Ambiorix receptum haberet. [3] His constitutis rebus paulum supra eum locum quo ante exercitum traduxerat facere pontem instituit. [4] Nota atque instituta ratione magno militum studio paucis diebus opus efficitur. [5] Firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio relicto, ne quis ab his subito motus oreretur, reliquas copias equitatumque traducit. [6] Vbii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem venerant, purgandi sui causa ad eum legatos mittunt, qui doceant neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros missa neque ab se fidem laesam: [7] petunt atque orant ut sibi parcat, ne communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro nocentibus poenas pendant; si amplius obsidum vellet, dare pollicentur. [8] Cognita Caesar causa reperit ab Suebis auxilia missa esse; Vbiorum satisfactionem accipit, aditus viasque in Suebos perquirit.

a. VI.162.24. paulo supra , a little above , or to the south, probably near Andernach .

b. VI.162.25. nota ... ratione = on the plan already tried and approved (cf. Bk. iv. ch. 17 ).

c. VI.163.1. purgandi sui ( § 504. c (298. a) ; B. 339. 5 ; G. 428. R. 1 ; H. 626. 3 (542. 1. N. 1) ); H-B. 614 ; cf. 77 3 , 115 2 .

d. VI.163.5. cognita , having inquired into .

VI.10. Interim paucis post diebus fit ab Vbiis certior Suebos omnes in unum locum copias cogere atque eis nationibus quae sub eorum sint imperio denuntiare, ut auxilia peditatus equitatusque mittant. [2] His cognitis rebus rem frumentariam providet, castris idoneum locum deligit; Vbiis imperat ut pecora deducant suaque omnia ex agris in oppida conferant, sperans barbaros atque imperitos homines inopia cibariorum adductos ad iniquam pugnandi condicionem posse deduci; [3] mandat, ut crebros exploratores in Suebos mittant quaeque apud eos gerantur cognoscant. [4] Illi imperata faciunt et paucis diebus intermissis referunt: Suebos omnes, posteaquam certiores nuntii de exercitu Romanorum venerint, cum omnibus suis sociorumque copiis, quas coegissent, penitus ad extremos fines se recepisse: [5] silvam esse ibi infinita magnitudine, quae appellatur Bacenis; hanc longe introrsus pertinere et pro nativo muro obiectam Cheruscos ab Suebis Suebosque ab Cheruscis iniuriis incursionibusque prohibere: ad eius initium silvae Suebos adventum Romanorum exspectare constituisse.

a. VI.163.9. paucis post diebus : § 424. f (259. d) ; B. 357. 1 ; G. 403. N. 4 ; H. 488. 1 (430) ; H-B. 424 .

b. VI.163.10. eis ... imperio : subject tribes, not confederate allies. Tacitus, however ( Ger. 38 ), represents the Suevi as a confederacy; its former subjects may, after Caesar's time, have been admitted to alliance.

c. VI.163.18. quaeque : -que connects mittant and cognoscant .

d. VI.163.22. silvam : this was the natural frontier and defence ( pro nativo muro ) of the north German plain towards the south. A range of wooded hills still borders the Saxon duchies on the north. The Cherusci held the valleys of the Weser and Elbe.

VI.11. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus et quo differant hae nationes inter sese proponere. [2] In Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus atque in omnibus pagis partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulis domibus factiones sunt, earumque factionum principes sunt [3] qui summam auctoritatem eorum iudicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium iudiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat. [4] Itaque eius rei causa antiquitus institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxili egeret: suos enim quisque opprimi et circumveniri non patitur, neque, aliter si faciat, ullam inter suos habet auctoritatem. [5] Haec eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae: namque omnes civitates in partes divisae sunt duas.

a. VI.164.1. locum , etc.: here there is really nothing to tell, as Caesar found the country deserted ( ch. 29 ), and returned at once to Gaul. We owe to this void in the narrative a most curious and entertaining glimpse into the geographic and ethnographic knowledge of the time. See the introductory chapters on Gaul and Germany.

b. VI.164.7. existimantur : is only explanatory, hence the IND
c. VI.164.8. quorum : the antecedent is principes.

d. VI.164.9. redeat : is characteristic ( § 535 (320) ; B. 283 ; G. 631. 1 ; H. 591. 1 (503. 1) ; cf. H-B. 521. 1 ). The idea seems to be: It is the chief men of these factions (those namely who are regarded as most influential) who have the supreme authority. Hence the effort of each of the chieftains to look out for his dependents. A good illustration is found in modern political bosses.

e. VI.164.10. ne ... egeret : in app. with eius rei , the past tense ( egeret ) taking its time from institutum [esse]: § 485. j, 585. a (287. i, 336. B. N. 2) ; B. 268. 7. b, 268. 2 ; G. 518 ; H. 548 (495. iv) ; H-B. 483 .

f. VI.164.13. haec ... Galliae , this same state of things exists in general throughout enitre Gaul .

g. VI.164.14. divisae : adj. use of the participle; cf. divisa , 1 1 .

VI.12. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani. [2] Hi cum per se minus valerent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus erat in Aeduis magnaeque eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adiunxerant eosque ad se magnis iacturis pollicitationibusque perduxerant. [3] Proeliis vero compluribus factis secundis atque omni nobilitate Aeduorum interfecta tantum potentia antecesserant, [4] ut magnam partem clientium ab Aeduis ad se traducerent obsidesque ab eis principum filios acciperent et publice iurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos consili inituros et partem finitimi agri per vim occupatam possiderent Galliaeque totius principatum obtinerent. [5] Qua necessitate adductus Diviciacus auxili petendi causa Romam ad senatum profectus infecta re redierat. [6] Adventu Caesaris facta commutatione rerum, obsidibus Aeduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, quod hi, qui se ad eorum amicitiam adgregaverant, [7] meliore condicione atque aequiore imperio se uti videbant, reliquis rebus eorum gratia dignitateque amplificata Sequani principatum dimiserant. In eorum locum Remi successerant: quos quod adaequare apud Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ei, qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Aeduis coniungi poterant, se Remis in clientelam dicabant. [8] Hos illi diligenter tuebantur: ita et novam et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant. [9] Eo tum statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur Aedui, secundum locum dignitatis Remi obtinerent.

a. VI.164.15. cum ... venit : notice the difference between this and the cum in descriptive clauses (cf. 11 7 , 49 1 ). Here it means merely 'at the time when, etc.,' and there is no inner connection with the main clause.

b. VI.164.16. Sequani : these succeeded to the domination of the Arverni (see Bk. i. ch. 31 ) — hi , the latter .

c. VI.164.17. antiquitus : really only a little while before, as the Haedui had risen by favor of the Romans.

d. VI.164.18. clientelae , dependencies . these were the petty tribes which grouped themselves about one or the other of the great rival states.

e. VI.164.24. iurare : i.e. the Haedui.

f. VI.164.25. nihil ... consili , no plans , part. gen.— et : connects cogerent and possiderent .

g. VI.164.27. Diviciacus : cf. 27 13 .

h. VI.165.1. infecta re , without effecting his object .

i. VI.165.2. adventu Caesaris ... dimiserant : this long Latin periodic sentence should in our idiom be rendered by several coordinate sentences (cf. note on 66 5 ).— facta commutatione : i.e. by his friendship to the Haedui and the defeat of Ariovistus ( Bk. i. chs. 31-53 ).

j. VI.165.4. ei : subj. of videbant .

k. VI.165.6. reliquis rebus : ABL of specification.

l. VI.165.8. adaequare , were equal ; i.e. to the Haedui. (The INF clause quos adaequare is the subj. of intellegebatur , which is used impersonally.)

m. VI.165.9. gratia : ABL of specification.

n. VI.165.11. dĭcabant : distinguish from dīcebant .

o. VI.165.13. statu : loc. ABL

VI.13. In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore, genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, nullo adhibetur consilio. [2] Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus: in hos eadem omnia sunt iura, quae dominis in servos. [3] Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est druidum, alterum equitum. [4] Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia publica ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur: ad hos magnus adulescentium numerus disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. [5] Nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisque constituunt, et, si quod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, de finibus controversia est, idem decernunt, praemia poenasque constituunt; [6] si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima. [7] Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant, neque his petentibus ius redditur neque honos ullus communicatur. [8] His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. [9] Hoc mortuo aut si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate succedit, aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio druidum, nonnumquam etiam armis de principatu contendunt. [10] hi certo anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco consecrato. Huc omnes undique, qui controversias habent, conveniunt eorumque decretis iudiciisque parent. [11] Disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur, [12] et nunc, qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt, plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.

a. VI.165.16. plebes : here a noun of the fifth declen.; cf. plebs .

b. VI.165.18. cum ... premuntur : a general condition expressing repeated action, cum meaning whenever or as often as . The perf. indict would be more usual; cf. 59 13 , 131 7 .

c. VI.165.21. quae dominis (dat. of poss.), as masters have .

d. VI.165.22. druidum (pred. gen.), that of the druids .— illi : the former .

e. VI.165.25. hi : i.e. the druids.

f. VI.165.26. eos : i.e. the Gauls.

g. VI.165.27. quod facinus , any crime .

h. VI.166.1. idem : NOM plural.

i. VI.166.2. qui : why not quis ? Observe also si qui in l. 10 below .

j. VI.166.3. sacrificiis : ABL of separation; understand eos with interdicunt .— poena : like an excommunication, taboo, or boycott.

k. VI.166.5. decedunt (with dat.): sc. de via (i.e. 'make way for' them in the street).

l. VI.166.6. incommodi : part. gen. following quid .

m. VI.166.13. Carnutum : this central spot was at or near the modern town of Dreux , where, it is said, traces of these assemblies may still be found.

n. VI.166.16. disciplina , system of doctrine ; cf. meaning of the same word in 165 25 .— Britannia : many think that druidism originated in Gaul and

VI.14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt; militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem. [2] Tantis excitati praemiis et sua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. [3] Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. [4] Neque fas esse existimant ea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus Graecis litteris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri velint neque eos, qui discunt, litteris confisos minus memoriae studere: quod fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant. [5] In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant metu mortis neglecto. [6] Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant et iuventuti tradunt.

a. VI.166.21.

b. VI.167.2. numerum versuum : i.e. their lore was put into verse to assist the memory.

c. VI.167.4. fas : the words fas and nefas refer to what is religiously right and wrong, in distinction from ius and iniuria , which refer to human obligations only.

d. VI.167.8. litteris confisos , by trusting to written words , a useful hint to teachers.

e. VI.167.11. hoc (acc.), more usually illud , refers to what follows; hoc (abl.) to what has just been said.

f. VI.167.12. transire : the belief in the transmigration of souls was common to many ancient peoples, and is still a tenet of some Eastern religions, especially of the Buddhists.

g. VI.167.15. mundi , the universe (system of things); terrarum (cf. orbis terrarum ), the world .

VI.15. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est usus atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod fere ante Caesaris adventum quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi iniurias inferrent aut illatas propulsarent), omnes in bello versantur, [2] atque eorum ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt.

a. VI.167.17. equitum : these made a sort of military nobility. It is interesting to compare the two "upper classes" here described with the ecclesiastics and feudal noblesse of France before the Revolution.— cum est : notice the force of the indicative. See note on cum ... premuntur , 165 18 .— usus : a noun; see vocab.

b. VI.167.21. ut quisque amplissimus ... ita plurimos , the more powerful ... the greater number ( § 313. b (93. c, at end) ; G. 642. R. 2 ; H. 515. 5 (458. 2) ).

c. VI.167.22. ambactos : this Celtic word was known as the equivalent of servus "slave," as early as the time of Ennius, 150 years before. Cf. 165 16-21 .

VI.16. Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus, [2] atque ob eam causam, qui sunt adfecti gravioribus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur, aut pro victimis homines immolant aut se immolaturos vovent administrisque ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur, quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, [3] non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur, publiceque eiusdem generis habent instituta sacrificia. Alii immani magnitudine simulacra habent, [4] quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent; quibus succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. [5] Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxia sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum eius generis copia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.

a. VI.167.27. homines immolant : it is not certain that the practice of human sacrifice existed so late as this in Gaul. Caesar appears not to have known any actual instances of it.

b. VI.168.3. plācārī : distinguish from placere .— publice : as opposed to the private ones just referred to.

c. VI.168.4. habent instituta : cf. 40 20 , 51 8 , and notes.

d. VI.168.9. cum ... deficit : cf. cum est , 167 17 .

VI.17. Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plurima simulacra: hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam. [2] De his eandem fere, quam reliquae gentes, habent opinionem: Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. [3] Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint plerumque devovent: cum superaverunt, animalia capta immolant reliquasque res in unum locum conferunt. [4] Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet; [5] neque saepe accidit, ut neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet, gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est.

a. VI.168.12. Mercurium : the gods had no such names, nor were they, in fact, the same gods; but they were identified with similar Roman divinities as nearly as possible. The name of the god whom the Romans identified with Mercury is lost ( Teutates? ); but it appears from inscriptions and images that his worship was very widespread and important throughout the period of the Empire. The other deities here mentioned appear Taranis , whose name appears to indicate that he was a god of thunder. He has been identified by some with a statuette bearing in its hand a long hammer or mallet, like the Scandinavian Thor . (See Esquisse de la Religion des Gaulois , by Henri Gadioz.)

b. VI.168.20. cum , etc.: see 165 18 and note.

c. VI.168.21. ceperint : SUB of informal indir. disc., for the fut. perf. inc. of the direct.

d. VI.169.2. neglecta religione : i.e. in violation of his vow.— capta , taken as spoil .— apud se , at his house .

e. VI.169.3. posita , consecrated as a gift .

VI.18. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant idque ab druidibus proditum dicunt. [2] Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum sed noctium finiunt; dies natales et mensum et annorum initia sic observant ut noctem dies subsequatur. [3] In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt, ut munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris adsistere turpe ducunt.

a. VI.169.5. Dite (see § 403. a. N. 1 (244. a. R.) ; B. 215. 2 ; G. 395 ; H. 469. 1 (415. ii. N) ; H-B. 413. b .), Pluto , the god of Darkness, or of the Underworld, meaning that they believe themselves to have sprung from the soil, the world below them.

b. VI.169.7. noctium , etc.: this usage is common to many primitive peoples; e.g. the Germans ( Tact. Ger. II ). Our word "fortnight " is a relic of it. It doubtless had its origin in keeping time by the changes of the moon.

c. VI.169.9. ut ... subsequatur : i.e. the calendar day began at sunset.

d. VI.169.10. fere (with hoc ): i.e. speaking loosely.— suos liberos , etc. The Romans, on the other hand, accustomed their sons to public life, and in early times even took them with them into the Senate. Again cum with the perf. ind. expressing repeated or customary action; cf. 168 20 . Observe that this perf. becomes a present in our idiom, expressing repeated action or a general truth.

e. VI.169.13. turpe ducunt , they consider it disgraceful , turpe being pred. adj. agreeing with the INF clause.

VI.19. Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine acceperunt, tantas ex suis bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus communicant. [2] Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur fructusque servantur: uter eorum vita superarit, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. [3] Viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem; et cum paterfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, eius propinqui conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem habent et, si compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. [4] Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa; omniaque quae vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia, ac paulo supra hanc memoriam servi et clientes, quos ab eis dilectos esse constabat, iustis funeribus confectis una cremabantur.

a. VI.169.14. quantas ... communicant : i.e. the husband deposits, in a common fund, an amount equal to the wife's marriage portion.

b. VI.169.16. ratio habetur , a reckoning is kept .

c. VI.169.17. fructus , revenues or profts .— vita : ABL of specification.

d. VI.169.19. viri in uxores , etc.: cf. the Roman patria potestas ; the rank of the wife was much higher among the Germans.

e. VI.169.22. de uxoribus : this would seem to imply polygamy among the Gauls. Probably it was limited to the chiefs, as among the Germans; see note on 48 6 .— in servilem modum , after the manner of slaves , i.e. by torture.

f. VI.169.23. compertum est : i.e. that there has been foul play.

g. VI.169.24. excruciates interficiunt : cf. 5 5 , 55 3 , and notes.— pro cultu , considering the degree of civilization .

h. VI.169.27. hanc = nostram (cf. 51 17 ), i.e. a generation ago.

i. VI.170.1. dilectos : distinguish from delectos .— iustis , regular , by conventional rule. When these had been fulfilled, the sacrifice of dependents was added. These usages are in accordance with the belief of the Gauls in immortality, which is fully attested.

VI.20. Quae civitates commodius suam rem publicam administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore aut fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat neve cum quo alio communicet, [2] quod saepe homines temerarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad facinus impelli et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. [3] Magistratus quae visa sunt occultant quaeque esse ex usu iudicaverunt multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur.

a. VI.170.3. quae civitates = eae civitates quae ; a relative clause standing first generally incorporates its antecedent.

b. VI.170.4. legibus sanctum , established by law , agreeing with the sentence si ... communicet (obj. of habent ); cf. 40 20 , 51 8 .

c. VI.170.6. neve , and that not , the regular connective for a negative purpose clause.— quo : indef., any one .

d. VI.170.7. quod saepe , etc.: cf. the lively account 97 9-17 .

e. VI.170.9. quae visa sunt , what they think fit to conceal (understand occultanda ).

f. VI.170.11. per concilium , by means (or, in the proceedings ) of the public assembly .

VI.21. Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam neque druides habent, qui rebus divinis praesint, neque sacrificiis student. [2] Deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus iuvantur, Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam, reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. [3] Vita omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit: ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. Qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt, [4] maximam inter suos ferunt laudem: hoc ali staturam, ali vires nervosque confirmari putant. [5] Intra annum vero vicesimum feminae notitiam habuisse in turpissimis habent rebus; cuius rei nulla est occultatio, quod et promiscue in fluminibus perluuntur et pellibus aut parvis renonum tegimentis utuntur magna corporis parte nuda.

a. VI.170.14. neque druides habent : i.e. this particular hierarchy. They had, however, both priests and priestesses, with religious forms public and private.

b. VI.170.15. deorum numero , etc. In this, Caesar's testimony is directly contradicted by Tacitus, who speaks (Ger. 9) of their worship of Mercury, Mars, and Hercules. This is almost the only contradiction hetween these writers, in whose accounts of political and other institutions there is a striking agreement. This is all the more remarkable when we bear in mind that Caesar went but little beyond the German frontier and had relatively little to do with them. This description of the Germans may be profitably compared with Caesar's account of the Suevi in the opening chapters of Bk. iv .

c. VI.170.19. a parvis , from childhood .— qui ... permanserunt : i.e. " who are slowest to outgrow " their boyhood. Cf. Tacitus : sera juvenum venus, eoque inexhausta pubertas ; and contrast the premature debaucheries of the Roman youth.

d. VI.170.20. hoc : ABL of cause.

e. VI.170.23. nulla occultatio : like the English there is no hiding .

f. VI.170.25. renonum : i.e. small cloaks of hide.— magnā ... nudā : ABL absolute

VI.22. Agriculturae non student, maiorque pars eorum victus in lacte, caseo, carne consistit. [2] Neque quisquam agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios; sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt atque anno post alio transire cogunt. [3] Eius rei multas adferunt causas: ne adsidua consuetudine capti studium belli gerendi agricultura commutent; ne latos fines parare studeant, potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant; ne accuratius ad frigora atque aestus vitandos aedificent; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; [4] ut animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari videat.

a. VI.170.26. agri culturae : as to this chapter, cf. what is said in the general Introduction to the volume and in Bk. iv. ch. 1 , where it is shown that the soil was tilled, not by the labor of old men, women, or slaves, but by that of the fighting men. In other words, the Germans were, though "barbarians," not (in one sense) a barbarous people.

b. VI.170.27. neque quisquam , etc: this temporary and shifting occupation cognationinbus ) is characteristic of a primitive society. Cf. the Introduction , as above.

c. VI.171.1. finis proprios , private lands .

d. VI.171.2. gentibus , etc.: in the general gathering for this assignment, each clan must have met by itself, and have been represented by its chief.

e. VI.171.3. quantum agri , as much land ; agri is part. gen.

f. VI.171.6. agri culturā : notice the use of the ABL ( § 416 (252) ; B. 225 ; G. 404 ; H. 478. 4 (422. N. 2) ; H-B. 427. 1, cf. 431 ), here to be rendered "for."— ne ... expellant : this was flagrant evil in Italy, which Caesar had attempted in his own consulship to check (by the lex agraria ), following the precedent of the Gracchi. There the potentiores had already succeeded in ousting the humiliores from their estates, and creating enormous plantations, latifundia , cultivated by slaves in place of the earlier peasant freeholds.

g. VI.171.11. cum ... videat : this looks as if the land was portioned in equal shares to rich and poor alike. But on this question there are many and various opinions, and, at any rate, the words do not prove a division to each man as a freehold.

VI.23. Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime circum se vastatis finibus solitudines habere. [2] Hoc proprium virtutis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam prope audere consistere: [3] simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur repentinae incursionis timore sublato. [4] Cum bellum civitas aut inlatum defendit aut infert, magistratus, qui ei bello praesint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. [5] In pace nullus est communis magistratus, sed principes regionum atque pagorum inter suos ius dicunt controversiasque minuunt. [6] Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cuiusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea iuventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant. [7] Atque ubi quis ex principibus in concilio dixit se ducem fore, qui sequi velint, profiteantur, consurgunt ei qui et causam et hominem probant suumque auxilium pollicentur atque ab multitudine collaudantur: [8] qui ex his secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur, omniumque his rerum postea fides derogatur. [9] Hospitem violare fas non putant; qui quacumque de causa ad eos venerunt, ab iniuria prohibent, sanctos habent, hisque omnium domus patent victusque communicatur.

a. VI.171.13. maxima laus : so in Bk. iv. ch. 3 .

b. VI.171.14. virtutis : § 385. c (234. d) ; B. 204. 2 ; G. 359. R. 1 ; H. 435. 4 (391. ii. 4) ; H-B. 339. c .

c. VI.171.16. prope , near ; consistere , to stay or settle . The INF clauses are in app. with hoc .

d. VI.171.17. cum ... infert : note the force of pres. indict with cum ; cf. 165 18 and note.

e. VI.171.18. magistratus ... deliguntur : by lot, according to the Saxon Bede, from among existing magistrates. The Goths, Burgundians, Franks, and Lombards, on the other hand, had real kings.

f. VI.171.19. praesint , habeant : SUB of characteristic.

g. VI.171.21. principes ... pagorum : these local and village chiefs, forming a sort of governing body, were probably the natural leaders each of his own district. They are said, however, to have been elected, no doubt for life, by an assembly of the tribe or nation ( Tact Ger. 12 ).

h. VI.171.22. latrocinia ... extra finīs : as with the "cattle-lifting raids" of the Scottish Borderers.

i. VI.171.25. ubi quis , etc., whenever any one , equivalent to the protasis of a general condition. This is the manner in which volunteers were mustered for the raids in question.

j. VI.171.26. profiteantur : representing an imperat. form in the dir. disc.

k. VI.172.2. omnium rerum fides , confidence in anything .

l. VI.172.3. qui ... venerunt : again the perf. indict in the protasis of a general condition,— whoever comes to them for any reason whatsoever ; cf. 168 20 .

VI.24. Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent, ultro bella inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. [2] Itaque ea quae fertilissima Germaniae sunt loca circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, quam illi Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt atque ibi consederunt; [3] quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet summamque habet iustitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem. [4] Nunc quod in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia qua Germani permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur; Gallis autem provinciarum propinquitas et transmarinarum rerum notitia multa ad copiam atque usus largitur, [6] paulatim adsuefacti superari multisque victi proeliis ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant.

a. VI.172.6. cum ... superarent : a clause of characteristic, such that , etc.; see § 535. a. N. 3 (322. R.) ; G. 631. 2 ; H. 591. 4 (503. 1. N. 2) ; H-B. 521. 1 .

b. VI.172.7. superarent , inferrent , mitterent : asyndeton, i.e. omission of connectives.

c. VI.172.10. Hercyniam silvam : the great wooded range extending from the Black Forest to the Bohemian Highlands.— Graecis : i.e. other Greeks, as Eratosthenes was a Greek, though not of Greece proper.

d. VI.172.11. Volcae Tectosages , etc.: occupying the southern part of Gaul, about Narbonne or Toulouse. A portion only had migrated to Germany; or, perhaps, had stayed behind from an early Celtic migration westward.

e. VI.172.16. Gallis : indir. obj. of largitur , multa being the dir. obj.

VI.25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitudo novem dierum iter expedito patet: non enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. [2] Oritur ab Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Rauracorum finibus rectaque fluminis Danubi regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium; [3] hinc se flectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionibus multarumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem adtingit; [4] neque quisquam est huius Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initium eius silvae dicat, cum dierum iter LX processerit, aut, quo ex loco oriatur, acceperit. [5] Multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae reliquis in locis visa non sint; ex quibus quae maxime differant ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur haec sunt.

a. VI.172.22. iter : ACC of extent; cf. 98 3 .— expedito (dat.): i.e. to a man unencumbered with baggage.— non ... noverunt : i.e. the Germans who live there. So at the present day, in the mountain regions of Germany and Switzerland, distance is measured by "hours" ( stunden ) instead of miles.

b. VI.172.24. Nemetum , etc.: along the middle course of the Rhine, where it flows northward from Bâle.— recta regione : i.e. parallel.

c. VI.172.25. Dacorum , etc.: occupying the eastern and western portions of Hungary.

d. VI.172.26. sinistrorsus : in reality it is the river which leaves the course of the forest or highland, bending abruptly to the right, or southward.

e. VI.173.1. huius : that familiar to the Romans, viz. western .

f. VI.173.2. aut audisse ]: may be omitted in translation.— initium : as we should say the end , eastward, where it is lost in the Carpathian range. Its extent, in a direct line, is stated as 1600 miles.

g. VI.173.3. processerit : SUB as an intermediate clause in inc. disc. for perf. indict
h. VI.173.4. acceperit : SUB of characteristic.

i. VI.173.5. quae , such as , followed by the SUB of characteristic.

j. VI.173.6. differant : SUB of characteristic.

VI.26. Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota sunt, cornibus: ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique late diffunduntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum.

a. VI.173.8. bos : this name seems to have been given loosely to any large-horned, unfamiliar beast, and even to the elephant; here it is perhaps the reindeer , which had anciently a wide-scattered range.

b. VI.173.9. unum cornu : this description is unintelligible.

c. VI.173.10. palmae ramique (hendiadys; cf. note on 28 25 ), branching antlers , evidently comparing the horns to a flat hand with branches like fingers.

VI.27. Sunt item, quae appellantur alces. Harum est consimilis capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine paulo antecedunt mutilaeque sunt cornibus et crura sine nodis articulisque habent [2] neque quietis causa procumbunt neque, si quo adflictae casu conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. [3] His sunt arbores pro cubilibus: ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt. [4] Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animadversum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur. Huc cum se consuetudine reclinaverunt, [5] infirmas arbores pondere adfligunt atque una ipsae concidunt.

a. VI.173.13. alces : this name is undoubtedly , but the description is widely unlike and quite unrecognizable.

b. VI.173.15. crura ... habent : the same story is told by Pliny, H. N. viii. 16 , 39 .

c. VI.173.17. si ... conciderunt : cf. 172 3 and note . By what tense should this perfect be rendered? The same construction occurs below in cum est animadversum l. 20, , and in cum reclinaverunt l. 23, .

d. VI.173.21. omnes : with arbores .

e. VI.173.22. ab radicibus , at the roots .— accīdunt , c ut into .— tantum ut , etc.: lit. so far that the perfect appearance of them standing is left ; translate, so that to all appearances they are standing firmly .

VI.28. Tertium est genus eorum, qui uri appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantos, specie et colore et figura tauri. [2] Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas, neque homini neque ferae quam conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose foveis captos interficiunt. [3] Hoc se labore durant adulescentes atque hoc genere venationis exercent, et qui plurimos ex his interfecerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. [4] Sed adsuescere ad homines et mansuefieri ne parvuli quidem excepti possunt. [5] Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. [6] Haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur.

a. VI.173.26. uri : this name is generally understood to refer to the German Urochs (the primitive or wild ox, probably buffalo ), said still to be found in the forests of Lithuania. Caesar evidently describes a very different animal, with spreading horns like those of a reindeer or moose; but the whole description must have been derived from a confused account.

b. VI.174.6. quae sint testimonio , to serve as evidence , a purpose clause.

c. VI.174.7. ne ... excepti , not even when caught quite young .

VI.29. Caesar, postquam per Vbios exploratores comperit Suebos sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti veritus, quod, ut supra demonstravimus, minime omnes Germani agriculturae student, constituit non progredi longius; sed, [2] ne omnino metum reditus sui barbaris tolleret atque ut eorum auxilia tardaret, reducto exercitu partem ultimam pontis, [3] quae ripas Vbiorum contingebat, in longitudinem pedum ducentorum rescindit atque in extremo ponte turrim tabulatorum quattuor constituit praesidiumque cohortium duodecim pontis tuendi causa ponit magnisque eum locum munitionibus firmat. Ei loco praesidioque Gaium Volcatium Tullum adulescentem praefecit. [4] Ipse, cum maturescere frumenta inciperent, ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus per Arduennam silvam, quae est totius Galliae maxima atque ab ripis Rheni finibusque Treverorum ad Nervios pertinet milibusque amplius quingentis in longitudinem patet, Lucium Minucium Basilum cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris atque opportunitate temporis proficere possit; [5] monet, ut ignes in castris fieri prohibeat, ne qua eius adventus procul significatio fiat: sese confestim subsequi dicit.

a. VI.174.12. Caesar , etc. This chapter directly follows ch. 10 in the narrative, the intervening passage being a digression.

b. VI.174.14. supra : see 170 26 .

c. VI.174.16. ne ... tolleret : as would be done by completely destroying the bridge.— barbaris : dat. ( § 381 (229) ; B. 188. 2. d ; G. 345. R. 1 ; H. 427 (385. ii. 2) ; H-B. 371 ).— atque , and at the same time .— ut tardaret : which he did by making the bridge practically useless.

d. VI.174.17. auxili a: i.e. which the Germans might send to aid the Gauls.

e. VI.174.19. in extremo ponte . There seems to have been an island in the river at this place, so that the bridge was in two sections. The section between the island and the east bank was destroyed, and at what was now the end of the bridge ( extremo ), on the island, the tower was built. There was probably a redoubt, as usual, at the entrance to the bridge on the mainland; see Fig. 59 .

f. VI.174.20. cohortium : these were auxiliaries, as it appears in ch. 33 that he took all his legions with him.

g. VI.174.23. cum maturescere , etc.: i.e. early in August.

h. VI.174.24. Arduennam : the modern Ardennes (Shakespeare's Forest of Arden ).

i. VI.174.27. D : an obvious mistake, possibly of some copyist. The distance is about 150 miles.— Basilum : afterwards one of the conspirators against Caesar.

j. VI.174.28. si ... posses , (to see) whether he can , etc. (see § 576. a (334. f) ; B. 300. 3 ; G. 460. (b) ; H. 649. 3 (529. ii. 1. N. 1) ; H-B. 582. 2. and a ).

k. VI.175.1. qua : why not quae ?

l. VI.175.2. subsequi : notice the pres.for the fut.

VI.30. Basilus, ut imperatum est, facit. Celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere multos in agris inopinantes deprehendit: eorum indicio ad ipsum Ambiorigem contendit, quo in loco cum paucis equitibus esse dicebatur. [2] Multum cum in omnibus rebus tum in re militari potest fortuna. Nam sicut magno accidit casu ut in ipsum incautum etiam atque imparatum incideret, priusque eius adventus ab omnibus videretur, quam fama ac nuntius adferretur: sic magnae fuit fortunae omni militari instrumento, quod circum se habebat, erepto, raedis equisque comprehensis ipsum effugere mortem. Sed hoc quoque factum est, [3] quod aedificio circumdato silva, ut sunt fere domicilia Gallorum, qui vitandi aestus causa plerumque silvarum atque fluminum petunt propinquitates, comites familiaresque eius angusto in loco paulisper equitum nostrorum vim sustinuerunt. [4] His pugnantibus illum in equum quidam ex suis intulit: fugientem silvae texerunt. Sic et ad subeundum periculum et ad vitandum multum fortuna valuit.

a. VI.175.7. multum potest , has great power ; see note on 10 17 .

b. VI.175.8. nam ut , etc., for as it happened by a remarkable chance that , etc.; the following clause being subj. of accidit .— ipsum : referring to Ambiorix; so too in l. 12 .

c. VI.175.9. prius ... quam : render as one word, before ; in English we omit the relative particle.— eius : i.e. Basili .

d. VI.175.10. videretur : in the same construction as incideret .— adferretur : cf. 158 24 and note .

e. VI.175.11. magnae fortunae (pred. gen.), a great piece of luck .

f. VI.175.13. hoc : ABL of means, explained by quod , etc.

g. VI.175.14. sunt fere , generally are .

h. VI.175.16. propinquitatīs : use the singular in English; see § 99 (75. c) ; B. 55. 4. c ; G. 204. N. 5 ; H. 138. 2 (130. 2) ; H-B. 240. 5. b .

i. VI.175.18. his pugnantibus : notice the force of the Latin order. While these were fighting , time was given for the chief to be placed on horseback by some of his followers, and, as soon as he actually got away , he was covered by the woods.

VI.31. Ambiorix copias suas iudicione non conduxerit, quod proelio dimicandum non existimarit, an tempore exclusus et repentino equitum adventu prohibitus, cum reliquum exercitum subsequi crederet, dubium est. [2] Sed certe dimissis per agros nuntiis sibi quemque consulere iussit. Quorum pars in Arduennam silvam, pars in continentes paludes profugit; [3] qui proximi Oceano fuerunt, his insulis sese occultaverunt, quas aestus efficere consuerunt; [4] multi ex suis finibus egressi se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt. [5] Catuvolcus, rex dimidiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Ambiorige consilium inierat, aetate iam confectus, cum laborem aut belli aut fugae ferre non posset, omnibus precibus detestatus Ambiorigem, qui eius consilii auctor fuisset, taxo, cuius magna in Gallia Germaniaque copia est, se exanimavit.

a. VI.175.21. iudicione ... an , whether by design ... or , etc.

b. VI.176.2. quas aestus : i.e. islands only at high tide.

c. VI.176.3. alienissimis , entire strangers .

d. VI.176.4. Catuvolcus : see 133 20-23 , 134 17-19 .

e. VI.176.6. precibus detestatus , cursing with formal imprecations , which, from a dying man, were thought to have efficacy with the gods.

f. VI.176.7. fuisset : informal indir. disc.— taxo : perhaps with a decoction of yew leaves, as the berries are said to be harmless.

VI.32. Segni Condrusique, ex gente et numero Germanorum, qui sunt inter Eburones Treverosque, legatos ad Caesarem miserunt oratum, ne se in hostium numero duceret neve omnium Germanorum, qui essent citra Rhenum, unam esse causam iudicaret: nihil se de bello cogitavisse, nulla Ambiorigi auxilia misisse. [2] Caesar explorata re quaestione captivorum, si qui ad eos Eburones ex fuga convenissent, ad se ut reducerentur, imperavit; si ita fecissent, fines eorum se violaturum negavit. [3] Tum copiis in tres partes distributis impedimenta omnium legionum Aduatucam contulit. [4] Id castelli nomen est. Hoc fere est in mediis Eburonum finibus, ubi Titurius atque Aurunculeius hiemandi causa consederant. [5] Hunc cum reliquis rebus locum probabat, tum quod superioris anni munitiones integrae manebant, ut militum laborem sublevaret. Praesidio impedimentis legionem quartamdecimam reliquit, unam ex eis tribus, quas proxime conscriptas ex Italia traduxerat. [6] Ei legioni castrisque Quintum Tullium Ciceronem praeficit ducentosque equites attribuit.

a. VI.176.12. neve : see note on 170 6 .

b. VI.176.13. unam esse causam , that the case was the same ; i.e. that they were all included in the league.

c. VI.176.16. convenissent , reducerentur : in dir. disc. convenerint , reducantur .

d. VI.176.19. id castelli nomen est , that is the (German) name of a stronghold . It will be remembered that the Aduatuci were of German descent; and it is thought that Aduatuca is an old German word, meaning a stronghold . Then the Aduatuci would be the people who held such a place of safety. There were several towns of this name, which fact adds force to the conjecture.

e. VI.176.21. Titurius , etc. (Sabinus and Cotta): see 133 20-24 .

f. VI.176.24. laborem : i.e. of making a new fortified camp.

g. VI.176.25. unam ex his , etc.: see 158 4 ff .

h. VI.176.26. Q. Ciceronem : see Bk. v. chs.39-52 .

VI.33. Partito exercitu Titum Labienum cum legionibus tribus ad Oceanum versus in eas partes quae Menapios attingunt proficisci iubet; [2] Gaium Trebonium cum pari legionum numero ad eam regionem quae ad Aduatucos adiacet depopulandam mittit; [3] ipse cum reliquis tribus ad flumen Scaldem, quod influit in Mosam, extremasque Arduennae partis ire constituit, quo cum paucis equitibus profectum Ambiorigem audiebat. [4] Discedens post diem septimum sese reversurum confirmat; quam ad diem ei legioni quae in praesidio relinquebatur deberi frumentum sciebat. [5] Labienum Treboniumque hortatur, si rei publicae commodo facere possint, ad eum diem revertantur, ut rursus communicato consilio exploratisque hostium rationibus aliud initium belli capere possint.

a. VI.177.2. ad ... versus , towards .

b. VI.177.5. Scaldim , the Scheldt . There seems to be some confused
c. VI.177.8. vii = septimum . Cf. a different idiom, 163 9 .— quam ad diem : cf. 179 2 ( quem ad diem ). Observe that dies is often fem. when it means time .

d. VI.177.9. frumentum deberi : see chapter on military affairs, IV. f .

e. VI.177.11. commodo (abl.), to (properly in accordance with ) the advantage , etc.— rei publicae : gen.; cf. 31 94 , 148 18 .

VI.34. Erat, ut supra demonstravimus, manus certa nulla, non oppidum, non praesidium, quod se armis defenderet, sed in omnes partes dispersa multitudo. [2] Vbi cuique aut valles abdita aut locus silvestris aut palus impedita spem praesidi aut salutis aliquam offerebat, consederat. [3] Haec loca vicinitatibus erant nota, magnamque res diligentiam requirebat non in summa exercitus tuenda (nullum enim poterat universis a perterritis ac dispersis periculum accidere), sed in singulis militibus conservandis; quae tamen ex parte res ad salutem exercitus pertinebat. [4] Nam et praedae cupiditas multos longius evocabat, et silvae incertis occultisque itineribus confertos adire prohibebant. [5] Si negotium confici stirpemque hominum sceleratorum interfici vellet, dimittendae plures manus diducendique erant milites; [6] si continere ad signa manipulos vellet, ut instituta ratio et consuetudo exercitus Romani postulabat, locus ipse erat praesidio barbaris, neque ex occulto insidiandi et dispersos circumveniendi singulis deerat audacia. [7] Vt in eiusmodi difficultatibus, quantum diligentia provideri poterat providebatur, ut potius in nocendo aliquid praetermitteretur, etsi omnium animi ad ulciscendum ardebant, quam cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur. [8] Dimittit ad finitimas civitates nuntios Caesar: omnes ad se vocat spe praedae ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius in silvis Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut magna multitudine circumfusa pro tali facinore stirps ac nomen civitatis tollatur. [9] Magnus undique numerus celeriter convenit.

a. VI.177.14. supra : in ch. 31.

b. VI.177.15. quod se defenderet , capable of , etc. (subjv. of charateristic).

c. VI.177.16. cuique , to each ; notice the Latin idiom. We should put the distributive with the leading verb ( consederat ), each had taken position where , etc.

d. VI.177.21. universis , to men gathered in one body .

e. VI.177.23. ex parte , in a measure .

f. VI.177.26. hominum sceleratorum , those scoundrels ; an expression of temper which Caesar does not often permit himself towards his foes. It shows his bitter hatred against the hapless Eburones, who had destroyed his officers and legion.

g. VI.177.27. vellet : not contrary to fact, but in both cases a future protasis thrown back into past time; cf. note on 141 1 .

h. VI.178.4. ut in , etc., considering that it was in , etc.; a not uncommon use of ut .

i. VI.178.6. ut potius , etc.: we may translate so that some opportunities for doing injury were neglected , though the clause is properly one of purpose. Connect potius with quam . The thought is that Caesar's plan was to save the lives of his soldiers, even at the expense of neglecting to punish the enemy, and to employ others to carry out his vengeance.

j. VI.178.7. ulciscendum : i.e. to avenge the destruction of the force Sabinus and Cotta ( Bk. v. chs. 27-38 ).

k. VI.178.8. noceretur (impers.), harm should be done to the enemy.

VI.35. Haec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gerebantur, diesque appetebat septimus, quem ad diem Caesar ad impedimenta legionemque reverti constituerat. [2] Hic quantum in bello fortuna possit et quantos adferat casus cognosci potuit. [3] Dissipatis ac perterritis hostibus, ut demonstravimus, manus erat nulla quae parvam modo causam timoris adferret. [4] Trans Rhenum ad Germanos pervenit fama, diripi Eburones atque ultro omnes ad praedam evocari. [5] Cogunt equitum duo milia Sugambri, qui sunt proximi Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga Tencteros atque Vsipetes supra docuimus. [6] Transeunt Rhenum navibus ratibusque triginta milibus passuum infra eum locum, ubi pons erat perfectus praesidiumque ab Caesare relictum: primos Eburonum fines adeunt; multos ex fuga dispersos excipiunt, magno pecoris numero, cuius sunt cupidissimi barbari, potiuntur. [7] Invitati praeda longius procedunt. Non hos palus in bello latrociniisque natos, non silvae morantur. Quibus in locis sit Caesar ex captivis quaerunt; profectum longius reperiunt omnemque exercitum discessisse cognoscunt. [8] Atque unus ex captivis "Quid vos," inquit, "hanc miseram ac tenuem sectamini praedam, quibus licet iam esse fortunatissimos? [9] Tribus horis Aduatucam venire potestis: huc omnes suas fortunas exercitus Romanorum contulit: praesidi tantum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit, neque quisquam egredi extra munitiones audeat." [10] Oblata spe Germani quam nacti erant praedam in occulto relinquunt; ipsi Aduatucam contendunt usi eodem duce, cuius haec indicio cognoverant.

a. VI.179.4. fortuna : cf. 175 7 .— possit , adferat : present tense to express a general truth; though usually in Latin such expressions follow the sequence of tenses.

b. VI.179.8. ultro , freely ; i.e. any that would; as a general invitation extending beyond those immediately concerned.

c. VI.179.10. supra docuimus : see 102 21-25 .

d. VI.179.13. primos finīs , the nearest limits .

e. VI.179.16. paludes : subj. of morantur .

f. VI.179.18. profectum : i.e. eum profectum esse .

g. VI.179.22. Aduatucam : i.e. where Cicero with a single legion was guarding the baggage of the whole army; see ch. 32.

h. VI.179.23. tantum , only so much , really, so feeble .

i. VI.179.24. cingi , surrounded ; i.e. manned (with a line of defenders).

j. VI.179.27. duce , as guide (pred. app.).

VI.36. Cicero, qui omnes superiores dies praeceptis Caesaris cum summa diligentia milites in castris continuisset ac ne calonem quidem quemquam extra munitionem egredi passus esset, septimo die diffidens de numero dierum Caesarem fidem servaturum, quod longius progressum audiebat, neque ulla de reditu eius fama adferebatur, simul eorum permotus vocibus, [2] qui illius patientiam paene obsessionem appellabant, siquidem ex castris egredi non liceret, nullum eiusmodi casum exspectans, quo novem oppositis legionibus maximoque equitatu dispersis ac paene deletis hostibus in milibus passuum tribus offendi posset, quinque cohortes frumentatum in proximas segetes mittit, quas inter et castra unus omnino collis intererat. Complures erant ex legionibus aegri relicti; [3] ex quibus qui hoc spatio dierum convaluerant, circiter CCC, sub vexillo una mittuntur; magna praeterea multitudo calonum, magna vis iumentorum, quae in castris subsederant, facta potestate sequitur.

a. VI.180.1. Cicero : up to this time he had shown himself to be an unusually discreet and courageous officer.

b. VI.180.2. continuisset (concessive SUB), though he had , etc.

c. VI.180.4. vii = septimo .— de numero : construe with fidem servaturum .

d. VI.180.5. progressum : cf. profectum , 179 18 .

e. VI.180.7. illius , etc., who called his quiet waiting a blockade .

f. VI.180.8. si quidem , since : with SUB, indicating the ground of their complaint.

g. VI.180.9. quo (following eius modi , of such sort that ), with posset as SUB of result.— oppositis , had gone to meet the enemy ; the ABL absolute expresses cause.

h. VI.180.10. in milibus passuum tribus : i.e. within three miles of his camp.

i. VI.180.11. offendi (impers.), an attack could be made .

j. VI.180.12. quas inter : several prepositions sometimes follow their cases, especially those of two syllables.

k. VI.180.14. hoc spatio : i.e. since Caesar's departure.

l. VI.180.15. sub vexillo : here the vexillum was a little scarlet flag (quite distinct from the metal signum ), used by small bodies detached for some special service. The name vexillarii was given to the soldiers of such a corps; see chapter on military affairs, II , and Figs. 121 , 128 .

m. VI.180.16. calonum : i.e. officers' servants and grooms for the horses. These were slaves.— iumentorum : to bring in the expected supplies.

n. VI.180.17. subsederat , had remained behind when Caesar left.— facta potestate , obtaining leave .

VI.37. Hoc ipso tempore et casu Germani equites interveniunt protinusque eodem illo, quo venerant, cursu ab decumana porta in castra irrumpere conantur, [2] nec prius sunt visi obiectis ab ea parte silvis, quam castris appropinquarent, usque eo ut qui sub vallo tenderent mercatores recipiendi sui facultatem non haberent. [3] Inopinantes nostri re nova perturbantur, ac vix primum impetum cohors in statione sustinet. [4] Circumfunduntur ex reliquis hostes partibus, si quem aditum reperire possent. [5] Aegre portas nostri tuentur, reliquos aditus locus ipse per se munitioque defendit. [6] Totis trepidatur castris, atque alius ex alio causam tumultus quaerit; neque quo signa ferantur neque quam in partem quisque conveniat provident. [7] Alius iam castra capta pronuntiat, alius deleto exercitu atque imperatore victores barbaros venisse contendit; [8] plerique novas sibi ex loco religiones fingunt Cottaeque et Tituri calamitatem, qui in eodem occiderint castello, ante oculos ponunt. [9] Tali timore omnibus perterritis confirmatur opinio barbaris, ut ex captivo audierant, nullum esse intus praesidium. [10] perrumpere nituntur seque ipsi adhortantur, ne tantam fortunam ex manibus dimittant.

a. VI.180.18. et ]: omit in translation.

b. VI.180.19. ab decumana porta , at the rear gate (see Fig. 119 ). The camp fronted in the direction where the enemy were supposed to be, i.e. towards the Gallic tribes; so that its more exposed part lay nearest the German attack.

c. VI.180.20. nec prius ... quam , and not till ; for the mood following, see 158 24 and note .

d. VI.180.21. silvis : it was considered bad generalship to place a camp so near the woods as to conceal the approach of the enemy. The pickets, too, must have been either very carelessly stationed or very negligent.

e. VI.180.22. usque eo , so close .— qui ... mercatores , the traders who spread their booths ( tentoria ) under the shelter of the wall .— recipiendi sui : for construction, see § 504. c (298. a) ; B. 339. 5 ; G. 428. R. 1 ; H. 626. 3 (542. i. N. 1) ; H-B. 614 ; cf. 40 15 , 77 3 , 77 20 .

f. VI.180.24. in statione : i.e. before the gate.

g. VI.180.25. circumfunduntur : the middle or reflexive use of the passive, rendered in English by the active intransitive form; pour in or about .

h. VI.180.26. si : interrog., [to see] whether ; cf. 174 28 .

i. VI.181.1. signa , etc.: i.e. as the whole camp was in confusion the soldiers could not tell in which direction the line was to be formed ( signa ferantur ) nor where each man should rally ( quisque conveniat ). It is noticeable that Cicero is not spoken of after the beginning of ch. 36. Ordinarily this woulc be just the moment when a commander would be most active. It seems to show that he shared in the general panic.

j. VI.181.3. imperatore : Caesar. Observe the force of atque : and the general, too!

k. VI.181.4. novas religiones , a sudden superstition , as if the spot itself were unlucky to the Romans (see 176 20-22 ).

l. VI.181.5. qui occiderint , who (as they recalled; hence SUB) had fallen .

m. VI.181.7. barbaris : dat. of reference.

VI.38. Erat aeger cum praesidio relictus Publius Sextius Baculus, qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat, cuius mentionem superioribus proeliis fecimus, ac diem iam quintum cibo caruerat. [2] Hic diffisus suae atque omnium saluti inermis ex tabernaculo prodit: videt imminere hostes atque in summo esse rem discrimine: capit arma a proximis atque in porta consistit: [3] consequuntur hunc centuriones eius cohortis quae in statione erat: paulisper una proelium sustinent. [4] Relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptis vulneribus: aegre per manus tractus servatur. [5] Hoc spatio interposito reliqui sese confirmant tantum, ut in munitionibus consistere audeant speciemque defensorum praebeant.

a. VI.181.12. apud Caesarem , with Caesar .

b. VI.181.13. proeliis (abl. of time): see Bk. ii. ch. 25 ; Bk. iii. ch. 5 .

c. VI.181.17. consequuntur hunc : as primus pilus , he had authority to command all other centurions; although generally, as here, he really only formed a rallying point. See chapter on military affairs, I. 7 .

d. VI.181.18. cohortis : cf. 180 23-25 .

e. VI.181.19. relinquit animus , his breath (or consciousness) fails him (he faints).

f. VI.181.20. per manus traditus , passed along from hand to hand by his comrades.— hoc spatio : i.e. the time gained by this short resistance.

VI.39. Interim confecta frumentatione milites nostri clamorem exaudiunt: praecurrunt equites; quanto res sit in periculo cognoscunt. [2] Hic vero nulla munitio est quae perterritos recipiat: modo conscripti atque usus militaris imperiti ad tribunum militum centurionesque ora convertunt; quid ab his praecipiatur exspectant. Nemo est tam fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur. [3] Barbari signa procul conspicati oppugnatione desistunt: [4] redisse primo legiones credunt, quas longius discessisse ex captivis cognoverant; postea despecta paucitate ex omnibus partibus impetum faciunt.

a. VI.181.25. hic : i.e. in the open field.

b. VI.181.26. modo ... exspectant : the Roman discipline was so perfect that, in general, every man knew just what to do in any emergency (as in the fight with the Nervii, Bk. ii. ch. 21 ); but these new levies (see 176 24-27 ) were helpless till the exact order had been given, even the boldest of them ( nemo est tam fortis , etc.).

c. VI.182.2. legiones : those of Caesar and his legati ; see ch. 33 .

d. VI.182.4. paucitate : i.e. five cohorts and the 300 convalescent veterans.

VI.40. Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt. Hinc celeriter deiecti se in signa manipulosque coniciunt: eo magis timidos perterrent milites. [2] Alii cuneo facto ut celeriter perrumpant censent, quoniam tam propinqua sint castra, et si pars aliqua circumventa ceciderit, at reliquos servari posse confidunt; [3] alii, ut in iugo consistant atque eundem omnes ferant casum. [4] Hoc veteres non probant milites, quos sub vexillo una profectos docuimus. Itaque inter se cohortati duce Gaio Trebonio, equite Romano, qui eis erat praepositus, per medios hostes perrumpunt incolumesque ad unum omnes in castra perveniunt. [5] Hos subsecuti calones equitesque eodem impetu militum virtute servantur. [6] At ei qui in iugo constiterant, nullo etiam nunc usu rei militaris percepto neque in eo quod probaverant consilio permanere, ut se loco superiore defenderent, neque eam quam prodesse aliis vim celeritatemque viderant imitari potuerunt, sed se in castra recipere conati iniquum in locum demiserunt. [7] Centuriones, quorum nonnulli ex inferioribus ordinibus reliquarum legionum virtutis causa in superiores erant ordines huius legionis traducti, ne ante partam rei militaris laudem amitterent, fortissime pugnantes conciderunt. [8] Militum pars horum virtute summotis hostibus praeter spem incolumis in castra pervenit, pars a barbaris circumventa periit.

a. VI.182.6. in signa manipulosque , among the cohorts and maniples . In their panic the servants rushed among the ranks of the cohorts ( signa ) and the maniples.

b. VI.182.7. alii ... alii : these seem to have had some presence of mind, as is implied in the expression censent , the regular expression for voting in a public assembly.

c. VI.182.8. quoniam ... sint , since [as they say], etc.

d. VI.182.10. confidunt ]: may be omitted in translation, the INF posse depending on the idea of saying involved in censent .— alii : sc. censent .

e. VI.182.11. hoc : the latter counsel, which was that of the raw recruits.—docuimus: cf. 180 13-15 .

f. VI.182.13. C. Trebonio : this can hardly be the man referred to in ch. 33 . He was away with the three legions intrusted to him, as there recorded.

g. VI.183.2. militum virtute : i.e. of the infantry; the cavalry, it will be remembered, were not Romans, but Gauls and other allies.

h. VI.183.3. nullo usu percepto , having gained no experience ; i.e. even after seeing the successful action of the veterans.

i. VI.183.4. eo consilio : with ut ... defenderent in app.— permanere : compl. INF with potuerunt .

j. VI.183.5. quam : the antecedent is eam vim celeritatemque .

k. VI.183.7. demiserunt : se has already been expressed with recipere .

l. VI.183.8. ex inferioribus ordinibus : the officers of a new legion were usually obtained in this way, being promoted from the lower grades of veteran cohorts.

m. VI.183.10. ne ante partam , etc.: notice again the esprit de corps of the Roman soldier; cf. 109 1-9 , 142 7-11 , 146 13 ff .

n. VI.183.13. pars periit : two cohorts; see 184 26 .

VI.41. Germani desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros iam constitisse in munitionibus videbant, cum ea praeda quam in silvis deposuerant trans Rhenum sese receperunt. [2] Ac tantus fuit etiam post discessum hostium terror ut ea nocte, cum Gaius Volusenus missus cum equitatu ad castra venisset, fidem non faceret adesse cum incolumi Caesarem exercitu. [3] Sic omnino animos timor praeoccupaverat ut paene alienata mente deletis omnibus copiis equitatum se ex fuga recepisse dicerent neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppugnaturos fuisse contenderent. [4] Quem timorem Caesaris adventus sustulit.

a. VI.183.16. constitisse , etc., had now gained a position .

b. VI.183.17. praeda : see 179 26 .

c. VI.183.20. fidem non faceret , could not make them believe .

d. VI.183.22. alienata mente , beside themselves with terror.— deletis ... recepisse : after dicerent .

e. VI.183.23. neque : the negative belonging with oppugnaturos fuisse is, as often in Latin, combined with the general connective of the sentence.— incolumi exercitu (ABL absolute denoting condition), in case the army were safe .

f. VI.183.24. oppugnaturos fuisse : the regular form in indir. disc. for oppugnavissent a contrary-to-fact apodosis.

VI.42. Reversus ille eventus belli non ignorans unum, quod cohortes ex statione et praesidio essent emissae, questus ne minimo quidem casu locum relinqui debuisse, multum fortunam in repentino hostium adventu potuisse iudicavit, [2] multo etiam amplius, quod paene ab ipso vallo portisque castrorum barbaros avertisset. quarum omnium rerum maxime admirandum videbatur, [3] quod Germani, qui eo consilio Rhenum transierant, ut Ambiorigis fines depopularentur, ad castra Romanorum delati optatissimum Ambiorigi beneficium obtulerunt.

a. VI.183.26. eventus (acc. plu.) belli , the fortune of war (in general).— unum , only one thing . >>>>>>> 1.5
b. VI.183.28. casui : dat. with relinqui .— relinqui debuisse ( § 486. a (288. a) ; B. 270. 2 ; H. 618. 2 (537. 1) ; H-B. 582. 3. a ftn. 2 ), as usual added without any other word of saying beyond that involved in questus .

c. VI.183.29. multum fortunam ... potuisse : cf. 175 7 ff .

d. VI.184.1. avertisset : sc. fortuna .

e. VI.184.2. rerum : part. gen. with maxime .— videbatur : the subj. is quod ... obtulerunt .

f. VI.184.5. beneficium : i.e. by giving him opportunity to escape. He was never captured. In honor of his splendid resistance to the invader a colossal statue has lately been erected to him at Tongres; see Fig. 83 .

VI.43. Caesar rursus ad vexandos hostes profectus magno coacto numero ex finitimis civitatibus in omnes partes dimittit. [2] Omnes vici atque omnia aedificia quae quisque conspexerat incendebantur; praeda ex omnibus locis agebatur; [3] frumenta non solum tanta multitudine iumentorum atque hominum consumebantur, sed etiam anni tempore atque imbribus procubuerant ut, si qui etiam in praesentia se occultassent, tamen his deducto exercitu rerum omnium inopia pereundum videretur. [4] Ac saepe in eum locum ventum est tanto in omnes partes diviso equitatu, ut modo visum ab se Ambiorigem in fuga circumspicerent captivi nec plane etiam abisse ex conspectu contenderent, ut spe consequendi illata atque infinito labore suscepto, [5] qui se summam ab Caesare gratiam inituros putarent, paene naturam studio vincerent, semperque paulum ad summam felicitatem defuisse videretur, [6] atque ille latebris aut saltibus se eriperet et noctu occultatus alias regiones partesque peteret non maiore equitum praesidio quam quattuor, quibus solis vitam suam committere audebat.

a. VI.184.10. agebatur : i.e. especially castle.— frumenta : distinguish from frumentum .

b. VI.184.11. anni tempore : it was now late in the fall, but the unfortunate people had not been able to harvest their crops.

c. VI.184.13. his ... pereundum [esse], that these must needs perish ; his is dat. of agent.

d. VI.184.14. in eum locum ventum est , matters were brought to such a pass , i.e. they were so close upon him.

e. VI.184.16. ut ([ non ] omit) ... contenderent , that prisoners who were brought in looked round among their number for Ambiorix, whom they had just seen in flight —supposing that he must have been taken also— and insisted that he was not yet quite out of sight .

f. VI.184.20. paene ... vincerent : i.e. almost surpassed the bounds of nature in their eagerness.

g. VI.184.21. summam felicitatem : i.e. complete success.— atque : almost equals but .

h. VI.184.22. eriperet , peteret : in the same construction as the preceding verbs depending on ut .

VI.44. Tali modo vastatis regionibus exercitum Caesar duarum cohortium damno Durocortorum Remorum reducit concilioque in eum locum Galliae indicto de coniuratione Senonum et Carnutum quaestionem habere instituit et de Accone, qui princeps eius consili fuerat, [2] graviore sententia pronuntiata more maiorum supplicium sumpsit. [3] Non nulli iudicium veriti profugerunt. Quibus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines Treverorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex reliquas in Senonum finibus Agedinci in hibernis collocavit frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos profectus est.

a. VI.184.26. damno : ABL of manner. The reference is to those killed by the German raid, chs. 37-40 .

b. VI.184.27. coniuratione : see chs. 3 and 4 .

c. VI.185.1. more maiorum : the ancient Roman mode of punishment was to flog the criminal to death, after which he was beheaded,—an extraordinary sentence to pronounce on a prisoner of war, It was this mode of punishment that was symbolized directly by the lictors' fasces . Concerted resistance ( coniuratio ) had come to be regarded as a flagrant crime, and its penalty was more and more bloody as time went on—as we see in the two succeeding Books.

d. VI.185.2. aqua ... interdixisset : i.e. banished them , forbade them to return to Gaul.

e. VI.185.4. Agedinci : locative.

f. VI.185.6. ad conventus agendos : cf. 48 28 .

VII COMMENTARIUS SEPTIMUS

VII.1 VII.2 VII.3 VII.4 VII.5 VII.6 VII.7 VII.8 VII.9 VII.10 VII.11 VII.12 VII.13 VII.14 VII.15 VII.16 VII.17 VII.18 VII.19 VII.20 VII.21 VII.22 VII.23 VII.24 VII.25 VII.26 VII.27 VII.28 VII.29 VII.30 VII.31 VII.32 VII.33 VII.34 VII.35 VII.36 VII.37 VII.38 VII.39 VII.40 VII.41 VII.42 VII.43 VII.44 VII.45 VII.46 VII.47 VII.48 VII.49 VII.50 VII.51 VII.52 VII.53 VII.54 VII.55 VII.56 VII.57 VII.58 VII.59 VII.60 VII.61 VII.62 VII.63 VII.64 VII.65 VII.66 VII.67 VII.68 VII.69 VII.70 VII.71 VII.72 VII.73 VII.74 VII.75 VII.76 VII.77 VII.78 VII.79 VII.80 VII.81 VII.82 VII.83 VII.84 VII.85 VII.86 VII.87 VII.88 VII.89 VII.90

VII.1. Quieta Gallia Caesar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos proficiscitur. Ibi cognoscit de Clodii caede [de] senatusque consulto certior factus, ut omnes iuniores Italiae coniurarent, delectum tota provincia habere instituit. [2] Eae res in Galliam Transalpinam celeriter perferuntur. Addunt ipsi et adfingunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere videbatur, retineri urbano motu Caesarem neque in tantis dissensionibus ad exercitum venire posse. [3] Hac impulsi occasione, qui iam ante se populi Romani imperio subiectos dolerent liberius atque audacius de bello consilia inire incipiunt. [4] Indictis inter se principes Galliae conciliis silvestribus ac remotis locis queruntur de Acconis morte; [5] posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere demonstrant: miserantur communem Galliae fortunam: omnibus pollicitationibus ac praemiis deposcunt qui belli initium faciant et sui capitis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent. [6] In primis rationem esse habendam dicunt, priusquam eorum clandestina consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu intercludatur. Id esse facile, [7] quod neque legiones audeant absente imperatore ex hibernis egredi, neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones pervenire possit; [8] postremo in acie praestare interfici quam non veterem belli gloriam libertatemque quam a maioribus acceperint recuperare.

a. VII.186.1. quieta Gallia : cf. 73 3 , 93 2 .— in Italiam : i. e. Cisalpine Gaul.

b. VII.186.3. Clodi : see note above.— ut ... coniurarent (clause depending on senatus consulto ): this was not an ordinary conscription, but a levy in mass , in which the entire population of Italy liable to military duty (the iuniores , between 17 and 46) took the oath of service. In addition, Caesar orders a levy throughout his own province ( tota provincia ), in which were included Gallia Cisalpina , Gallia Transalpina , and Illyricum .

c. VII.186.7. quod ... videbatur : it naturally seemed to them impossibe for Caesar to quit Italy at this crisis ( urbano motu ).

d. VII.186.9. qui dolerent : trans. by pres. part., being indignant , etc.; the characteristic SUB constantly has this meaning; cf. the use of cum . It approaches a causal relation, but has properly no notion of cause.— ante : adv. modifying dolerent .

e. VII.186.11. principes Galliae : subj. of queruntur .— locis : loc. ABL, without a prep., as usual.

f. VII.186.13. Acconis : see Bk. vi. ch. 44 .

g. VII.186.15. qui : sc. eos , i.e. some state to begin hostilities.

h. VII.187.1. capitis , of their lives ; the sing. is idiomatic in Latin.

i. VII.187.3. ut ... intercludatur (see introductory note): depends on rationem , a plan (of campaign).

VII.2. His rebus agitatis profitentur Carnutes se nullum periculum communis salutis causa recusare principesque ex omnibus bellum facturos pollicentur et, [2] quoniam in praesentia obsidibus cavere inter se non possint ne res efferatur, ut iureiurando ac fide sanciatur, petunt, collatis militaribus signis, quo more eorum gravissima caerimonia continetur, ne facto initio belli ab reliquis deserantur. [3] Tum collaudatis Carnutibus, dato iureiurando ab omnibus qui aderant, tempore eius rei constituto ab concilio disceditur.

a. VII.187.9. Carnutes : this name is represented by Chartres .

b. VII.187.12. cavere inter se , take security from each other .— ne res efferatur : as the exchange of hostages would be a conspicuous and public act.

c. VII.187.13. conlatis , etc.: an armed or symbolically armed council seems to have been the most binding form of public ratification of concerted measures. Here the standards were gathered in a sheaf and the oath taken by this symbol of unity.

d. VII.187.15. deserantur : it seems to have needed the most solemn forms of agreement to bind the discordant and jealous Gauls.

VII.3. Vbi ea dies venit, Carnutes Cotuato et Conconnetodumno ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum signo dato concurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant, in his Gaium Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat, interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt. [2] Celeriter ad omnes Galliae civitates fama perfertur. Nam ubicumque maior atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regionesque significant; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et proximis tradunt, ut tum accidit. [3] Nam quae Cenabi oriente sole gesta essent, ante primam confectam vigiliam in finibus Arvernorum audita sunt, quod spatium est milium passuum circiter centum LX.

a. VII.187.19. Cenabum : now Orléans , on the Loire.

b. VII.187.20. negotiandi : their business was money-lending, the farming of taxes, purchase of slaves or corn, and the like. Cicero had said, some years before, that business affairs in Gaul were wholly controlled by Roman citizens.

c. VII.187.21. constiterant , had settled .

d. VII.187.24. major atque inlustrior : i.e. than usual.

e. VII.187.25. clamore : a sort of vocal telegraph, by which, as also by signal-fires, messages were conveyed, it is said, from towers 500 yards apart.

f. VII.187.27. Cenabi : locative.

g. VII.187.28. ante ... vigiliam : between nine and ten at night; the sending of the message thus occupying about sixteen hours.— Arvernonum : i.e. the country now called Auvergne , a region always noted for the vigor and hardihood of its people, who now became leaders in the great revolt, and furnished its dauntless chief Vercingetorix.

VII.4. Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius, Arvernus, summae potentiae adulescens, cuius pater principatum Galliae totius obtinuerat et ob eam causam, quod regnum appetebat, ab civitate erat interfectus, convocatis suis clientibus facile incendit. [2] Cognito eius consilio ad arma concurritur. Prohibetur ab Gobannitione, patruo suo, reliquisque principibus, qui hanc temptandam fortunam non existimabant; expellitur ex oppido Gergovia; [3] non destitit tamen atque in agris habet dilectum egentium ac perditorum. Hac coacta manu, quoscumque adit ex civitate ad suam sententiam perducit; [4] hortatur ut communis libertatis causa arma capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adversarios suos a quibus paulo ante erat eiectus expellit ex civitate. [5] Rex ab suis appellatur. Dimittit quoque versus legationes; obtestatur ut in fide maneant. [6] Celeriter sibi Senones, Parisios, Pictones, Cadurcos, Turonos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos reliquosque omnes qui Oceanum attingunt adiungit: omnium consensu ad eum defertur imperium. [7] Qua oblata potestate omnibus his civitatibus obsides imperat, certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci iubet, [8] armorum quantum quaeque civitas domi quodque ante tempus efficiat constituit; in primis equitatui studet. [9] Summae diligentiae summam imperi severitatem addit; magnitudine supplici dubitantes cogit. [10] nam maiore commisso delicto igni atque omnibus tormentis necat, leviore de causa auribus desectis aut singulis effossis oculis domum remittit, ut sint reliquis documento et magnitudine poenae perterreant alios.

a. VII.188.1. Vercingetorix : a name or title explained as meaning "very brave lord," and well calculated (says the historian Florus) to inspire terror.

b. VII.188.2. principatum , etc.: see 27 14 and last note on 2 1 .

c. VII.188.3. totius Galliae : i.e. all Celtic Gaul.

d. VII.188.5. incendit : sc. eos .

e. VII.188.6. prohibetur : conative present; i.e. they try to prevent him. This discouragement of the elders was of evil omen to his enterprise from the start.

f. VII.188.8. Gergovia : the chief town cf the Arverni, on an eminence near Clermont .

g. VII.188.9. perditorum : men of ruined fortunes , desperate. This is the usual course of things and the usual accusation. The well-to-do are rarely ardent patriots. When trouble comes, they either make terms or flee to the provinces.

h. VII.188.15. Senones , etc.: several of these names are preserved in the modern Sens , Paris , Poitiers , Tours , Limoges . The league included all Celtic Gaul south of the Seine and west of the loyal (or doubtful) Haedui and Bituriges, who were drawn into it later on.

i. VII.188.19. imperat , he levies , with ACC and dat.

j. VII.188.20. quantum armorum , how many arms .

k. VII.188.21. quod (interrog.): agrees witll tempus , and before what time .

l. VII.188.25. necat : i.e. the offenders.

VII.5. His suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu Lucterium Cadurcum, summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copiarum in Rutenos mittit; ipse in Bituriges proficiscitur. Eius adventu Bituriges ad Aeduos, [2] quorum erant in fide, legatos mittunt subsidium rogatum, quo facilius hostium copias sustinere possint. [3] Aedui de consilio legatorum, quos Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, copias equitatus peditatusque subsidio Biturigibus mittunt. [4] Qui cum ad flumen Ligerim venissent, quod Bituriges ab Aeduis dividit, paucos dies ibi morati neque flumen transire [5] ausi domum revertuntur legatisque nostris renuntiant se Biturigum perfidiam veritos revertisse, quibus id consili fuisse cognoverint, ut, si flumen transissent, una ex parte ipsi, altera Arverni se circumsisterent. [6] Id eane de causa, quam legatis pronuntiarunt, an perfidia adducti fecerint, quod nihil nobis constat, non videtur pro certo esse proponendum. [7] Bituriges eorum discessu statim cum Arvernis iunguntur.

a. VII.189.3. Rutenos : these, as well as the Cadurci, lay between the Arverni and the Roman province. It was important, therefore, to secure them as a frontier defence.

b. VII.189.6. de consilio , by the advice .

c. VII.189.8. qui : agrees with the persons implied in equitatus peditatusque , § 280. a (182. a) ; B. 235. B. 2. c ; G. 211. R. 1 ; H. 397 (445. 5) ; H-B. 325 .

d. VII.189.11. veritos : translate by a causal clause.

e. VII.189.12. quibus id , etc., who they knew had this plan .

f. VII.189.13. ipsi : i.e. the Bituriges.— id eane , etc., whether they did this for the reason which , etc.

g. VII.189.15. quod (adv. ACC), because (the reason for non videtur , etc.). This is a bit which goes to show that the commentaries, notwithstanding their aim at political effect, are substantially true. Caesar was too great a man to deceive others except when he deceived himself.

VII.6. His rebus in Italiam Caesari nuntiatis, cum iam ille urbanas res virtute Cn. Pompei commodiorem in statum pervenisse intellegeret, in Transalpinam Galliam profectus est. [2] Eo cum venisset, magna difficultate adficiebatur, qua ratione ad exercitum pervenire posset. [3] Nam si legiones in provinciam arcesseret, se absente in itinere proelio dimicaturas intellegebat; [4] si ipse ad exercitum contenderet, ne eis quidem eo tempore qui quieti viderentur suam salutem recte committi videbat.

a. VII.189.19. virtute = vigor . This word is in Latin often used in a vague sense equivalent to our 'thanks to' or the like.

b. VII.189.21. qua ... posset : indir. quest. following difficultate , which implies doubt.

c. VII.189.23. se absente : Caesar knew well his own influence over his army. See also introductory notes.— dimicaturas [esse]: sc. eas , i.e. the legions.

d. VII.189.24. ipse , etc.: the most submissive Gauls at such a time were not to be depended upon, if they had the slightest chance to capture him.— eis : indir. obj. of committi , the subj. of which is suam salutem .

VII.7. Interim Lucterius Cadurcus in Rutenos missus eam civitatem Arvernis conciliat. [2] Progressus in Nitiobriges et Gabalos ab utrisque obsides accipit et magna coacta manu in provinciam Narbonem versus eruptionem facere contendit. [3] Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum existimavit, ut Narbonem proficisceretur. [4] Eo cum venisset, timentes confirmat, praesidia in Rutenis provincialibus, Volcis Arecomicis, Tolosatibus circumque Narbonem, quae loca hostibus erant finitima, constituit; [5] partem copiarum ex provincia supplementumque, quod ex Italia adduxerat, in Helvios, qui fines Arvernorum contingunt, convenire iubet.

a. VII.190.1. Lucterius , etc.: an officer of Vercingetorix; see 189 1 . He endeavored to rouse the border tribes against the Romans, but was checked by the promptness and farsightedness of Caesar.

b. VII.190.2. Nitiobriges et Gabalos : these completed the Arvernian frontier, the Volcae and Helvii being within the limits of the Province.

c. VII.190.4. Narbonem , Narbonne , the chief town of Gallia Narbonensis , founded by C. Gracchus.

d. VII.190.5. antevertendum [esse] has for its subj. ut ... proficisceretur , and is followed by the dat. consiliis .

e. VII.190.7. provincialibus : a portion of the Ruteni had been incorporated in the Province.

VII.8. His rebus comparatis, represso iam Lucterio et remoto, quod intrare intra praesidia periculosum putabat, in Helvios proficiscitur. [2] Etsi mons Cevenna, qui Arvernos ab Helviis discludit, durissimo tempore anni altissima nive iter impediebat, tamen discussa nive sex in altitudinem pedum atque ita viis patefactis summo militum sudore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit. [3] Quibus oppressis inopinantibus, quod se Cevenna ut muro munitos existimabant, ac ne singulari quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni semitae patuerant, equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime possint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant. [4] Celeriter haec fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur; quem perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistunt atque obsecrant, ut suis fortunis consulat, neve ab hostibus diripiantur, praesertim cum videat omne ad se bellum translatum. [5] Quorum ille precibus permotus castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus.

a. VII.190.14. quod ... putabat : referring to Lucterius.

b. VII.190.15. Cevenna : the pass crossing this range is about 4000 feet high.

c. VII.190.16. durissimo , etc.: Pompey was put in authority February 25 (by the old calendar , which was now about six weeks ahead of the actual time); Caesar, who left Italy directly after, probably crossed the Cevennes about the middle of January.

d. VII.190.18. summo labore : "these admirable soldiers were worthy of the genius of their chief," but such men as Caesar and Napoleon make that kind of soldiers.

e. VII.190.21. singulari homini , a solitary wayfarer , to say nothing of an army.

VII.9. At Caesar biduum in his locis moratus, quod haec de Vercingetorige usu ventura opinione praeceperat, per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu discedit; Brutum adulescentem his copiis praeficit; [2] hunc monet, ut in omnes partes equites quam latissime pervagentur: daturum se operam, ne longius triduo ab castris absit. [3] His constitutis rebus suis inopinantibus quam maximis potest itineribus Viennam pervenit. [4] Ibi nactus recentem equitatum, quem multis ante diebus eo praemiserat, neque diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso per fines Aeduorum in Lingones contendit, ubi duae legiones hiemabant, ut, si quid etiam de sua salute ab Aeduis iniretur consili, celeritate praecurreret. [5] Eo cum pervenisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit priusque omnes in unum locum cogit quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset. [6] Hac re cognita Vercingetorix rursus in Bituriges exercitum reducit atque inde profectus Gorgobinam, Boiorum oppidum, quos ibi Helvetico proelio victos Caesar collocaverat Aeduisque attribuerat, oppugnare instituit.

a. VII.191.1. at : marks a transition as usual; translate meanwhile .

b. VII.191.2. usu ... praeceperat , had suspected would come to pass .— per causam , on the pretext (so elsewhere in Caesar): his real motive was to join his force.

c. VII.191.4. Brutum : Decimus Junius Brutus, afterward one of Caesar's assassins. This same officer had command of the fleet in the famous battle with the Veneti; see 82 7-10 .

d. VII.191.6. triduo : this was a pretence, and was given out to conceal his real design.

e. VII.191.8. Viennam , Vienne , a little below Lyons on the Rhone.— recentem : i.e. they were well rested and in good condition for a forced march.

f. VII.191.11. hiemabant : see Bk. vi. ch. 44 . His route would lie due north up the Saône along the eastern line of the Haedui. The distance of this rapid winter journey was above 300 miles.— quid : with consili .

g. VII.191.12. de sua salute , affecting his own safety ; opposed to any design on his forces.

h. VII.191.13. reliquas , etc.: two of them were somewhere near Luxembourg, and six at Sens, about 140 miles apart.

i. VII.191.14. prius : with quam .— unum locum : evidently Sens.

j. VII.190.17. Gorgobinam : this was situated probably on the Allier , a southern confluent of the Loire.

k. VII.191.18. Haeduis attribuerat : see 25 19 ff .

l. VII.191.20. difficultatem : the dilemma in which Caesar finds himself is expressed by the two parallel conditions, si ... contineret, ne ... deficeret , and si ... educeret, ne ... laboraret .

VII.10. Magnam haec res Caesari difficultatem ad consilium capiendum adferebat, si reliquam partem hiemis uno loco legiones contineret, ne stipendiariis Aeduorum expugnatis cuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum amicis in eo praesidium videretur positum esse; si maturius ex hibernis educeret, ne ab re frumentaria duris subvectionibus laboraret. [2] Praestare visum est tamen omnis difficultates perpeti, quam tanta contumelia accepta omnium suorum voluntates alienare. [3] Itaque cohortatus Aeduos de supportando commeatu praemittit ad Boios qui de suo adventu doceant hortenturque ut in fide maneant atque hostium impetum magno animo sustineant. [4] Duabus Agedinci legionibus atque impedimentis totius exercitus relictis ad Boios proficiscitur.

a. VII.192.1. stipendiariis : i.e. the Boii, who were tributaries of the Haedui.

b. VII.192.2. amicis , etc., since his friends would find there was no help for them in him .

c. VII.192.4. ab , in respect to his supply of corn.

d. VII.192.10. Agedinci : now Sens , the chief town of the Senones.

VII.11. Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum venisset, ne quem post se hostem relinqueret, quo expeditiore re frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare instituit idque biduo circumvallavit; [2] tertio die missis ex oppido legatis de deditione arma conferri, iumenta produci, sescentos obsides dari iubet. [3] Ea qui conficeret, C. Trebonium legatum relinquit. Ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret, Cenabum Carnutum proficiscitur; [4] qui tum primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, cum longius eam rem ductum iri existimarent, praesidium Cenabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant. [5] Castris ante oppidum positis diei tempore exclusus in posterum oppugnationem differt quaeque ad eam rem usui sint militibus imperat [6] et, quod oppidum Cenabum pons fluminis Ligeris contingebat, veritus ne noctu ex oppido profugerent, duas legiones in armis excubare iubet. [7] Cenabenses paulo ante mediam noctem silentio ex oppido egressi flumen transire coeperunt. Qua re per exploratores nuntiata Caesar legiones [8] quas expeditas esse iusserat portis incensis intromittit atque oppido potitur, perpaucis ex hostium numero desideratis quin cuncti caperentur, quod pontis atque itinerum angustiae multitudinis fugam intercluserant. [9] Oppidum diripit atque incendit, praedam militibus donat, exercitum Ligerem traducit atque in Biturigum fines pervenit.

a. VII.192.12. altero die , on the second day of the march.— Vellaunodunum : the position of this town is somewhat uncertain, but Caesar apparently did not march directly towards Gorgobina, but made a detour towards the north in order to cross the Loire at Orléans.

b. VII.192.13. quo , in order that .

c. VII.192.15. circumvallavit : the circumvallation consisted of a line of wall and trench surrounding the town.

d. VII.192.18. iter : i.e. to the relief of the Boii at Gorgobina.

e. VII.192.19. qui tum primum , etc.: i. e. they had just heard of the invest-
f. VII.192.20. eam rem : i.e. the siege.

g. VII.192.21. quod mitterent , to send , giving the purpose of comparabant .

h. VII.192.24. in posterum : sc. diem .

i. VII.192.25. militibus imperat , he orders the soldiers to prepare . The dir. obj. of imperat being a demonstrative antecedent of quae , not expressed in Latin, and in Eng. absorbed in 'what.'

j. VII.192.26. contingebat , touched : i. e. led directly to. The town being on the north bank, the bridge would allow its defenders to cross to the friendly Bituriges.

k. VII.193.3. desideratis quin , etc.: a loose use of the quin -construction; all, with very few exceptions, were captured .

l. VII.193.5. diripit : cf. the fate of Avaricum, ch. 28.

VII.12. Vercingetorix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit, oppugnatione destitit atque obviam Caesari proficiscitur. [2] Ille oppidum Biturigum positum in via Noviodunum oppugnare instituerat. [3] Quo ex oppido cum legati ad eum venissent oratum ut sibi ignosceret suaeque vitae consuleret, ut celeritate reliquas res conficeret, qua pleraque erat consecutus, arma conferri, equos produci, obsides dari iubet. [4] Parte iam obsidum tradita, cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus intromissis, qui arma iumentaque conquirerent, equitatus hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis antecesserat. [5] Quem simul atque oppidani conspexerunt atque in spem auxili venerunt, clamore sublato arma capere, portas claudere, murum complere coeperunt. Centuriones in oppido, [6] cum ex significatione Gallorum novi aliquid ab eis iniri consili intellexissent, gladiis destrictis portas occupaverunt suosque omnes incolumes receperunt.

a. VII.193.8. ille : i.e. Caesar.

b. VII.193.9. Noviodunum : the position is uncertain. Caesar's march, however, was certainly to the south up the Loire. This town is to be distinguished from Noviodunum of ch. 55, a city of the Haedui.

c. VII.193.11. celeritate : we may supply in Eng. a demon. as antecedent to qua .

d. VII.193.20. novi aliquid consili , some new design .

e. VII.193.22. omnīs incolumīs : see l. 15 above; construe with receperunt , got their men all back safe to Caesar's camp.

VII.13. Caesar ex castris equitatum educi iubet, proelium equestre committit: laborantibus iam suis Germanos equites circiter CCCC summittit, quos ab initio habere secum instituerat. [2] Eorum impetum Galli sustinere non potuerunt atque in fugam coniecti multis amissis se ad agmen receperunt. Quibus profligatis rursus oppidani perterriti comprehensos eos, quorum opera plebem concitatam existimabant, ad Caesarem perduxerunt seseque ei dediderunt. [3] Quibus rebus confectis, Caesar ad oppidum Avaricum, quod erat maximum munitissimumque in finibus Biturigum atque agri fertilissima regione, profectus est, quod eo oppido recepto civitatem Biturigum se in potestatem redacturum confidebat.

a. VII.193.24. Germanos : this force was much superior to the Gallic cavalry, and was destined to turn the battle in Caesar's favor at many critical times; see chs. 67 , 70 , 80 . The tactics of the German cavalry are described 43 4 ff .

b. VII.193.25. ab initio : the meaning of this is not clear. He had no German cavalry at the beginning of his campaigns. He may have obtained them after his struggle with Ariovistus.

c. VII.194.2. quibus , and these (the Gallic horse).

d. VII.194.3. eos (obj. of perduxerunt ): i.e. the leaders in the sudden movement described above, ch. 12 .

e. VII.194.5. Avaricum : the modern Bourges , an important town of 40,000 inhabitants, the geographical centre of France.

VII.14. Vercingetorix tot continuis incommodis Vellaunoduni, Cenabi, Novioduni acceptis suos ad concilium convocat. [2] Docet longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea gestum sit. Omnibus modis huic rei studendum, ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur: [3] id esse facile, quod equitatu ipsi abundent et quod anni tempore subleventur; [4] pabulum secari non posse; necessario dispersos hostes ex aedificiis petere: hos omnes cotidie ab equitibus deligi posse. [5] Praeterea salutis causa rei familiaris commoda neglegenda: vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere hoc spatio ab via quoque versus, quo pabulandi causa adire posse videantur. Harum ipsis rerum copiam suppetere, [6] quod, quorum in finibus bellum geratur, eorum opibus subleventur: [7] Romanos aut inopiam non laturos aut magno periculo longius ab castris processuros; [8] neque interesse, ipsosne interficiant, impedimentisne exuant, quibus amissis bellum geri non possit. [9] Praeterea oppida incendi oportere, quae non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint periculo tuta, neu suis sint ad detractandam militiam receptacula neu Romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollendam. [10] haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo illa gravius aestimare, liberos, coniuges in servitutem abstrahi, ipsos interfici; quae sit necesse accidere victis.

a. VII.195.3. longe alla ratione atque , in a way quite diffeffent from , etc.; by purely defensive or guerilla war.

b. VII.195.6. anni tempore : i.e. scarcely yet spring, long before harvest; all supplies must be got from granaries or storehouses ( aedificia ), which might easily be destroyed.

c. VII.195.8. hos omnīs : i.e. hostis .

d. VII.195.10. incendi : cf. the course of the Helvetians, Bk. i. ch. 5 .

e. VII.195.11. hoc spatio : explained by quo , etc., i.e. the range of the Roman foraging parties.—[ a Boia ]: omit.

f. VII.195.13. quorum : the antecedent is eorum .

g. VII.195.15. neque interesse , and it makes no difference [he says].— ne ... an , whether ... or .

h. VII.195.19. sint receptacula , serve as retreats .

i. VII.195.20. neu , and lest , sc. sint from preceding clause.— proposita , offered to be captured by the Romans. The method of warfare here advised by Vercingetorix and afterwards consistently followed by him stamps him as a general of first-rate ability. We may fitly compare Fabius Maximus harassing and weakening the army of Hannibal, and the burning of Moscow by the Russians to drive out Napoleon.

VII.15. Omnium consensu hac sententia probata uno die amplius XX urbes Biturigum incenduntur. [2] Hoc idem fit in reliquis civitatibus: in omnibus partibus incendia conspiciuntur; quae etsi magno cum dolore omnes ferebant, tamen hoc sibi solati proponebant, quod se prope explorata victoria celeriter amissa reciperaturos confidebant. [3] Deliberatur de Avarico in communi concilio, incendi placeret an defendi. [4] Procumbunt omnibus Gallis ad pedes Bituriges, ne pulcherrimam prope totius Galliae urbem, quae praesidio et ornamento sit civitati, suis manibus succendere cogerentur: [5] facile se loci natura defensuros dicunt, quod prope ex omnibus partibus flumine et palude circumdata unum habeat et perangustum aditum. [6] Datur petentibus venia dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente et precibus ipsorum et misericordia vulgi. Defensores oppido idonei deliguntur.

a. VII.195.26. urbīs : Caesar more commonly calls them oppida . Rome alone is always urbs .

b. VII.196.2. solaci : part. gen. with hoc .

c. VII.196.3. amissa , all they had lost (obj. of recuperaturos ).

d. VII.196.4. incendi , etc.: a double indir. quest., whether ... or .

e. VII.196.9. flumine : the city was just above the junction of the Auron with the Yèvre .

f. VII.196.12. volgi : obj. gen., i.e. his compassion for the poor people , who would be turned out of house and home in the winter, if the town should be burned.

VII.16. Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus subsequitur et locum castris deligit paludibus silvisque munitum ab Avarico longe milia passuum XVI. [2] Ibi per certos exploratores in singula diei tempora quae ad Avaricum agerentur cognoscebat et quid fieri vellet imperabat. [3] Omnis nostras pabulationes frumentationesque observabat dispersosque, cum longius necessario procederent, adoriebatur magnoque incommodo adficiebat, etsi, quantum ratione provideri poterat, ab nostris occurrebatur, ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus iretur.

a. VII.196.16. longe , distant .— certos ( cerno ), regular .

b. VII.196.17. in ... tempora , from hour to hour .

c. VII.196.21. etsi , etc., although so far as skillful planning ( ratione ) could provide (against this danger), our men took the precaution of going at uncertain times and in different directions .

d. VII.196.22. ut ... iretur : a clause of purpose, taking its construction from provideri though not immediately connected with it. The verbs are used impersonally.

VII.17. Castris ad eam partem oppidi positis Caesar, quae intermissa [a] flumine et a paludibus aditum, ut supra diximus, angustum habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turres duas constituere coepit: nam circumvallare loci natura prohibebat. [2] De re frumentaria Boios atque Aeduos adhortari non destitit; quorum alteri, quod nullo studio agebant, non multum adiuvabant, alteri non magnis facultatibus, quod civitas erat exigua et infirma, celeriter quod habuerunt consumpserunt. [3] Summa difficultate rei frumentariae adfecto exercitu tenuitate Boiorum, indiligentia Aeduorum, incendiis aedificiorum, usque eo ut complures dies frumento milites caruerint et pecore ex longinquioribus vicis adacto extremam famem sustentarent, nulla tamen vox est ab eis audita populi Romani maiestate et superioribus victoriis indigna. [4] Quin etiam Caesar cum in opere singulas legiones appellaret et, si acerbius inopiam ferrent, se dimissurum oppugnationem diceret, universi ab eo, ne id faceret, petebant: [5] sic se complures annos illo imperante meruisse, ut nullam ignominiam acciperent, nusquam infecta re discederent: [6] hoc se ignominiae laturos loco, si inceptam oppugnationem reliquissent: [7] praestare omnes perferre acerbitates, quam non civibus Romanis, qui Cenabi perfidia Gallorum interissent, parentarent. [8] Haec eadem centurionibus tribunisque militum mandabant, ut per eos ad Caesarem deferrentur.

a. VII.196.24. quae ... habebat : i. e. the neck of the peninsula on which the town was situated ( 196 8 ff .).

b. VII.196.25. intermissa , left free .—[ a ]: omit.

c. VII.196.26. aggerem , etc.: see chapter on military affairs, VIII . Between the Yèvre and the Auron was a plateau, some 1200 to 1600 feet high, with rather steep banks.As this plateau approached the town, it narrowed to a ridge only about 400 feet wide, with the Auron on one side and a swampy brook, the Yévrette, on the other. From the Yévrette to the Yèvre extended a morass. At a distance of about 300 feet from the city wall the ridge was intersected by a sudden depression like a trench, perhaps 50 feet deep (see plan, Fig. 90 ). Caesar pitched his camp on the agger .

d. VII.196.29. alteri : the Haedui, already wavering in their allegiance; alteri : the Boii, a fragment of the defeated Helvetians ( Bk. i. ch. 28 ).

e. VII.197.8. ab eis : the source of vox , not the agent of audita . Notice again in this passage the invincible endurance of these soldiers.

f. VII.197.14. ignominiae loco , in the place of (i.e. as) a disgrace .

g. VII.197.16. Cenabi : locative.

h. VII.197.17. parentarent = ut parentarent , the natural construction. As one might say irregularly in English 'It is better to suffer anything than not avenge our comrades,' omitting 'to.'

VII.18. Cum iam muro turres appropinquassent, ex captivis Caesar cognovit Vercingetorigem consumpto pabulo castra movisse propius Avaricum atque ipsum cum equitatu expeditisque, qui inter equites proeliari consuessent, insidiarum causa eo profectum, quo nostros postero die pabulatum venturos arbitraretur. [2] Quibus rebus cognitis media nocte silentio profectus ad hostium castra mane pervenit. [3] Illi celeriter per exploratores adventu Caesaris cognito carros impedimentaque sua in artiores silvas abdiderunt, copias omnes in loco edito atque aperto instruxerunt. [4] Qua re nuntiata Caesar celeriter sarcinas conferri, arma expediri iussit.

a. VII.197.23. qui ... consuessent : see Bk. i. ch. 48 .

b. VII.198.2. sarcinas , etc.: the regular preparation for battle.

VII.19. Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis. Hunc ex omnibus fere partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cingebat non latior pedibus quinquaginta. [2] Hoc se colle interruptis pontibus Galli fiducia loci continebant generatimque distributi in civitates omnia vada ac saltus eius paludis obtinebant, [3] sic animo parati, ut, si eam paludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, haesitantes premerent ex loco superiore; ut qui propinquitatem loci videret paratos prope aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret, qui iniquitatem condicionis perspiceret inani simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret. [4] Indignantes milites Gaesar, quod conspectum suum hostes perferre possent tantulo spatio interiecto, et signum proeli exposcentes edocet, quanto detrimento et quot virorum fortium morte necesse sit constare victoriam; quos cum sic animo paratos videat, [5] ut nullum pro sua laude periculum recusent, summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, nisi eorum vitam sua salute habeat cariorem. [6] Sic milites consolatus eodem die reducit in castra reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem pertinebant oppidi administrare instituit.

a. VII.198.5. difficilis , hard to cross ; impedita , embarrassing ; the two words express only different phases of the same idea.

b. VII.198.7. fiducia loci , trusting to the strength of the position .

c. VII.198.8. in civitatis ]: omit.— vada [ ac saltus ], fords and open spaces , where the way seemed practicable.

d. VII.198.10. haesitantīs , struggling in the mud or bushes.— premerent : a purpose clause, taking its construction from sic animo parati , determined ; cf. 199 3 , where the same words take a result clause. The two constructions approach each other, but the first refers to future time, the last to present.

e. VII.198.11. propinquitatem : i.e. the armies were separated only by the swamp.— videret : the contrast is between the casual observer and the careful inspector ( qui ... perspiceret ).— prope , etc., on nearly equal terms ; iniquitatem , unfair advantage , showing that their offering battle was inanis simulatio .

f. VII.198.14. quod ... possent : follows indignantīs , chafing that , etc.— conspectum suum , the sight of them .

g. VII.199.2. necesse sit , etc., a victory must needs cost , with the ABL of price.

h. VII.199.4. iniquitatis : § 352 (220) ; B. 208. 2. a ; G. 378 ; H. 456 (409. ii) ; H-B. 342 .

VII.20. Vercingetorix, cum ad suos redisset, proditionis insimulatus, quod castra propius Romanos movisset, quod cum omni equitatu discessisset, quod sine imperio tantas copias reliquisset, quod eius discessu Romani tanta opportunitate et celeritate venissent: [2] non haec omnia fortuito aut sine consilio accidere potuisse; regnum illum Galliae malle Caesaris concessu quam ipsorum habere beneficio [3] --tali modo accusatus ad haec respondit: Quod castra movisset, factum inopia pabuli etiam ipsis hortantibus; quod propius Romanos accessisset, persuasum loci opportunitate, qui se ipsum munitione defenderet: [4] equitum vero operam neque in loco palustri desiderari debuisse et illic fuisse utilem, quo sint profecti. [5] Summam imperi se consulto nulli discedentem tradidisse, ne is multitudinis studio ad dimicandum impelleretur; cui rei propter animi mollitiem studere omnes videret, quod diutius laborem ferre non possent. [6] Romani si casu intervenerint, fortunae, si alicuius indicio vocati, huic habendam gratiam, quod et paucitatem eorum ex loco superiore cognoscere et virtutem despicere potuerint, qui dimicare non ausi turpiter se in castra receperint. [7] Imperium se ab Caesare per proditionem nullum desiderare, quod habere victoria posset, quae iam esset sibi atque omnibus Gallis explorata: quin etiam ipsis remittere, si sibi magis honorem tribuere, quam ab se salutem accipere videantur. [8] "Haec ut intellegatis," inquit, "a me sincere pronuntiari, audite Romanos milites." Producit servos, [9] quos in pabulatione paucis ante diebus exceperat et fame vinculisque excruciaverat. Hi iam ante edocti quae interrogati pronuntiarent, [10] milites se esse legionarios dicunt; fame et inopia adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti aut pecoris in agris reperire possent: [11] simili omnem exercitum inopia premi, nec iam vires sufficere cuiusquam nec ferre operis laborem posse: itaque statuisse imperatorem, si nihil in oppugnatione oppidi profecissent, triduo exercitum deducere. "Haec," inquit, "a me," Vercingetorix, "beneficia habetis, [12] quem proditionis insimulatis; cuius opera sine vestro sanguine tantum exercitum victorem fame consumptum videtis; quem turpiter se ex fuga recipientem ne qua civitas suis finibus recipiat a me provisum est."

a. VII.199.8. proditionis : see last note.

b. VII.199.10. discessisset and venissent refer to the action in ch. 13.— imperio = imperatore .

c. VII.199.12. non haec , etc., all these things could not, they said .

d. VII.200.1. illum : connect with malle habere .

e. VII.200.2. ipsorum : sc. concessu .

f. VII.200.5. persuasum [esse]: impers., that it had been recommended .— qui se ... defenderet , which was its own defence ( ch. 19 ).

g. VII.200.12. fortunae (dat.): as well as huic (referring to alicuius ), to be construed with habendam gratiam , thanks were due .

h. VII.200.16. imperium : the same as regnum Galliae above.

i. VII.200.18. quin etiam , nay even . Distinguish carefully from quin introducing a neg. result.— remittere , is ready to resign ; in dir. disc., remitto , I resign .— si = [to see] whether (ind. quest.).

j. VII.200.27. nec iam viris , etc., that no one any longer has sufficient strength ; viris is from vis .

k. VII.200.28. posse : sc. quemquam , supplied from cuiusquam .

l. VII.200.30. Vercingetorix ]: may be omitted.

m. VII.201.2. quem : construe with ne ... recipiat , subj. of provisum est , and as it basely flees from this spot, I have provided that no state shall receive it within its boundaries .

VII.21. Conclamat omnis multitudo et suo more armis concrepat, quod facere in eo consuerunt cuius orationem approbant: summum esse Vercingetorigem ducem, nec de eius fide dubitandum, nec maiore ratione bellum administrari posse. [2] Statuunt, ut X milia hominum delecta ex omnibus copiis in oppidum mittantur, [3] nec solis Biturigibus communem salutem committendam censent, quod paene in eo, si id oppidum retinuissent, summam victoriae constare intellegebant.

a. VII.201.4. suo more : cf. Tacitus (Ger. II) , si placuit sententia, frameas concutiunt .

b. VII.201.5. in eo , in the case of him .

c. VII.201.6. summum : this word is often used where we should say "a great."

d. VII.201.7. maiore ratione , with better generalship .

e. VII.201.11. si ... retinuissent : in app. with eo ( that condition ).

VII.22. Singulari militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cuiusque modi Gallorum occurrebant, ut est summae genus sollertiae atque ad omnia imitanda et efficienda, quae ab quoque traduntur, aptissimum. [2] Nam et laqueis falces avertebant, quas, cum destinaverant, tormentis introrsus reducebant, et aggerem cuniculis subtrahebant, eo scientius quod apud eos magnae sunt ferrariae atque omne genus cuniculorum notum atque usitatum est. [3] Totum autem murum ex omni parte turribus contabulaverant atque has coriis intexerant. [4] Tum crebris diurnis nocturnisque eruptionibus aut aggeri ignem inferebant aut milites occupatos in opere adoriebantur, et nostrarum turrium altitudinem, quantum has cotidianus agger expresserat, [5] commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant, et apertos cuniculos praeusta et praeacuta materia et pice fervefacta et maximi ponderis saxis morabantur moenibusque appropinquare prohibebant.

a. VII.201.14. genus : i. e. the Gauls.

b. VII.201.15. atque ... aptissimum : cf. Bk. iv. ch. 5 ; atque connects the descriptive gen. summae sollertiae and the descriptive adj. aptissimum .

c. VII.201.16. laqueis , etc.: see Fig. 127 .

d. VII.201.17. cum destinaverant, ... reducebant : a general condition expressing repeated action in past time; cf. 130 7 .

e. VII.201.19. ferrariae : so of the copper mines of the Aquitani; see 89 11-18 .

f. VII.201.25. cotidianus agger : i.e, the daily increase in the height of the agger .— commissis malis , by splicing the upright timbers ; these were the high corner beams of the towers, by which they were raised in successive stages, so that each increase in the height of the Roman works was met by a corresponding increase in the height of the defences. The towers on the walls were probably connected by covered galleries, one for each story.

g. VII.201.26. apertos cuniculos ... morabantur , etc.: this refers to the obstructions put by the Gauls in the way of the open passage ways which ran through the agger , and which the soldiers used in carrying material for its advance and completion; morabantur has the force of blocked or obstructed . See Figs. 92 , 93 , 120 , and chapter on military affairs, VIII .

VII.23. Muri autem omnes Gallici hac fere forma sunt. Trabes derectae perpetuae in longitudinem paribus intervallis, distantes inter se binos pedes, in solo collocantur. [2] Hae revinciuntur introrsus et multo aggere vestiuntur: ea autem, quae diximus, intervalla grandibus in fronte saxis effarciuntur. [3] His collocatis et coagmentatis alius insuper ordo additur, ut idem illud intervallum servetur neque inter se contingant trabes, sed paribus intermissae spatiis singulae singulis saxis interiectis arte contineantur. [4] Sic deinceps omne opus contexitur, dum iusta muri altitudo expleatur. [5] Hoc cum in speciem varietatemque opus deforme non est alternis trabibus ac saxis, quae rectis lineis suos ordines servant, tum ad utilitatem et defensionem urbium summam habet opportunitatem, quod et ab incendio lapis et ab ariete materia defendit, quae perpetuis trabibus pedes quadragenos plerumque introrsus revincta neque perrumpi neque distrahi potest.

a. VII.202.2. directae , at right angles with the course of the wall.— perpetuae in longitudinem , along the whole length .

b. VII.202.4. revinciuntur , are fastened by beams some forty feet in length, running lengthwise of the wall.

c. VII.202.5. intervalla : i.e. the two feet between each two of the beams in the lower tier ( ordo ).

d. VII.202.7. ut idem , etc., in such a way that the same space (between the beams) is preserved, and that the beams do not touch each other; but, placed at equal intervals, the individual beams are firmly bound together by the corresponding stones placed between them ; i.e. so alternating in the successive layers that beams rested on stone, and stone on beams.

e. VII.202.11. cum : correlative with tum below.

f. VII.202.15. quadragenum : note the distributive, forty each .

g. VII.203.1. introrsus revincta : i.e. the beams were mortised together at some distance from the exposed ends, making it next to impossible to force them apart; see Fig. 94 .

VII.24. His tot rebus impedita oppugnatione milites, cum toto tempore frigore et assiduis imbribus tardarentur, tamen continenti labore omnia haec superaverunt et diebus XXV aggerem latum pedes CCCXXX, altum pedes LXXX exstruxerunt. [2] Cum is murum hostium paene contingeret, et Caesar ad opus consuetudine excubaret militesque hortaretur, ne quod omnino tempus ab opere intermitteretur, paulo ante tertiam vigiliam est animadversum fumare aggerem, quem cuniculo hostes succenderant, [3] eodemque tempore toto muro clamore sublato duabus portis ab utroque latere turrium eruptio fiebat. [4] Alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus iaciebant, picem reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, fundebant, ut quo primum curreretur aut cui rei ferretur auxilium vix ratio iniri posset. [5] Tamen, quod instituto Caesaris semper duae legiones pro castris excubabant pluresque partitis temporibus erant in opere, celeriter factum est, ut alii eruptionibus resisterent, alii turres reducerent aggeremque interscinderent, omnis vero ex castris multitudo ad restinguendum concurreret.

a. VII.203.4. frigore : it was still very early in the year, scarcely spring; see 208 10 .

b. VII.203.6. latum : as a width of over 300 feet is incredible, some have supposed that this is an error for longum ; others, that the numeral should be xxxx.— altum pedes lxxx : it must be remembered that the height of the agger had to equal the depth of the ravine it crossed, and also the height of the Gallic wall. The latter may have been thirty feet.

c. VII.203.11. cuniculo : i.e. a mine running under the agger . It should be remembered that the agger was built largely of wood.

d. VII.203.13. turrium : the Roman towers, mounted on wheels or rollers, and here referring to those flanking the agger ; see Figs .43 , 92 , 127 .

e. VII.203.19. partitis temporibus : i.e. in their turn .

f. VII.203.20. reducerent : i.e. out of reach of the fire.

g. VII.203.21. interscinderent : i.e. they cut away the unfinished end of the agger , which was in flames. Thus the rest was saved.

VII.25. Cum in omnibus locis consumpta iam reliqua parte noctis pugnaretur, semperque hostibus spes victoriae redintegraretur, eo magis, quod deustos pluteos turrium videbant nec facile adire apertos ad auxiliandum animadvertebant, semperque ipsi recentes defessis succederent omnemque Galliae salutem in illo vestigio temporis positam arbitrarentur, accidit inspectantibus nobis quod dignum memoria visum praetereundum non existimavimus. [2] Quidam ante portam oppidi Gallus per manus sebi ac picis traditas glebas in ignem e regione turris proiciebat: scorpione ab latere dextro traiectus exanimatusque concidit. [3] Hunc ex proximis unus iacentem transgressus eodem illo munere fungebatur; [4] eadem ratione ictu scorpionis exanimato alteri successit tertius et tertio quartus, nec prius ille est a propugnatoribus vacuus relictus locus quam restincto aggere atque omni ex parte summotis hostibus finis est pugnandi factus.

a. VII.203.25. pluteos : here the high wooden bulwarks ( loricae ) protecting each story of the tower: 144 2 .

b. VII.203.26. nec ... animadvertebant , and noticed that the exposedmen did not readily approach to give assistance .

c. VII.204.2. accidit , etc., an incident occurred before my eyes, which, seem- . Observe the use of the plural pronoun, the 'editorial we ', extremely common in Latin.

d. VII.204.4. per manus traditas : i.e. his companions passed them to him to throw.

e. VII.204.5. scorpione : this was a powerful cross-bow, for hurling darts or bolts; see chapter on military affairs, I. 5 and Fig. 95 .

f. VII.204.18. palus : probably the watery valley of the Auron.

g. VII.205.3. suorum , their husbands .

VII.26. Omnia experti Galli, quod res nulla successerat, postero die consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere hortante et iubente Vercingetorige. [2] Id silentio noctis conati non magna iactura suorum sese effecturos sperabant, propterea quod neque longe ab oppido castra Vercingetorigis aberant, et palus, quae perpetua intercedebat, Romanos ad insequendum tardabat. [3] Iamque hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matres familiae repente in publicum procurrerunt flentesque proiectae ad pedes suorum omnibus precibus petierunt, ne se et communes liberos hostibus ad supplicium dederent, quos ad capiendam fugam naturae et virium infirmitas impediret. [4] Vbi eos in sententia perstare viderunt, quod plerumque in summo periculo timor misericordiam non recipit, conclamare et significare de fuga Romanis coeperunt. [5] Quo timore perterriti Galli, ne ab equitatu Romanorum viae praeoccuparentur, consilio destiterunt.

a. VII.205.5. quos : refers to se as well as to liberos .

b. VII.205.8. quo timore : the regular Latin idiom where we should expect cuius rei timore .

VII.27. Postero die Caesar promota turri perfectisque operibus quae facere instituerat, magno coorto imbre non inutilem hanc ad capiendum consilium tempestatem arbitratus est, quod paulo incautius custodias in muro dispositas videbat, suosque languidius in opere versari iussit et quid fieri vellet ostendit. [2] Legionibusque intra vineas in occulto expeditis, cohortatus ut aliquando pro tantis laboribus fructum victoriae perciperent, eis qui primi murum ascendissent praemia proposuit militibusque signum dedit. [3] Illi subito ex omnibus partibus evolaverunt murumque celeriter compleverunt.

a. VII.205.16. intra vineas ]: it would be impossible for legions to find room inside the vineae . Either legiones here refers to the storming columns, or intra vineas means within the line of the sheds, and so out of sight. Many editors omit the words altogether.— expeditis , put in fighting order .

b. VII.205.18. adscendissent : informal indir. disc. for the fut. perf. of the direct.

VII.28. Hostes re nova perterriti muro turribusque deiecti in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt, hoc animo ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur acie instructa depugnarent. [2] Vbi neminem in aequum locum sese demittere, sed toto undique muro circumfundi viderunt, veriti ne omnino spes fugae tolleretur, abiectis armis ultimas oppidi partes continenti impetu petiverunt, [3] parsque ibi, cum angusto exitu portarum se ipsi premerent, a militibus, pars iam egressa portis ab equitibus est interfecta; [4] nec fuit quisquam, qui praedae studeret. Sic et Cenabi caede et labore operis incitati non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt. [5] Denique ex omni numero, qui fuit circiter milium XL, vix DCCC, qui primo clamore audito se ex oppido eiecerunt, incolumes ad Vercingetorigem pervenerunt. [6] Quos ille multa iam nocte silentio ex fuga excepit, veritus ne qua in castris ex eorum concursu et misericordia vulgi seditio oreretur, ut procul in via dispositis familiaribus suis principibusque civitatum disparandos deducendosque ad suos curaret, quae cuique civitati pars castrorum ab initio obvenerat.

a. VII.205.22. cuneatim , in a compact body ; (lit. wedge-fashion ) implying tactics like those of the Romans.

b. VII.205.23. si qua ... veniretur , if an attack should be made from any side ; [ contra ] may be omitted; veniretur is impersonal.

c. VII.205.25. circumfundi (impers. pass.) = that men were pouring in .

d. VII.205.27. continenti impetu , without stopping .

e. VII.206.1. exitu : ABL of cause.

f. VII.206.3. quisquam : i.e. Romanorum .— Cenabensi caede : see ch. 3 .

g. VII.206.10. ut ]: omit.— procul in via , etc., placing his friends and the chiefs of the states at intervals for some distance along the road, he took care that they [the fugitives] should be separated and conducted to their own people .

h. VII.206.12. quae ... pars = ad eam partem ... quae and refers to the persons implied by suos , and is explained by 198 7, where it is said that the Gallic forces were arranged generatim .

VII.29. Postero die concilio convocato consolatus cohortatusque est ne se admodum animo demitterent, ne perturbarentur incommodo; [2] non virtute neque in acie vicisse Romanos, sed artificio quodam et scientia oppugnationis, cuius rei fuerint ipsi imperiti; [3] errare, si qui in bello omnes secundos rerum proventus exspectent. [4] Sibi numquam placuisse Avaricum defendi, cuius rei testes ipsos haberet; sed factum imprudentia Biturigum et nimia obsequentia reliquorum uti hoc incommodum acciperetur; [5] id tamen se celeriter maioribus commodis sanaturum. [6] Nam quae ab reliquis Gallis civitates dissentirent, has sua diligentia adiuncturum atque unum consilium totius Galliae effecturum, cuius consensui ne orbis quidem terrarum possit obsistere; idque se prope iam effectum habere. [7] Interea aequum esse ab eis communis salutis causa impetrari ut castra munire instituerent, quo facilius repentinos hostium impetus sustinerent.

a. VII.206.14. consolatus cohortatusque : the fall of Avaricum must have been a crushing blow to Vercingetorix, but he meets the disaster with a magnificent courage.

b. VII.206.18. errare si qui = that those were mistaken who , etc.

c. VII.206.19. sibi numquam placuisse : see 196 3-13 .

d. VII.206.23. quae ... dissentirent : i.e. the states that had not yet joined the rebellion.

e. VII.206.27. effectum habere : see notes on 13 4 , 40 20 , 51 8 .

f. VII.206.28. impetrari , etc.: i.e. he had a right to ask them to proceed to fortify, etc.; notice the modesty of these words, appropriate to the great disaster just suffered.

VII.30. Fuit haec oratio non ingrata Gallis, et maxime, quod ipse animo non defecerat tanto accepto incommodo neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat; [2] plusque animo providere et praesentire existimabatur, quod re integra primo incendendum Avaricum, post deserendum censuerat. [3] Itaque ut reliquorum imperatorum res adversae auctoritatem minuunt, sic huius ex contrario dignitas incommodo accepto in dies augebatur. [4] Simul in spem veniebant eius adfirmatione de reliquis adiungendis civitatibus; primumque eo tempore Galli castra munire instituerunt et sic sunt animo confirmati, homines insueti laboris, ut omnia quae imperarentur sibi patienda existimarent.

a. VII.207.5. re integra , before anything had happened (see ch. 15 ).

b. VII.207.6. ut ... sic : correlatives.

c. VII.207.9. de reliquis , etc.: follows in spem , hope of , etc.

d. VII.207.11. homines insueti : an appositive expressing concession; translate by although .

VII.31. Nec minus quam est pollicitus Vercingetorix animo laborabat ut reliquas civitates adiungeret, atque eas donis pollicitationibusque alliciebat. Huic rei idoneos homines deligebat, [2] quorum quisque aut oratione subdola aut amicitia facillime capere posset. Qui Avarico expugnato refugerant, [3] armandos vestiendosque curat; [4] simul, ut deminutae copiae redintegrarentur, imperat certum numerum militum civitatibus, quem et quam ante diem in castra adduci velit, sagittariosque omnes, quorum erat permagnus numerus in Gallia, conquiri et ad se mitti iubet. His rebus celeriter id quod Avarici deperierat expletur. [5] Interim Teutomatus, Olloviconis filius, rex Nitiobrigum, cuius pater ab senatu nostro amicus erat appellatus, cum magno equitum suorum numero et quos ex Aquitania conduxerat ad eum pervenit.

a. VII.207.18. capere , gain over (the neutral states).

b. VII.207.19. armandos vestiendosque : gerundives expressing purpose, agreeing with the understood obj. [ eos ] of curat ; cf. 11 5 , 82 7 .

c. VII.207.21. quem : sc. numerum .

d. VII.208.1. sagittarios : apparently the Gauls had trusted too much, especially during the siege, to hand-to-hand fighting.

e. VII.208.6. quos conduxerat , whom he had hired ; i.e. mercenaries.

VII.32. Caesar Avarici complures dies commoratus summamque ibi copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nactus exercitum ex labore atque inopia refecit. [2] Iam prope hieme confecta cum ipso anni tempore ad gerendum bellum vocaretur et ad hostem proficisci constituisset, sive eum ex paludibus silvisque elicere sive obsidione premere posset, legati ad eum principes Aeduorum veniunt oratum ut maxime necessario tempore civitati subveniat: [3] summo esse in periculo rem, quod, cum singuli magistratus antiquitus creari atque regiam potestatem annum obtinere consuessent, duo magistratum gerant et se uterque eorum legibus creatum esse dicat. [4] Horum esse alterum Convictolitavem, florentem et illustrem adulescentem, alterum Cotum, antiquissima familia natum atque ipsum hominem summae potentiae et magnae cognationis, cuius frater Valetiacus proximo anno eundem magistratum gesserit. [5] Civitatem esse omnem in armis; divisum senatum, divisum populum, suas cuiusque eorum clientelas. Quod si diutius alatur controversia, fore uti pars cum parte civitatis confligat. Id ne accidat, positum in eius diligentia atque auctoritate.

a. VII.208.11. confecta : it was now about the end of March, or a little later.— tempore : i.e. the time was suitable for campaigning.

b. VII.208.12. sive ... sive : understand to try , or some such phrase to introduce these clauses which are treated as indir. questions.

c. VII.208.15. maxime necessario tempore , in an extreme emergency .

d. VII.208.23. proximo anno , the year before .

e. VII.208.24. suas ... clientelas , that each of them had his own [armed] followers (see Bk. vi. ch. 15 ).

f. VII.208.25. quod si , but if ; see second note on 40 20 .

g. VII.208.27. positum [esse], depended on .

VII.33. Caesar, etsi a bello atque hoste discedere detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen non ignorans quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent, ne tanta et tam coniuncta populo Romano civitas, quam ipse semper aluisset omnibusque rebus ornasset, ad vim atque arma descenderet, atque ea pars quae minus sibi confideret auxilia a Vercingetorige arcesseret, [2] huic rei praevertendum existimavit et, quod legibus Aeduorum eis, qui summum magistratum obtinerent, excedere ex finibus non liceret, ne quid de iure aut de legibus eorum deminuisse videretur, ipse in Aeduos proficisci statuit senatumque omnem et quos inter controversia esset ad se Decetiam evocavit. [3] Cum prope omnis civitas eo convenisset, docereturque paucis clam convocatis alio loco, alio tempore atque oportuerit fratrem a fratre renuntiatum, cum leges duo ex una familia vivo utroque non solum magistratus creari vetarent, sed etiam in senatu esse prohiberent, Cotum imperium deponere coegit, Convictolitavem, [4] qui per sacerdotes more civitatis intermissis magistratibus esset creatus, potestatem obtinere iussit.

a. VII.209.6. minus [sibi] confideret , felt itself weakest .

b. VII.209.8. eis : dat. with liceret .

c. VII.209.11. quos inter = eos inter quos .

d. VII.209.14. atque , than , as often after alius .— oportuerit : for oportuit of the direct, implying the nonfulfilment of the duty; see § 522. a (311. c) ; B. 304. 3. a ; G. 597. R. 3 ; H. 583 (511. 1. N. 3) ; H-B. 582. 3. a .

e. VII.209.15. renuntiatum : renuntiare is the technical term for the act of a magistrate who, after an election, formally declares the result, and thus "creates" the new official. In this case one brother had declared the other elected after a sham election by an illegal convention.— vivo utroque , when both are living .

f. VII.209.18. intermissis magistratibus , there being a vacancy in the magistracy ; this phrase signifies that an interval occurred between the term of one magistrate and the due election of his successor. Valetiacus ( 208 22 ) had illegally appointed his brother Cotus to be his successor. The priests interrex by virtue of the sacred authority residing in them. Caesar here, accordingly, recognizes the likeness to a Roman precedent.

g. VII.209.19. obtinere , to hold against ( ob ) the rival claimant. See note on 2 1 .

VII.34. Hoc decreto interposito cohortatus Aeduos, ut controversiarum ac dissensionis obliviscerentur atque omnibus omissis his rebus huic bello servirent eaque quae meruissent praemia ab se devicta Gallia exspectarent equitatumque omnem et peditum milia decem sibi celeriter mitterent, quae in praesidiis rei frumentariae causa disponeret, exercitum in duas partes divisit: [2] quattuor legiones in Senones Parisiosque Labieno ducendas dedit, sex ipse in Arvernos ad oppidum Gergoviam secundum flumen Elaver duxit; equitatus partem illi attribuit, partem sibi reliquit. [3] Qua re cognita Vercingetorix omnibus interruptis eius fluminis pontibus ab altera fluminis parte iter facere coepit.

a. VII.209.22. his ]: makes sense and may be translated.

b. VII.209.25. quae = ut ea : purpose.

c. VII.209.27. ducendas : cf. 206 12 .

d. VII.210.1. secundum flumen , along the stream (construe with duxit ).

e. VII.210.4. ab altera parte : Caesar being on the right or eastern bank, Vercingetorix on the western, on which the town of Gergovia lay.

VII.35. Cum uterque utrimque exisset exercitus, in conspectu fereque e regione castris castra ponebant dispositis exploratoribus, necubi effecto ponte Romani copias traducerent. Erat in magnis Caesaris difficultatibus res, ne maiorem aestatis partem flumine impediretur, quod non fere ante autumnum Elaver vado transiri solet. [2] Itaque, ne id accideret, silvestri loco castris positis e regione unius eorum pontium, quos Vercingetorix rescindendos curaverat, postero die cum duabus legionibus in occulto restitit; [3] reliquas copias cum omnibus impedimentis, ut consueverat, misit, apertis quibusdam cohortibus, uti numerus legionum constare videretur. [4] His quam longissime possent egredi iussis, cum iam ex diei tempore coniecturam ceperat in castra perventum, isdem sublicis, quarum pars inferior integra remanebat, pontem reficere coepit. [5] Celeriter effecto opere legionibusque traductis et loco castris idoneo delecto reliquas copias revocavit. [6] Vercingetorix re cognita, ne contra suam voluntatem dimicare cogeretur, magnis itineribus antecessit.

a. VII.210.6. e regione : see vocab.; cf. 204 5 .— castris : dat. of reference.

b. VII.210.9. partem : ACC of extent of time.

c. VII.210.12. rescindendos : cf. 209 27.

d. VII.210.14. distractis , etc.: this means that Caesar made up two sham legions by taking cohorts from the others, so that there might appear to be six full legions as before.

e. VII.210.18. perventum [esse] (impers.): i.e. that the four legions that had gone on ahead had reached their camping ground.— pars inferior : the lower end of the piles, which (being under water) was not burned or cut away, served as a support to the new bridge hastily constructed for the crossing.

f. VII.210.22. magnis itineribus : see note on 8 22 .

VII.36. Caesar ex eo loco quintis castris Gergoviam pervenit equestrique eo die proelio levi facto perspecto urbis situ, quae posita in altissimo monte omnes aditus difficiles habebat, de expugnatione desperavit, de obsessione non prius agendum constituit, quam rem frumentariam expedisset. [2] At Vercingetorix castris, prope oppidum positis, mediocribus circum se intervallis separatim singularum civitatium copias collocaverat atque omnibus eius iugi collibus occupatis, qua despici poterat, [3] horribilem speciem praebebat; principesque earum civitatium, quos sibi ad consilium capiendum delegerat, prima luce cotidie ad se convenire iubebat, seu quid communicandum, seu quid administrandum videretur; [4] neque ullum fere diem intermittebat quin equestri proelio interiectis sagittariis, quid in quoque esset animi ac virtutis suorum perspiceret. [5] Erat e regione oppidi collis sub ipsis radicibus montis, egregie munitus atque ex omni parte circumcisus; quem si tenerent nostri, et aquae magna parte et pabulatione libera prohibituri hostes videbantur; [6] sed is locus praesidio ab his non nimis firmo tenebatur; [7] tamen silentio noctis Caesar ex castris egressus, priusquam subsidio ex oppido veniri posset, deiecto praesidio potitus loco duas ibi legiones collocavit fossamque duplicem duodenum pedum a maioribus castris ad minora perduxit, ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent.

a. VII.210.24. quintis castris , at the fifth encampment , or end of the fifth day's march.

b. VII.210.26. situ : see plan, Fig. 97 .

c. VII.210.27. oppugnatione , taking (it) by storm , without a formal siege.— de obsessione , etc.: i.e. he concluded not to invest it regularly until supplies had been provided.

d. VII.211.5. qua despici poterat , where a view could be had from above .

e. VII.211.8. seu quid , etc., in case any communication or orders should seem necessary .

f. VII.211.10. quid : with animi ac virtutis (part. gen.).

g. VII.211.12. collis : the so-called Roche Blanche (White Rock), at whose foot flows the only sufficient stream of water (see plan, Fig. 97 ). Caesar's larger camp, it will be observed, lay toward the southeast of the town, and the smaller towards the south; while the forces of the Gauls lay on the ch. 46 ).

h. VII.211.13. quem si , etc.: fut. condition, indir. disc.

i. VII.211.14. et ... et : correlatives.

j. VII.211.16. tamen : opposed to the whole description, not to the last part merely.

k. VII.211.17. posset : see note on 158 24 . The verb is here impersonal.

VII.37. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Convictolitavis Aeduus, cui magistratum adiudicatum a Caesare demonstravimus, sollicitatus ab Arvernis pecunia cum quibusdam adulescentibus colloquitur; quorum erat princeps Litaviccus atque eius fratres, amplissima familia nati adulescentes. [2] Cum his praemium communicat hortaturque, ut se liberos et imperio natos meminerint. [3] Vnam esse Aeduorum civitatem, quae certissimam Galliae victoriam detineat; eius auctoritate reliquas contineri; qua traducta locum consistendi Romanis in Gallia non fore. [4] Esse nonnullo se Caesaris beneficio adfectum, sic tamen, ut iustissimam apud eum causam obtinuerit; sed plus communi libertati tribuere. [5] Cur enim potius Aedui de suo iure et de legibus ad Caesarem disceptatorem, quam Romani ad Aeduos veniant? [6] Celeriter adulescentibus et oratione magistratus et praemio deductis, cum se vel principes eius consili fore profiterentur, ratio perficiendi quaerebatur, quod civitatem temere ad suscipiendum bellum adduci posse non confidebant. [7] Placuit ut Litaviccus decem illis milibus, quae Caesari ad bellum mitterentur, praeficeretur atque ea ducenda curaret, fratresque eius ad Caesarem praecurrerent. Reliqua qua ratione agi placeat constituunt.

a. VII.211.23. demonstravimus : see 209 17-19 .

b. VII.211.27. praemium communicat : i.e. the money received from the Arverni.

c. VII.211.28. imperio natos , born for command (dat.).— unam , etc., was the only thing , etc., though unam as usual agrees with the pred.

d. VII.212.1. traducta , carried over to the patriotic party.

e. VII.212.3. beneficio , a friendly act ; i.e. deciding the magistracy in his favor.— sic ... obtinuerit : i.e. this (he claimed) was only his due and not a special favor.

f. VII.212.8. vel principes , even leaders , not mere followers or adherents.

g. VII.212.11. placuit , it was decided .— milibus : this refers to the troops that Caesar had asked for against Vercingetorix; see 209 23-25 .

h. VII.212.12. ea ducenda curaret , that he should have charge of their march .

i. VII.212.13. reliqua : subj. of agi , the whole clause being the obj. of constituunt .

VII.38. Litaviccus accepto exercitu, cum milia passuum circiter XXX ab Gergovia abesset, convocatis subito militibus lacrimans, "Quo proficiscimur," inquit, "milites? [2] Omnis noster equitatus, omnis nobilitas interiit; principes civitatis, Eporedorix et Viridomarus, insimulati proditionis ab Romanis indicta causa interfecti sunt. [3] Haec ab ipsis cognoscite, qui ex ipsa caede fugerunt: nam ego fratribus atque omnibus meis propinquis interfectis dolore prohibeor, [4] quae gesta sunt, pronuntiare." Producuntur hi quos ille edocuerat quae dici vellet, atque eadem, quae Litaviccus pronuntiaverat, multitudini exponunt: multos equites Aeduorum interfectos, [5] quod collocuti cum Arvernis dicerentur; ipsos se inter multitudinem militum occultasse atque ex media caede fugisse. [6] Conclamant Aedui et Litaviccum obsecrant ut sibi consulat. "Quasi vero," inquit ille, "consili sit res, ac non necesse sit nobis Gergoviam contendere et cum Arvernis nosmet coniungere. [7] An dubitamus quin nefario facinore admisso Romani iam ad nos interficiendos concurrant? Proinde, si quid in nobis animi est, [8] persequamur eorum mortem qui indignissime interierunt, atque hos latrones interficiamus." Ostendit cives Romanos, qui eius praesidi fiducia una erant: [9] magnum numerum frumenti commeatusque diripit, ipsos crudeliter excruciatos interficit. [10] nuntios tota civitate Aeduorum dimittit, eodem mendacio de caede equitum et principum permovet; hortatur ut simili ratione atque ipse fecerit suas iniurias persequantur.

a. VII.212.18. principes civitatis : see ch. 39 .

b. VII.213.1. consili res , a matter for deliberation.— sit : for mood and tense, see § 524 (312) ; B. 307 ; G. 602 ; H. 584 (513. ii) ; H-B. 504. 3 .

c. VII.213.4. concurrant : see § 558. a (319. d) ; B. 284. 3 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. 1 (504. 3. 2) ; H-B. 521. 3. b .

d. VII.213.8. una (adv.), with him .— frumenti : i.e. which these Romans were taking to Caesar under the protection of the Haeduan guard.

VII.39. Eporedorix Aeduus, summo loco natus adulescens et summae domi potentiae, et una Viridomarus, pari aetate et gratia, sed genere dispari, quem Caesar ab Diviciaco sibi traditum ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perduxerat, in equitum numero convenerant nominatim ab eo evocati. [2] His erat inter se de principatu contentio, et in illa magistratuum controversia alter pro Convictolitavi, alter pro Coto summis opibus pugnaverant. [3] Ex eis Eporedorix cognito Litavicci consilio media fere nocte rem ad Caesarem defert; orat ne patiatur civitatem pravis adulescentium consiliis ab amicitia populi Romani deficere; quod futurum provideat, si se tot hominum milia cum hostibus coniunxerint, quorum salutem neque propinqui neglegere, neque civitas levi momento aestimare posset.

a. VII.213.15. genere dispari , of lower birth .

b. VII.213.16. traditum : here equivalent to commendatum ,— presented as suited for public service.

c. VII.213.17. nominatim , etc.: i. e. he had sent them a personal summons.

d. VII.213.23. quod ... provideat , which he foresees will be the consequence .

e. VII.213.25. levi momento , of light account ; momentum (from moveo ) is strictly the weight which "moves" the balance scale.

VII.40. Magna adfectus sollicitudine hoc nuntio Caesar, quod semper Aeduorum civitati praecipue indulserat, nulla interposita dubitatione legiones expeditas quattuor equitatumque omnem ex castris educit; [2] nec fuit spatium tali tempore ad contrahenda castra, quod res posita in celeritate videbatur; Gaium Fabium legatum cum legionibus duabus castris praesidio relinquit. [3] Fratres Litavicci cum comprehendi iussisset, paulo ante reperit ad hostes fugisse. [4] Adhortatus milites, ne necessario tempore itineris labore permoveantur, cupidissimis omnibus progressus milia passuum XXV agmen Aeduorum conspicatus immisso equitatu iter eorum moratur atque impedit interdicitque omnibus ne quemquam interficiant. Eporedorigem et Viridomarum, [5] quos illi interfectos existimabant, inter equites versari suosque appellare iubet. [6] His cognitis et Litavicci fraude perspecta Aedui manus tendere, deditionem significare et proiectis armis mortem deprecari incipiunt. [7] Litaviccus cum suis clientibus, quibus more Gallorum nefas est etiam in extrema fortuna deserere patronos, Gergoviam profugit.

a. VII.214.3. contrahenda : as only two legions were left behind, the camp should have been "contracted," so that these few might be equal to the task of keeping and relieving guard. The danger to which the situation exposed them is related in the next chapter,— propter magnitudinem castrorum , l. 26 .

b. VII.214.5. fratres : these had gone to Caesar in advance of the Haeduan force; see 212 13 . They seem to have suspected, or to have been warned, that the plot had been betrayed.

c. VII.214.7. necessario ... labore , by the hardship of a forced march . It is worth while to notice the frank terms on which Caesar stands with his citizen-soldiers. This was an essential element of his success.

d. VII.214.12. quos ... existimabant : owing to the falsehoods of Litavicus, 212 17-20.

e. VII.214.16. quibus nefas est , for whom it is wrong ; see Bk. iii. ch. 22 .

VII.41. Caesar nuntiis ad civitatem Aeduorum missis, qui suo beneficio conservatos docerent quos iure belli interficere potuisset, tribusque horis noctis exercitui ad quietem datis castra ad Gergoviam movit. [2] Medio fere itinere equites a Fabio missi, quanto res in periculo fuerit, exponunt. Summis copiis castra oppugnata demonstrant, cum crebro integri defessis succederent nostrosque assiduo labore defatigarent, quibus propter magnitudinem castrorum perpetuo esset isdem in vallo permanendum; [3] multitudine sagittarum atque omnis generis telorum multos vulneratos; ad haec sustinenda magno usui fuisse tormenta. [4] Fabium discessu eorum duabus relictis portis obstruere ceteras pluteosque vallo addere et se in posterum diem similemque casum apparare. [5] His rebus cognitis Caesar summo studio militum ante ortum solis in castra pervenit.

a. VII.214.21. noctis ]: if this word is authentic, it must refer to the early part of the night, for Caesar marches back to his camp, a distance of twenty-five miles, before sunrise.

b. VII.214.26. quibus isdem : dat. of apparent agent after permanendum esset . The thought is that the soldiers were so few that the same men had to do all the fighting and could not be relieved.

c. VII.214.29. tormenta : see chapter on military affairs, I. 5 .— discessu eorum : at the suspension of their attack when night came on; his messengers had apparently set out about midnight.

d. VII.215.1. obstruere , etc.: these pres. infinitives show that his preparations were still going on.— pluteos vallo addere : to make a defence behind which the soldiers could stand while manning the wall.

e. VII.215.4. ante ortum solis , etc.: Caesar left his camp a little after midnight, marched twenty-five miles, gave his soldiers a rest of three hours, and marched back twenty-five miles, reaching camp before sunrise, having been away but little more than twenty-four hours; truly a remarkable display of energy.

VII.42. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Aedui primis nuntiis ab Litavicco acceptis nullum sibi ad cognoscendum spatium relinquunt. [2] Impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia et temeritas, quae maxime illi hominum generi est innata, ut levem auditionem habeant pro re comperta. [3] Bona civium Romanorum diripiunt, caedes faciunt, in servitutem abstrahunt. [4] Adiuvat rem proclinatam Convictolitavis plebemque ad furorem impellit, ut facinore admisso ad sanitatem reverti pudeat. [5] Marcum Aristium, tribunum militum, iter ad legionem facientem fide data ex oppido Cabillono educunt: idem facere cogunt eos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant. [6] Hos continuo (in) itinere adorti omnibus impedimentis exuunt; repugnantes diem noctemque obsident; multis utrimque interfectis maiorem multitudinem armatorum concitant.

a. VII.215.9. levem auditionem : see 97 6-9 .— pro re comperta , as an ascertained fact .

b. VII.215.11. proclinatam : "leaning forward" like a wall just ready to fall = perilous as it was (in itself).

c. VII.215.14. fide data , giving pledges of security.

d. VII.215.15. idem facere : i.e. to come out and put themselves in their power.

VII.43. Interim nuntio allato omnes eorum milites in potestate Caesaris teneri, concurrunt ad Aristium, nihil publico factum consilio demonstrant; quaestionem de bonis direptis decernunt, [2] Litavicci fatrumque bona publicant, legatos ad Caesarem sui purgandi gratia mittunt. [3] Haec faciunt reciperandorum suorum causa; sed contaminati facinore et capti compendio ex direptis bonis, quod ea res ad multos pertinebat, timore poenae exterriti consilia clam de bello inire incipiunt civitatesque reliquas legationibus sollicitant. [4] Quae tametsi Caesar intellegebat, tamen quam mitissime potest legatos appellat: nihil se propter inscientiam levitatemque vulgi gravius de civitate iudicare neque de sua in Aeduos benevolentia deminuere. [5] Ipse maiorem Galliae motum exspectans, ne ab omnibus civitatibus circumsisteretur, consilia inibat quemadmodum ab Gergovia discederet ac rursus omnem exercitum contraheret, [6] ne profectio nata ab timore defectionis similis fugae videretur.

a. VII.215.19. omnis eorum milites : i.e. the contingent sent under Litavicus, ch. 38 .

b. VII.215.24. suorum : i.e. their soldiers.

c. VII.215.25. capti , etc., tempted (as they had been) by the profit of the plunder .— ea res : i.e. responsibility for it.

d. VII.216.2. nihil se gravius de civitate iudicare , that he thought none the worse of the state .

e. VII.216.6. a , away from (the neighborhood of).

f. VII.216.7. contraheret : i.e. join his forces with the four legions of Labienus, 209 26.

VII.44. Haec cogitanti accidere visa est facultas bene rei gerendae. Nam cum in minora castra operis perspiciendi causa venisset, animadvertit collem, qui ab hostibus tenebatur, nudatum hominibus, qui superioribus diebus vix prae multitudine cerni poterat. [2] Admiratus quaerit ex perfugis causam, quorum magnus ad eum cotidie numerus confluebat. [3] Constabat inter omnes, quod iam ipse Caesar per exploratores cognoverat, dorsum esse eius iugi prope aequum, sed hunc silvestrem et angustum, qua esset aditus ad alteram partem oppidi; huic loco vehementer illos timere nec iam aliter sentire, uno colle ab Romanis occupato, si alterum amisissent, quin paene circumvallati atque omni exitu et pabulatione interclusi viderentur: ad hunc muniendum omnes a Vercingetorige evocatos.

a. VII.217.8. dorsum , etc.: the hill ( collis ) was southwest of the town and northwest of Caesar's smaller camp (see plan); while from it a narrow wooded ridge ( dorsum ), nearly level, gave easy access to the town at its western side. Most of the Gallic force had been transferred to that side from the eastern and southern defences. This left the Gallic camps and the part of the city opposite the Romans bare of defenders.

b. VII.217.11. uno ... occupato : see 211 11-21.

c. VII.217.12. quin ... viderentur : after aliter sentire (= dubitare ); cf. 213 3.

d. VII.217.13. hunc : i.e. alterum collem .

VII.45. Hac re cognita Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas; eis de media nocte imperat, ut paulo tumultuosius omnibus locis vagarentur. [2] Prima luce magnum numerum impedimentorum ex castris mulorumque produci deque his stramenta detrahi mulionesque cum cassidibus equitum specie ac simulatione collibus circumvehi iubet. [3] His paucos addit equites qui latius ostentationis causa vagarentur. Longo circuitu easdem omnes iubet petere regiones. [4] Haec procul ex oppido videbantur, ut erat a Gergovia despectus in castra, neque tanto spatio certi quid esset explorari poterat. [5] Legionem unam eodem iugo mittit et paulum progressam inferiore constituit loco silvisque occultat. [6] Augetur Gallis suspicio, atque omnes illo ad munitionem copiae traducuntur. [7] Vacua castra hostium Caesar conspicatus tectis insignibus suorum occultatisque signis militaribus raros milites, ne ex oppido animadverterentur, ex maioribus castris in minora traducit legatisque, quos singulis legionibus praefecerat, quid fieri velit ostendit: [8] in primis monet ut contineant milites, ne studio pugnandi aut spe praedae longius progrediantur; [9] quid iniquitas loci habeat incommodi proponit: hoc una celeritate posse mutari; occasionis esse rem, non proeli. [10] His rebus expositis signum dat et ab dextra parte alio ascensu eodem tempore Aeduos mittit.

a. VII.217.18. impedimentorum (= iumentorum ) beasts of burden .

b. VII.217.19. stramenta , the pack-saddles , which would prevent the animal from being ridden conveniently.

c. VII.217.20. collibus (loc. ABL) circumvehi : i.e. towards the westerly side. All these movements were designed to make the Gauls fear an attack from the west or northwest. Caesar's real design was to make a sudden dash from the south and east and surprise their camps.

d. VII.217.22. easdem regiones : i.e. in the vicinity of the hill which the Gauls were fortifying.

e. VII.218.5. ut contineant , etc.: i.e. the design was not to hold the camp, but simply to sweep through it by a sudden and daring raid.

f. VII.218.9. ab dextra parte : i.e. from the larger camp to the east.

VII.46. Oppidi murus ab planitie atque initio ascensus recta regione, si nullus anfractus intercederet, MCC passus aberat: [2] quidquid huc circuitus ad molliendum clivum accesserat, id spatium itineris augebat. [3] A medio fere colle in longitudinem, ut natura montis ferebat, ex grandibus saxis sex pedum murum qui nostrorum impetum tardaret praeduxerant Galli, atque inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto superiorem partem collis usque ad murum oppidi densissimis castris compleverant. [4] Milites dato signo celeriter ad munitionem perveniunt eamque transgressi trinis castris potiuntur; [5] ac tanta fuit in castris capiendis celeritas, ut Teutomatus, rex Nitiobrigum, subito in tabernaculo oppressus, ut meridie conquieverat, superiore corporis parte nudata vulnerato equo vix se ex manibus praedantium militum eriperet.

a. VII.218.11. recta regione , in a straight line .

b. VII.218.12. si ... intercederet ... aberat : construction analogous to § 517. c. and N. 2 (308. c. cf. N. 2) ; B. 304. 3. a ; G. 597. 3 ; H. 583 (511. 1. N. 3) ; H-B. 581, 582. 3. a. N. 1 .

c. VII.218.13. huc , to this amount .

d. VII.218.14. in longitudinem ut ... ferebat , lengthwise of the hill .

e. VII.218.16. murum : traces of this wall are still found, at some distance down the slope, parallel with the town wall.

f. VII.218.17. inferiore omni , etc.: i.e. the space below the six-foot wall to the bottom of the ascent, a distance of about half a mile, was vacant; the space above to the city wall, also about half a mile, was filled with the Gallic encampments.

g. VII.218.18. castris : the separate camps of the several Gallic states, set close together, of which three ( trinis ) were taken.

h. VII.218.19. ad munitionem : i.e. ad murum a medio colle .

i. VII.218.20. trinis : ( § 137. b (95. b) ; B. 81. 4. b ; G. 97. R. 3 ; H. 164. 3 (174. 2. 3) ; H-B. 247. 1. a ).

VII.47. Consecutus id quod animo proposuerat, Caesar receptui cani iussit legionique decimae, quacum erat, continuo signa constituit. [2] Ac reliquarum legionum milites non exaudito sono tubae, quod satis magna valles intercedebat, tamen ab tribunis militum legatisque, ut erat a Caesare praeceptum, retinebantur. [3] Sed elati spe celeris victoriae et hostium fuga et superiorum temporum secundis proeliis nihil adeo arduum sibi esse existimaverunt quod non virtute consequi possent, neque finem prius sequendi fecerunt quam muro oppidi portisque appropinquarunt. Tum vero ex omnibus urbis partibus orto clamore, [4] qui longius aberant repentino tumultu perterriti, cum hostem intra portas esse existimarent, sese ex oppido eiecerunt. [5] Matres familiae de muro vestem argentumque iactabant et pectore nudo prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos, ut sibi parcerent neu, sicut Avarici fecissent, ne a mulieribus quidem atque infantibus abstinerent: [6] nonnullae de muris per manus demissae sese militibus tradebant. [7] Lucius Fabius, centurio legionis VIII, quem inter suos eo die dixisse constabat excitari se Avaricensibus praemiis neque commissurum, ut prius quisquam murum ascenderet, tres suos nactus manipulares atque ab eis sublevatus murum ascendit: hos ipse rursus singulos exceptans in murum extulit.

a. VII.218.26. legionis : with signa . Observe that Caesar is found, as usual, with his favorite legion; cf. 36 21-25 . This legion, it will 217 25 ), was first stationed some distance away from the others. It seems to have returned and taken a prominent part in the assault.

b. VII.218.27. reliquarum : i.e. those engaged in the assault just described.

c. VII.219.3. retinebantur : conative; the officers tried to hold them back.

d. VII.219.13. Avarici : see 206 3-5 .

e. VII.219.16. quem ... constabat , who, it was certain, said that day in the presence of his soldiers . The subj. of constabat is quem ... dixisse .

f. VII.219.17. prius quisquam , any body before him .

VII.48. Interim ei qui ad alteram partem oppidi, ut supra demonstravimus, munitionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito clamore, inde etiam crebris nuntiis incitati, oppidum a Romanis teneri, praemissis equitibus magno concursu eo contenderunt. [2] Eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat suorumque pugnantium numerum augebat. [3] Quorum cum magna multitudo convenisset, matres familiae, quae paulo ante Romanis de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari et more Gallico passum capillum ostentare liberosque in conspectum proferre coeperunt. [4] Erat Romanis nec loco nec numero aequa contentio; simul et cursu et spatio pugnae defatigati non facile recentes atque integros sustinebant.

a. VII.219.21. supra : see 217 26 ff .

b. VII.219.23. oppidum ... teneri : depends on nuntiis as a word of telling .

c. VII.219.25. sub muro : i.e. below and outside of the city wall.

d. VII.220.2. cursu : they had run about a mile up a steep ascent.

VII.49. Caesar, cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque augeri copias videret, praemetuens suis ad Titum Sextium legatum, quem minoribus castris praesidio reliquerat, misit, ut cohortes ex castris celeriter educeret et sub infimo colle ab dextro latere hostium constitueret, [2] ut, si nostros loco depulsos vidisset, quo minus libere hostes insequerentur terreret. [3] Ipse paulum ex eo loco cum legione progressus, ubi constiterat, eventum pugnae exspectabat.

a. VII.220.8. sub infimo colle : at the foot of the hill on which was the smaller Roman camp ( 211 11-21 ), see Fig. 97 (Sextius, 1st position).— ab ... hostium : i.e. on the Roman left; Caesar, meanwhile, was posted considerably to the right (eastward).

b. VII.220.10. hostes : translate as if the obj. of terreret .— quo ... insequerentur : expresses the purpose of terreret .

c. VII.220.11. progressus : it was rather a retreat than an advance; see plan, Fig. 97 (Leg. x, 2d position).

VII.50. Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco et numero, nostri virtute confiderent, subito sunt Aedui visi ab latere nostris aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus distinendae causa miserat. [2] Hi similitudine armorum vehementer nostros perterruerunt, ac tametsi dextris humeris exsertis animadvertebantur, quod insigne pactum esse consuerat, tamen id ipsum sui fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existimabant. [3] Eodem tempore Lucius Fabius centurio quique una murum ascenderant circumventi atque interfecti muro praecipitabantur. [4] Marcus Petronius, eiusdem legionis centurio, cum portam excidere conatus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans multis iam vulneribus acceptis manipularibus suis, qui illum secuti erant, "Quoniam," inquit, "me una vobiscum servare non possum, vestrae quidem certe vitae prospiciam, quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi. [5] Vos data facultate vobis consulite." Simul in medios hostes irrupit duobusque interfectis reliquos a porta paulum summovit. [6] Conantibus auxiliari suis "Frustra," inquit, "meae vitae subvenire conamini, quem iam sanguis viresque deficiunt. Proinde abite, dum est facultas, vosque ad legionem recipite." Ita pugnans post paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit.

a. VII.220.15. latere aperto , the exposed flank of the Romans; i.e. the right flank.

b. VII.220.16. manus distinendae causa : i.e. to make a diversion.

c. VII.220.18. insigne pactum , the signal agreed upon . The Haedui had their Gallic arms and standards, so that the mistake was a natural one, especially at such a time of excitement.

d. VII.220.23. excīdere , to cut away ; i.e. from within, to gain his escape.

VII.51. Nostri, cum undique premerentur, XLVI centurionibus amissis deiecti sunt loco. Sed intolerantius Gallos insequentes legio decima tardavit, quae pro subsidio paulo aequiore loco constiterat. [2] Hanc rursus XIII legionis cohortes exceperunt, quae ex castris minoribus eductae cum Tito Sextio legato ceperant locum superiorem. [3] Legiones, ubi primum planitiem attigerunt, infestis contra hostes signis constiterunt. [4] Vercingetorix ab radicibus collis suos intra munitiones reduxit. Eo die milites sunt paulo minus septingenti desiderati.

a. VII.221.9. aequiore loco , on more level ground , farther back from the town; see plan, Fig. 97 (Leg. x, 3d position).

b. VII.221.12. locum superiorem , higher ground , in the direction of the larger camp; see plan, Fig. 97 (2d position of Sextius). The retreat was made in good order, as is shown by what immediately follows.

VII.52. Postero die Caesar contione advocata temeritatem cupiditatemque militum reprehendit, quod sibi ipsi iudicavissent quo procedendum aut quid agendum videretur, neque signo recipiendi dato constitissent neque ab tribunis militum legatisque retineri potuissent. [2] Exposuit quid iniquitas loci posset, quid ipse ad Avaricum sensisset, cum sine duce et sine equitatu deprehensis hostibus exploratam victoriam dimisisset, ne parvum modo detrimentum in contentione propter iniquitatem loci accideret. [3] Quanto opere eorum animi magnitudinem admiraretur, quos non castrorum munitiones, non altitudo montis, non murus oppidi tardare potuisset, tanto opere licentiam arrogantiamque reprehendere, quod plus se quam imperatorem de victoria atque exitu rerum sentire existimarent; [4] nec minus se ab milite modestiam et continentiam quam virtutem atque animi magnitudinem desiderare.

a. VII.221.18. cupiditatem , eagerness for battle .

b. VII.221.22. ad Avaricum : referring to the operations in that neighborhood described in ch. 19 .

c. VII.221.25. quanto opere ... tanto opere : correlatives.

VII.53. Hac habita contione et ad extremam orationem confirmatis militibus, ne ob hanc causam animo permoverentur neu quod iniquitas loci attulisset id virtuti hostium tribuerent, eadem de profectione cogitans quae ante senserat legiones ex castris eduxit aciemque idoneo loco constituit. [2] Cum Vercingetorix nihil magis in aequum locum descenderet, levi facto equestri proelio atque secundo in castra exercitum reduxit. [3] Cum hoc idem postero die fecisset, satis ad Gallicam ostentationem minuendam militumque animos confirmandos factum existimans in Aeduos movit castra. [4] Ne tum quidem insecutis hostibus tertio die ad flumen Elaver venit; pontem refecit exercitumque traduxit.

a. VII.222.9. eadem , etc.: i.e. that the wisest course would be to join his forces with those of Labienus, in view of all the troubles that were threatening; cf. 216 4-8 .

b. VII.222.11. nihilo magis : Vercingetorix was far too wary and skilful to
c. VII.222.12. secundo , favorable to the Romans. By this slight success and the refusal of Vercingetorix to meet him in the plain on even terms, Caesar avoids the appearance of a compulsory retreat. Still, it is evident that Caesar's operations against Gergovia were far from being as successful as he himself had hoped or wished. It was the only city that defied his assault successfully, and its victorious resistance must have been a great encouragement to the Gallic patriots.

VII.54. Ibi a Viridomaro atque Eporedorige Aeduis appellatus discit cum omni equitatu Litaviccum ad sollicitandos Aeduos profectum: opus esse ipsos antecedere ad confirmandam civitatem. [2] Etsi multis iam rebus perfidiam Aeduorum perspectam habebat atque horum discessu admaturari defectionem civitatis existimabat, tamen eos retinendos non constituit, ne aut inferre iniuriam videretur aut dare timoris aliquam suspicionem. Discedentibus his breviter sua in Aeduos merita exposuit, [3] quos et quam humiles accepisset, compulsos in oppida, multatos agris omnibus ereptis copiis, imposito stipendio, obsidibus summa cum contumelia extortis, [4] et quam in fortunam quamque in amplitudinem deduxisset, ut non solum in pristinum statum redissent, sed omnium temporum dignitatem et gratiam antecessisse viderentur. His datis mandatis eos ab se dimisit.

a. VII.222.18. Viridomaro , etc.: see 213 13-17 . These young Haeduan nobles had decided to desert Caesar, and so, as soon as they reached the frontier of their country, on the east side of the Allier, they invented an excuse for leaving him.

b. VII.222.21. perfidiam ... habebat : see coactum habebat , 13 4 note on .

c. VII.222.25. discedentibus (dat.), as they were setting out .

d. VII.222.26. quos et quam humilis , in what a state (lit. whom ) and how humbled ; shortly before Caesar's arrival in Gaul the Sequani with the Germans as their allies had conquered the Haedui and imposed heavy conditions on them. See Bk. i. ch. 31 .

e. VII.223.6. mandatis : this word implies that what he has just said to them is to be repeated to their countrymen at home.

VII.55. Noviodunum erat oppidum Aeduorum ad ripas Ligeris opportuno loco positum. [2] Huc Caesar omnes obsides Galliae, frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum atque exercitus impedimentorum magnam partem contulerat; [3] huc magnum numerum equorum huius belli causa in Italia atque Hispania coemptum miserat. [4] Eo cum Eporedorix Viridomarusque venissent et de statu civitatis cognovissent, Litaviccum Bibracti ab Aeduis receptum, quod est oppidum apud eos maximae auctoritatis, Convictolitavim magistratum magnamque partem senatus ad eum convenisse, legatos ad Vercingetorigem de pace et amicitia concilianda publice missos, non praetermittendum tantum commodum existimaverunt. [5] Itaque interfectis Novioduni custodibus quique eo negotiandi causa convenerant pecuniam atque equos inter se partiti sunt; [6] obsides civitatum Bibracte ad magistratum deducendos curaverunt; oppidum, [7] quod a se teneri non posse iudicabant, ne cui esset usui Romanis, incenderunt; [8] frumenti quod subito potuerunt navibus avexerunt, reliquum flumine atque incendio corruperunt. [9] Ipsi ex finitimis regionibus copias cogere, praesidia custodiasque ad ripas Ligeris disponere equitatumque omnibus locis iniciendi timoris causa ostentare coeperunt, si ab re frumentaria Romanos excludere aut adductos inopia in provinciam expellere possent. [10] quam ad spem multum eos adiuvabat, quod Liger ex nivibus creverat, ut omnino vado non posse transiri videretur.

a. VII.223.8. Noviodunum : the modern Nevers , on the right bank of the Loire ( Liger ), just above its junction with the Allier ( Elaver ). The Noviodunum of ch. 12 is probably Sancerre .

b. VII.223.14. civitatis : the Haeduan commonwealth. The status is described in the clause which follows, down to missos .

c. VII.223.15. Bibracte : loc. ABL
d. VII.223.19. tantum commodum : i.e. of taking the town, seizing the Roman stores, and especially of capturing the hostages, whose possession was all important to Caesar for keeping the tribes in subjection.

e. VII.223.23. deducendos : § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b. 2 ; G. 430 ; H. 622 (544. 2. N. 2) ; H-B. 612. iii .

f. VII.223.24. cui : indef. pron. with usui .

g. VII.224.2. in provinciam : Caesar was now on the western or further bank of the Loire, which he would thus be obliged to follow up towards its source, thence crossing over to the province. The bracketed words may be translated.

h. VII.224.4. nivibus : it was still spring, perhaps about May.

VII.56. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar maturandum sibi censuit, si esset in perficiendis pontibus periclitandum, ut prius quam essent maiores eo coactae copiae dimicaret. [2] Nam ut commutato consilio iter in provinciam converteret, id ne metu quidem necessario faciendum existimabat; cum infamia atque indignitas rei et oppositus mons Cevenna viarumque difficultas impediebat, tum maxime quod abiuncto Labieno atque eis legionibus quas una miserat vehementer timebat. [3] Itaque admodum magnis diurnis nocturnisque itineribus confectis contra omnium opinionem ad Ligerem venit [4] vadoque per equites invento pro rei necessitate opportuno, ut brachia modo atque humeri ad sustinenda arma liberi ab aqua esse possent, disposito equitatu qui vim fluminis refringeret, atque hostibus primo aspectu perturbatis, [5] incolumem exercitum traduxit frumentumque in agris et pecoris copiam nactus repleto his rebus exercitu iter in Senones facere instituit.

a. VII.224.7. si esset , etc., in case (i.e. lest) he might have to risk a battle while the bridge-building was under way .

b. VII.224.8. eo : i.e. on the Loire. Caesar felt that to effect a union with Labienus as soon as possible was vitally important.

c. VII.224.9. ne ... converteret : depending on impediebat .

d. VII.224.10. ut non nemo , as many a one .

e. VII.224.11. cum : correl. with tum .

f. VII.224.13. Labieno, legionibus : datives following timebat . For the facts, see 209 26 ff . The situation was extremely critical, and it is not strange that many thought Caesar would have to desert Labienus and seek safety for himself in the province. Most men would have done so, but Caesar was a man apart, an extraordinary military genius.

g. VII.224.14. admodum, etc.: these marches must have been extraordinary, to judge from the expression.

h. VII.224.16. pro rei necessitate , considering the emergency , difficult and hazardous as it was.

i. VII.224.18. disposito equitatu : i.e. just above the ford a line of cavalry was formed in the water, reaching across the river. By this barrier the violence of the current was checked. Another line also was stationed below the ford to catch any that were swept away.

VII.57. Dum haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo supplemento, quod nuper ex Italia venerat, relicto Agedinci, ut esset impedimentis praesidio, cum quattuor legionibus Lutetiam proficiscitur. Id est oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum est in insula fluminis Sequanae. [2] Cuius adventu ab hostibus cognito magnae ex finitimis civitatibus copiae convenerunt. [3] Summa imperi traditur Camulogeno Aulerco, qui prope confectus aetate tamen propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum est honorem evocatus. [4] Is cum animadvertisset perpetuam esse paludem, quae influeret in Sequanam atque illum omnem locum magnopere impediret, hic consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere instituit.

a. VII.224.23. eo supplemento : see 186 3-5 , 190 9-12 .

b. VII.224.26. Lutetiam : see 159 3 and note .

c. VII.225.2. Aulerco : this tribe was the next westerly, south of the Seine (see map, Fig. 88 ).

d. VII.225.4. is : i.e. Camulogenus.

e. VII.225.5. perpetuam paludem : the marsh ground along the little river Essonne, which flows into the Seine on tile south a little above Paris. Labienus was proceeding on the left or southerly bank of the Seine. See plan, Fig. 99 .

VII.58. Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere paludem explere atque iter munire conabatur. [2] Postquam id difficilius confieri animadvertit, silentio e castris tertia vigilia egressus eodem quo venerat itinere Metiosedum pervenit. [3] Id est oppidum Senonum in insula Sequanae positum, ut paulo ante de Lutetia diximus. Deprensis navibus circiter quinquaginta celeriterque coniunctis atque eo militibus iniectis et rei novitate perterritis oppidanis, quorum magna pars erat ad bellum evocata, sine contentione oppido potitur. [5] Refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum traducit et secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit. [6] Hostes re cognita ab eis, qui Metiosedo fugerant, Lutetiam incendi pontesque eius oppidi rescindi iubent; ipsi profecti a palude ad ripas Sequanae e regione Lutetiae contra Labieni castra considunt.

a. VII.226.1. aggere , a mass of earth for a causeway.

b. VII.226.4. Metiosedum (or Melodunum) Melun : here Labienus crosses to the north or right bank.

c. VII.226.7. eo , aboard (= in eas ).

d. VII.226.11. secundo flumine , following the river-course down the right bank. Having boats or pontoons, he would easily cross the Marne just above Paris.

e. VII.226.14. palude : a marshy ground south of the river.

VII.59. Iam Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur, iam de Aeduorum defectione et secundo Galliae motu rumores adferebantur, Gallique in colloquiis interclusum itinere et Ligeri Caesarem inopia frumenti coactum in provinciam contendisse confirmabant. [2] Bellovaci autem defectione Aeduorum cognita, qui ante erant per se infideles, manus cogere atque aperte bellum parare coeperunt. [3] Tum Labienus tanta rerum commutatione longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium atque antea senserat intellegebat, [4] neque iam, ut aliquid adquireret proelioque hostes lacesseret, sed ut incolumem exercitum Agedincum reduceret, cogitabat. [5] Namque altera ex parte Bellovaci, quae civitas in Gallia maximam habet opinionem virtutis, instabant, alteram Camulogenus parato atque instructo exercitu tenebat; tum legiones a praesidio atque impedimentis interclusas maximum flumen distinebat. [6] Tantis subito difficultatibus obiectis ab animi virtute auxilium petendum videbat.

a. VII.226.20. confirmabant , kept asserting .

b. VII.226.21. qui refers to Bellovaci .— per se : i.e. without this example of the Haedui.

c. VII.226.24. neque : connects intellegebat and cogitabat . The latter verb is here followed by two clauses of purpose, The INF would be more usual.

d. VII.227.1. altera, alteram : the Bellovaci were on the north of the Seine; Camulogenus ( ch. 57 ) was on the south.— quae civitas : the defection of this tribe might well cause Labienus uneasiness. They were a nation of warriors and could put 100,000 men in the field. When the tribes of Belgic Gaul conspired against Caesar, the Bellovaci, because of their importance, were placed at the head of the league; see 51 11-15 .

e. VII.227.4. praesidio : at Agedincum ( Sens ) on the other side of the Seine; see 224 23-26 .

f. VII.227.6. ab animi virtute : a truly Roman quality, of which, fortunately, Labienus had a good supply.

VII.60. Sub vesperum consilio convocato cohortatus ut ea quae imperasset diligenter industrieque administrarent, naves, quas Metiosedo deduxerat, singulas equitibus Romanis attribuit, et prima confecta vigilia quattuor milia passuum secundo flumine silentio progredi ibique se exspectari iubet. [2] Quinque cohortes, quas minime firmas ad dimicandum esse existimabat, castris praesidio relinquit; [3] quinque eiusdem legionis reliquas de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverso flumine magno tumultu proficisci imperat. [4] Conquirit etiam lintres: has magno sonitu remorum incitatas in eandem partem mittit. Ipse post paulo silentio egressus cum tribus legionibus eum locum petit quo naves appelli iusserat.

a. VII.227.9. equitibus : not cavalrymen , but unattached officers of equestrian rank ( tribuni militum , comites imperatoris , etc.) put in charge each of a single vessel.

b. VII.227.15. adverso flumine : a feint, the real attack being made below.— imperat , gives orders (followed by the ACC and INF instead of the usual ut-clause).

VII.61. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omni fluminis parte erant dispositi, inopinantes, quod magna subito erat coorta tempestas, ab nostris opprimumtur; [2] exercitus equitatusque equitibus Romanis administrantibus, quos ei negotio praefecerat, celeriter transmittitur. [3] Vno fere tempore sub lucem hostibus nuntiatur in castris Romanorum praeter consuetudinem tumultuari et magnum ire agmen adverso flumine sonitumque remorum in eadem parte exaudiri et paulo infra milites navibus transportari. [4] Quibus rebus auditis, quod existimabant tribus locis transire legiones atque omnes perturbatos defectione Aeduorum fugam parare, suas quoque copias in tres partes distribuerunt. [5] Nam praesidio e regione castrorum relicto et parva manu Metiosedum versus missa, quae tantum progrediatur, quantum naves processissent, reliquas copias contra Labienum duxerunt.

a. VII.227.21. exercitus equitatusque : thought of as one body, hence with a sing. verb.

b. VII.227.25. tumultuari : the magno tumultu of l. 15 .

c. VII.227.27. paulo infra : about four miles below.

d. VII.228.2.

e. VII.228.4. castrorum : the Roman camp.

f. VII.228.6. naves : i.e. the linitris of 227 16 , not the ships, for they had gone the other way.

VII.62. Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati, et hostium acies cernebatur. [2] Labienus milites cohortatus ut suae pristinae virtutis et secundissimorum proeliorum retinerent memoriam atque ipsum Caesarem, cuius ductu saepe numero hostes superassent, praesentem adesse existimarent, dat signum proeli. [3] Primo concursu ab dextro cornu, ubi septima legio constiterat, hostes pelluntur atque in fugam coniciuntur; [4] ab sinistro, quem locum duodecima legio tenebat, cum primi ordines hostium transfixi telis concidissent, tamen acerrime reliqui resistebant, nec dabat suspicionem fugae quisquam. [5] Ipse dux hostium Camulogenus suis aderat atque eos cohortabatur. [6] Incerto nunc etiam exitu victoriae, cum septimae legionis tribunis esset nuntiatum quae in sinistro cornu gererentur, post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt signaque intulerunt. [7] Ne eo quidem tempore quisquam loco cessit, sed circumventi omnes interfectique sunt. [8] Eandem fortunam tulit Camulogenus. At ei qui praesidio contra castra Labieni erant relicti, cum proelium commissum audissent, subsidio suis ierunt collemque ceperunt, neque nostrorum militum victorum impetum sustinere potuerunt. [9] Sic cum suis fugientibus permixti, quos non silvae montesque texerunt, ab equitatu sunt interfecti. [10] hoc negotio confecto Labienus revertitur Agedincum, ubi impedimenta totius exercitus relicta erant: inde cum omnibus copiis ad Caesarem pervenit.

a. VII.228.22. ostenderunt : sc. tribuni .

b. VII.228.27. neque potuerunt , but could not . Much of Caesar's success was due to the excellence of his officers. In this case, for example, Labienus does not supinely wait for Caesar to come and extricate him from his difficulties, but by a military exploit of the first rank rescues himself and goes to the help of his chief.

VII.63. Defectione Aeduorum cognita bellum augetur. Legationes in omnes partes circummittuntur: [2] quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent, ad sollicitandas civitates nituntur; [3] nacti obsides, quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat, horum supplicio dubitantes territant. [4] Petunt a Vercingetorige Aedui ut ad se veniat rationesque belli gerendi communicet. [5] Re impetrata contendunt ut ipsis summa imperi tradatur, et re in controversiam deducta totius Galliae concilium Bibracte indicitur. Eodem conveniunt undique frequentes. [6] Multitudinis suffragiis res permittitur: ad unum omnes Vercingetorigem probant imperatorem. [7] Ab hoc concilio Remi, Lingones, Treveri afuerunt: illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur; Treveri, quod aberant longius et ab Germanis premebantur, quae fuit causa quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitterent. [8] Magno dolore Aedui ferunt se deiectos principatu, queruntur fortunae commutationem et Caesaris indulgentiam in se requirunt, neque tamen suscepto bello suum consilium ab reliquis separare audent. [9] Inviti summae spei adulescentes Eporedorix et Viridomarus Vercingetorigi parent.

a. VII.229.5. circummittuntur , etc.: these are the acts of the Haedui.

b. VII.229.7. quos Caesar , etc.: see 223 9, 22 .— supplicio : i.e. by threats; cf. 188 22-28 .

c. VII.229.9. rationes communicet : not simply consult, but share the direction of affairs.

d. VII.229.15. illi : i.e. the Remi (see Bk. ii. ch. 5 ; 154 3-5 ) and the Lingones.

e. VII.229.20. requirunt = recall with regret .

f. VII.229.21. summae spei , of high ambition ( 213 13-20 ).

VII.64. Ipse imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides diemque ei rei constituit. Omnes equites, quindecim milia numero, celeriter convenire iubet; [2] peditatu quem antea habuerit se fore contentum dicit, neque fortunam temptaturum aut in acie dimicaturum, sed, quoniam abundet equitatu, perfacile esse factu frumentationibus pabulationibusque Romanos prohibere, [3] aequo modo animo sua ipsi frumenta corrumpant aedificiaque incendant, qua rei familiaris iactura perpetuum imperium libertatemque se consequi videant. [4] His constitutis rebus Aeduis Segusiavisque, qui sunt finitimi provinciae, decem milia peditum imperat; huc addit equites octingentos. [5] His praeficit fratrem Eporedorigis bellumque inferri Allobrogibus iubet. [6] Altera ex parte Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in Helvios, item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad fines Volcarum Arecomicorum depopulandos mittit. [7] Nihilo minus clandestinis nuntiis legationibusque Allobrogas sollicitat, quorum mentes nondum ab superiore bello resedisse sperabat. [8] Horum principibus pecunias, civitati autem imperium totius provinciae pollicetur.

a. VII.229.24. ipse : i.e. Vercingetorix.

b. VII.229.25. huc : at Bibracte, the capital of the Haedui.

c. VII.230.2. factu: supine after perfacile , § 510 (303) ; B. 340. 2 ; G. 436 ; H. 635. 1 (547) ; H-B. 619. 1 .

d. VII.230.3. aequo animo , without complaint .— modo ... corrumpant , only let them , etc.: a hortatory SUB expressing a kind of proviso.

e. VII.230.6. finitimi : see map, Fig. 2 .

f. VII.230.7. ei ] may be omitted.

g. VII.230.9. altera ex parte : as the Roman frontier was bent into an irregular curve by the line of the Cevennes, the Gauls would strike the Province in two directions, the Haedui from the north, the Ruteni, etc., from the west; see map, Fig. 2 .— Allobrogibus : these and the peoples mentioned in the next sentence were allies or subjects of Rome, and would look to Caesar for protection if attacked; see 231 5 ff .

h. VII.230.13. superiore bello : the war of eight years before, in which the Allobroges had been subdued by Pomptinus ( Bk. i. ch. 6 ).

VII.65. Ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia cohortium duarum et viginti, quae ex ipsa provincia ab Lucio Caesare legato ad omnes partes opponebantur. [2] Helvii sua sponte cum finitimis proelio congressi pelluntur et Gaio Valerio Donnotauro, Caburi filio, principe civitatis, compluribusque aliis interfectis intra oppida ac muros compelluntur. [3] Allobroges crebris ad Rhodanum dispositis praesidiis magna cum cura et diligentia suos fines tuentur. [4] Caesar, quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat et interclusis omnibus itineribus nulla re ex provincia atque Italia sublevari poterat, trans Rhenum in Germaniam mittit ad eas civitates quas superioribus annis pacaverat, equitesque ab his arcessit et levis armaturae pedites, qui inter eos proeliari consuerant. [5] Eorum adventu, quod minus idoneis equis utebantur, a tribunis militum reliquisque equitibus Romanis atque evocatis equos sumit Germanisque distribuit.

a. VII.230.16. cohortium : not legionary troops, but auxiliaries levied in the Province.

b. VII.230.17. L. Caesare : a cousin of Julius, consul B.C. 64.

c. VII.230.18. ad omnīs , etc., were arrayed against the enemy in every quarter .

d. VII.230.20. Donnotauro : a brother of Procillus ( 42 10 ); the Roman name ( C. Valerius ) is regularly taken in compliment to his Roman patronus (see also 17 9 , 48 10-20 ).

e. VII.230.21. muros , strongholds —not simply the walls of the oppida .

f. VII.230.24. interclusis , etc.: from this we see how much Caesar was hampered and weakened by the skilful plan of campaign that Vercingetorix employed against him.

g. VII.230.27. equites : the German cavalry were far superior to the Gallic; see 193 23 ff. and note .

h. VII.230.28. inter eos proeliari : see 43 4 ff. , 95 15-20 .

i. VII.230.29. equis : for a description of these, see 95 10-14 .

j. VII.231.1. sed et ]: these words should probably be omitted.

VII.66. Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex Arvernis equitesque qui toti Galliae erant imperati conveniunt. [2] Magno horum coacto numero, cum Caesar in Sequanos per extremos Lingonum fines iter faceret, quo facilius subsidium provinciae ferri posset, circiter milia passuum decem ab Romanis trinis castris Vercingetorix consedit [3] convocatisque ad concilium praefectis equitum venisse tempus victoriae demonstrat. Fugere in provinciam Romanos Galliaque excedere. [4] Id sibi ad praesentem obtinendam libertatem satis esse; ad reliqui temporis pacem atque otium parum profici: maioribus enim coactis copiis reversuros neque finem bellandi facturos. Proinde agmine impeditos adorirentur. [5] Si pedites suis auxilium ferant atque in eo morentur, iter facere non posse; si, id quod magis futurum confidat, relictis impedimentis suae saluti consulant, et usu rerum necessariarum et dignitate spoliatum iri. [6] Nam de equitibus hostium, quin nemo eorum progredi modo extra agmen audeat, et ipsos quidem non debere dubitare, et quo maiore faciant animo, copias se omnes pro castris habiturum et terrori hostibus futurum. [7] Conclamant equites sanctissimo iureiurando confirmari oportere, ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ne ad parentes, ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitasset.

a. VII.231.4. equites : see 229 25 .

b. VII.231.6. per ... finīs : bearing from near Agedincum (where he had been joined by Labienus, ch. 62 ) toward the east, and so leaving the hostile Haedui to the south. This movement, checked by the attack of Vercingetorix, explains how the crisis of the campaign came to be the siege and capture of Alesia (see map, Fig. 88 ).

c. VII.231.13. parum profici , that little advantage was gained.— reversuros [esse]: i.e. Romanos.

d. VII.231.15. adoriantur : for adoriamur in dir. disc., let us charge upon them .— si pedites , etc., the attack was to be made on the baggage train, which was guarded by cavalry. suis ) the march would be delayed.

e. VII.231.16. magis futurum , is more likely .

f. VII.231.18. dignitate , etc.: i.e. the dishonor of retreat with loss of baggage.— nam de equitibus , etc.: i.e. even the Gauls whom he was addressing could not suppose that the Roman cavalry would wish an engagement.

g. VII.231.19. quin ... audeat follows ne ... dubitare : i.e. even they themselves would admit that, etc.

h. VII.231.20. id quo ... animo , that they (i.e. the Gauls) may do so (i.e. attack the Romans) with greater courage .

i. VII.231.21. pro castris , in front of the camp , by way of defiance, to support by a demonstration the attack of the cavalry.

j. VII.231.23. confirmari oportere , that they ought to bind themselves .

VII.67. Probata re atque omnibus iureiurando adactis postero die in tres partes distributo equitatu duae se acies ab duobus lateribus ostendunt, una primo agmine iter impedire coepit. [2] Qua re nuntiata Caesar suum quoque equitatum tripertito divisum contra hostem ire iubet. Pugnatur una omnibus in partibus. [3] Consistit agmen; impedimenta intra legiones recipiuntur. [4] Si qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque constitui iubebat; quae res et hostes ad insequendum tardabat et nostros spe auxili confirmabat. [5] Tandem Germani ab dextro latere summum iugum nacti hostes loco depellunt; fugientes usque ad flumen, ubi Vercingetorix cum pedestribus copiis consederat, persecuntur compluresque interficiunt. [6] Qua re animadversa reliqui ne circumirentur veriti se fugae mandant. Omnibus locis fit caedes. [7] Tres nobilissimi Aedui capti ad Caesarem perducuntur: Cotus, praefectus equitum, qui controversiam cum Convictolitavi proximis comitiis habuerat, et Cavarillus, qui post defectionem Litavicci pedestribus copiis praefuerat, et Eporedorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Aedui cum Sequanis bello contenderant.

a. VII.232.1. a primo agmine , at the front of the (Roman) line of march.

b. VII.232.7. aciem converti : by a change of front, turning the line of march to a line of battle.

c. VII.232.9. Germani : it is evident that the victory was due to them ; cf. ch. 13 .

d. VII.232.10. flumen : the Vingeanne, and its tributary the Badin, about which many ornaments, weapons, etc., have been found.

e. VII.232.15. Cotus , etc.: see 208 14-23 , 209 12-19 .

f. VII.232.16. proximis comitiis : i.e. of the Haedui for chief magistrate.

g. VII.232.18. quo duce , etc. (see Bk. i. ch. 31 ): this was seemingly another Eporedorix, not the rival of Viridomarus.

VII.68. Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias, ut pro castris collocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit. [2] Caesar impedimentis in proximum collem deductis, duabus legionibus praesidio relictis, secutus quantum diei tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit. [3] Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus, quod equitatu, qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant, erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites circumvallare instituit.

a. VII.232.21. Alesiam : this famous fortress (now called Alise Ste. Reine ) was on the territory lying just north of the Haeduan frontier. Its natural advantages—summed up in the succeeding chapters—are thus described: Froude's "Caesar." See plan, Fig. 103 .

VII.69. Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum edito loco, ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur. [2] Cuius collis radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant. [3] Ante id oppidum planities circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat: [4] reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri interiecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant. [5] Sub muro, quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant. [6] Eius munitionis quae ab Romanis instituebatur circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat. [7] Castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique castella viginti tria facta, quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua subito eruptio fieret: haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur.

a. VII.233.2. loco : in app. with colle ; cf. § 282. d (184. c) ; B. 169. 4 ; G. 411. 3 ; H. 393. 7 (363. 4. 2) ; H-B. 319. i .

b. VII.233.7. sub muro , etc.: this sentence is an excellent example, at the same time, both of the natural precedence of the relative in Latin and of the freedom of all real language from grammatical trammels. The student should first translate it literally thus: Under the wall, which side of the hill (i.e. the side which) faced the east all this space the forces of the Gauls had filled, and had carried along a ditch, etc. The meaning of this is obvious, but it is not at all in accordance with our English idiom. Indeed, it is not strictly grammatical in any language. After the student has seen what it means, he should try to put it into some form that is allowable in English idiom, say: Under the wall, the side ... , all this space the forces ... , and had made there , etc.

c. VII.233.10. munitionis : Caesar constructed a line of contravallation ; i.e. a series of works entirely surrounding the town, so as to resist a sortie.

d. VII.233.11. milia : ACC of extent; tenebat having here the force of pertinebat .— castra , etc.: in the remains of these works traces have been found of four infantry and four cavalry camps (see plan, Fig. 102 ).

e. VII.233.13. stationes , etc.: in the daytime a mere picket-guard occupied each redoubt; at night it was necessary to station in them strong garrisons with numerous sentries ( excubitoribus ) on their walls.

VII.70. Opere instituto fit equestre proelium in ea planitie, quam intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in longitudinem patere supra demonstravimus. Summa vi ab utrisque contenditur. [2] Laborantibus nostris Caesar Germanos summittit legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito irruptio ab hostium peditatu fiat. [3] Praesidio legionum addito nostris animus augetur: hostes in fugam coniecti se ipsi multitudine impediunt atque angustioribus portis relictis coacervantur. [4] Germani acrius usque ad munitiones secuntur. [5] Fit magna caedes: nonnulli relictis equis fossam transire et maceriam transcendere conantur. Paulum legiones Caesar quas pro vallo constituerat promoveri iubet. [6] Non minus qui intra munitiones erant perturbantur Galli: veniri ad se confestim existimantes ad arma conclamant; nonnulli perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt. [7] Vercingetorix iubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multis interfectis, compluribus equis captis Germani sese recipiunt.

a. VII.233.18. supra : i.e. l. 4 .

b. VII.233.19. Germanos : cf. 232 9 and note .

c. VII.233.20. pro castris : these were on the high ground south of the city (see plan, Fig. 102 ); castris is plural, = camps .

d. VII.233.23. angustioribus , too narrow , either from unskilful construction or more easily to prevent the enemy's entrance. The gates referred to were in the stone wall ( maceria ); see plan.

e. VII.233.24. acrius , with all the more vigor .

f. VII.234.1. veniri ... existimantes , thinking that an immediate attack is to be made upon them.

g. VII.234.4. portas , town gates ; these were closed, lest those who manned the exterior defences (the fossa and maceria ) should rush into the town in a panic.

VII.71. Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis perficiantur, consilium capit omnem ab se equitatum noctu dimittere. [2] Discedentibus mandat ut suam quisque eorum civitatem adeat omnesque qui per aetatem arma ferre possint ad bellum cogant. [3] Sua in illos merita proponit obtestaturque ut suae salutis rationem habeant neu se optime de communi libertate meritum in cruciatum hostibus dedant. Quod si indiligentiores fuerint, milia hominum delecta octoginta una secum interitura demonstrat. [4] Ratione inita se exigue dierum triginta habere frumentum, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari posse parcendo. His datis mandatis, [5] qua opus erat intermissum, secunda vigilia silentio equitatum mittit. [6] Frumentum omne ad se referri iubet; capitis poenam eis qui non paruerint constituit: [7] pecus, cuius magna erat copia ab Mandubiis compulsa, viritim distribuit; frumentum parce et paulatim metiri instituit; [8] copias omnes quas pro oppido collocaverat in oppidum recepit. [9] His rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum parat administrare.

a. VII.234.7. perficiantur : for mood, cf. 232 9 and note .

b. VII.234.11. suae, se : i.e. Vercingetorix.— neu , and not , the regular way neu .

c. VII.234.14. ratione inita , having made a calculation .

d. VII.234.17. opus : i.e. the Roman works of contravallation, still unfinished.

e. VII.234.21. copias omnīs : not those that held the fortification east of the town ( 233 7-10 ), but the outlying pickets on all the other sides.

VII.72. Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis et captivis, Caesar haec genera munitionis instituit. Fossam pedum viginti directis lateribus duxit, ut eius fossae solum tantundem pateret quantum summae fossae labra distarent. [2] Reliquas omnes munitiones ab ea fossa pedes quadringentos reduxit, [id] hoc consilio, quoniam tantum esset necessario spatium complexus, nec facile totum corpus corona militum cingeretur, ne de improviso aut noctu ad munitiones hostium multitudo advolaret aut interdiu tela in nostros operi destinatos conicere possent. [3] Hoc intermisso spatio duas fossas quindecim pedes latas, eadem altitudine perduxit, quarum interiorem campestribus ac demissis locis aqua ex flumine derivata complevit. [4] Post eas aggerem ac vallum duodecim pedum exstruxit. Huic loricam pinnasque adiecit grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras pluteorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hostium tardarent, et turres toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes LXXX inter se distarent.

a. VII.234.26. pedum viginti : i.e. in breadth.

b. VII.234.27. directis , vertical , the bottom ( solum ) being as broad as the top. The ditch was usually dug with sloping sides; the object here was (as it was probably shallow) to make it harder to cross. This was the interior line of defence against the town.— sŏlum : notice the quantity of the first syllable.

c. VII.235.2. id ] may be omitted.— hoc consilio , with this design , followed by the app. clauses of purpose, ne ... possent .

d. VII.235.3. quoniam ... ne , that, since, etc., not , etc.— esset complexus and cingeretur are SUB because integral parts of his purpose, ne ... possent .

e. VII.235.4. nec = et non , as usual.— totum opus , the entire work , eleven miles in extent, according to 233 11 .

f. VII.235.6. operi : take with destinatos .

g. VII.235.8. eadem altitudine , of equal depth .— quarum interiorem : i.e. the one nearer the town.— campestribus ... locis : loc. ABL describing the situation.

h. VII.235.10. aggerem : here not the technical approach used in a siege, but a bank of earth serving as a rampart, on top of which was placed the vallum of stakes, twelve feet in height.

i. VII.235.11. loricam, pinnas : see Bk. v. ch. 40 . These were to raise higher the defence of the vallum .— cervis : stumps with roots, or trunks with branches, projecting like stags' horns.— ad commissuras , at the joining , i.e. the place where these plutei were fixed in the agger , which would be at their lowest part.

j. VII.235.12. pluteorum : the lorica was really a series of plutei , arranged side by side on a wall and bound together.

k. VII.235.13. turris : if these were ten feet wide at the base, there must have been at least 400.— quae ... distarent : not which were distant (this would be IND), but so placed as to be , etc., hence SUB

VII.73. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et tantas munitiones fieri necesse deminutis nostris copiis quae longius ab castris progrediebantur: ac non numquam opera nostra Galli temptare atque eruptionem ex oppido pluribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. [2] Qua re ad haec rursus opera addendum Caesar putavit, quo minore numero militum munitiones defendi possent. Itaque truncis arborum aut admodum firmis ramis abscisis atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus perpetuae fossae quinos pedes altae ducebantur. [3] Huc illi stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti, ne revelli possent, ab ramis eminebant. [4] Quini erant ordines coniuncti inter se atque implicati; quo qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant. [5] Hos cippos appellabant. Ante quos obliquis ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis scrobes tres in altitudinem pedes fodiebantur paulatim angustiore ad infimum fastigio. [6] Huc teretes stipites feminis crassitudine ab summo praeacuti et praeusti demittebantur, ita ut non amplius digitis quattuor ex terra eminerent; [7] simul confirmandi et stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur, reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandas insidias viminibus ac virgultis integebatur. [8] Huius generis octoni ordines ducti ternos inter se pedes distabant. [9] Id ex similitudine floris lilium appellabant. Ante haec taleae pedem longae ferreis hamis infixis totae in terram infodiebantur mediocribusque intermissis spatiis omnibus locis disserebantur; quos stimulos nominabant.

a. VII.235.15. erat : with necesse; its subj. is the infinitives.—materiari: i.e. to get timber; lignari would mean to get firewood.

b. VII.235.16. copiis : Caesar had about 50,000 men.

c. VII.235.20. quo , in order that .

d. VII.235.21. truncis arborum , etc.: trunks of trees or very stiff boughs quinos pedes ), and perhaps one and a half feet wide.

e. VII.235.24. huc ... eminebant , those boughs being sunk in these ( huc , i.e. the trenches) and being securely fastened at the bottom so that they could not be torn up, projected from the ground only with their branches .

f. VII.235.25. quini ... ordines : these five-rows of chevaux-de-frise , intertwined so as to be continuous, covered a space perhaps twenty-five feet wide, so that, even with the help of a pole, an enemy could not easily leap over them.

g. VII.235.26. quo qui intraverant , whoever entered within them ; protasis of a past general condition.

h. VII.235.27. cippos : i.e. boundary-stones, so called jestingly by the troops; see Fig. 103 .

i. VII.235.29. scrobes , little pits , with sloping sides, three feet deep, dug in eight rows, arranged, as we should say, in diamond-pattern, or as trees were planted in an orchard ( in quincuncem ), so that each should be equally distant from the six adjacent. A stout, sharp stake was set in each, packed with a foot depth of earth, its point projecting four inches, the pit being then loosely filled with twigs and brush. This funnel-shaped trap for man or beast the soldiers called a "lily-cup" ( lilium ); see Fig. 131. paulatim ... fastigio , sloping gradually towards the bottom .

j. VII.235.30. teretes , round , like a cylinder, while the word rotundus means round like a ball.— huc , in these ; cf. same word in l. 24 .

k. VII.235.31. praeusti : to harden the point.

l. VII.236.2. singuli ... exculcabantur , a foot of each [stake] was packed down with earth at the bottom .

m. VII.236.7. taleae : blocks of wood or stakes with iron barbed points fixed in them. Several of these hooks have been found in excavations on this site; see Fig. 132. totae , their whole length , so that only the hooks projected.

VII.74. His rebus perfectis regiones secutus quam potuit aequissimas pro loci natura quattuordecim milia passuum complexus pares eiusdem generis munitiones, diversas ab his, contra exteriorem hostem perfecit, ut ne magna quidem multitudine, si ita accidat, munitionum praesidia circumfundi possent; [2] ac ne cum periculo ex castris egredi cogatur, dierum triginta pabulum frumentumque habere omnes convectum iubet.

a. VII.236.10. regiones ... aequissimas : the line of circumvallation (see plan, Fig. 102 ) was parallel with the works just described, and distant from it about 700 feet. It was protected by a single ditch.

b. VII.236.11. xiv milia : of course the works of circumvallation included all the Roman camps, and must have had a greater circuit than the inner line of contravallation (see 233 11 ).

c. VII.236.12. diversas , facing the other way .

d. VII.236.14.

e. VII.236.16. habere ... convectum : see note on compertum habere , Bk. i. ch. 44 .

VII.75. Dum haec apud Alesiam geruntur, Galli concilio principum indicto non omnes eos qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit Vercingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum cuique ex civitate imperandum, ne tanta multitudine confusa nec moderari nec discernere suos nec frumentandi rationem habere possent. [2] Imperant Aeduis atque eorum clientibus, Segusiavis, Ambivaretis, Aulercis Brannovicibus, Blannoviis, milia XXXV; parem numerum Arvernis adiunctis Eleutetis, Cadurcis, Gabalis, Vellaviis, qui sub imperio Arvernorum esse consuerunt; Sequanis, [3] Senonibus, Biturigibus, Santonis, Rutenis, Carnutibus duodena milia; Bellovacis X; totidem Lemovicibus; octona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis et Helvetiis; [Suessionibus,] Ambianis, Mediomatricis, Petrocoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitiobrigibus quina milia; Aulercis Cenomanis totidem; Atrebatibus [IIII milibus]; Veliocassis, Lexoviis et Aulercis Eburovicibus terna; Rauracis et Boiis bina; [4] [XXX milia] universis civitatibus, quae Oceanum attingunt quaeque eorum consuetudine Armoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero Curiosolites, Redones, Ambibarii, Caletes, Osismi, Veneti, Lemovices, Venelli. [5] Ex his Bellovaci suum numerum non compleverunt, quod se suo nomine atque arbitrio cum Romanis bellum gesturos dicebant neque cuiusquam imperio obtemperaturos; rogati tamen ab Commio pro eius hospitio duo milia una miserunt.

a. VII.236.19. omnis : subj. of convocandos [esse].

b. VII.236.24. Blannoviis ]: this name is doubtful.

c. VII.236.25. milia : dir. obj. of imperant , the datives being the indir. obj. The same construction is continued in the next sentences, where imperant is to be supplied.

d. VII.237.4.

e. VII.237.6. quo in numero : cf. Bk. iii. ch. 7 .

f. VII.237.12. pro , in consideration of .

VII.76. Huius opera Commi, ut antea demonstravimus, fideli atque utili superioribus annis erat usus in Britannia Caesar; quibus ille pro meritis civitatem eius immunem esse iusserat, iura legesque reddiderat atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat. [2] Tamen tanta universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis neque amicitiae memoria moverentur, omnesque et animo et opibus in id bellum incumberent. [3] Coactis equitum VIII milibus et peditum circiter CCL haec in Aeduorum finibus recensebantur, numerusque inibatur, praefecti constituebantur. [4] Commio Atrebati, Viridomaro et Eporedorigi Aeduis, Vercassivellauno Arverno, consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa imperi traditur. His delecti ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum administraretur. [5] Omnes alacres et fiduciae pleni ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, [6] neque erat omnium quisquam qui aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, foris tantae copiae equitatus peditatusque cernerentur.

a. VII.237.13. Commi : cf. 106 13-19 , 110 13-14 , 115 9 , 131 26 .

b. VII.237.15. civitatem : i.e. the Atrebates.— immunem , free from tribute .

c. VII.237.16. attribuerat , had assigned to him as a prince.

d. VII.237.19. moveretur : i.e. Gallia .

e. VII.237.23. Viridomaro et Eporedorigi : these Haeduan nobles had been among Caesar's most faithful friends, and had received many favors from him; see chs. 38 , 39 , 40 , 54 .

f. VII.237.24. Vercassivellauno : in this word, as in Vercingetorix , the prefix Ver is probably a title, like the modern "Sir" or "Lord."

g. VII.237.25. his : indir. obj. of attribuuntur.

h. VII.237.29. ancipiti , with double front , having to be fought behind and before.

i. VII.237.20. cum ... foris , etc., [in a case] where they would fight in sally from the town, and on the outside , etc.

VII.77. At ei, qui Alesiae obsidebantur praeterita die, qua auxilia suorum exspectaverant, consumpto omni frumento, inscii quid in Aeduis gereretur, concilio coacto [2] de exitu suarum fortunarum consultabant. Ac variis dictis sententiis, quarum pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebat, non praetereunda oratio Critognati videtur propter eius singularem et nefariam crudelitatem. [3] Hic summo in Arvernis ortus loco et magnae habitus auctoritatis, "Nihil," inquit, "de eorum sententia dicturus sum, qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine appellant, neque hos habendos civium loco neque ad concilium adhibendos censeo. [4] Cum his mihi res sit, qui eruptionem probant; quorum in consilio omnium vestrum consensu pristinae residere virtutis memoria videtur. Animi est ista mollitia, [5] non virtus, paulisper inopiam ferre non posse. Qui se ultro morti offerant facilius reperiuntur quam qui dolorem patienter ferant. [6] Atque ego hanc sententiam probarem (tantum apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeterquam vitae nostrae iacturam fieri viderem: [7] sed in consilio capiendo omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus. [8] Quid hominum milibus LXXX uno loco interfectis propinquis consanguineisque nostris animi fore existimatis, si paene in ipsis cadaveribus proelio decertare cogentur? [9] Nolite hos vestro auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae salutis causa suum periculum neglexerunt, nec stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut animi imbecillitate omnem Galliam prosternere et perpetuae servituti subicere. [10] An, quod ad diem non venerunt, de eorum fide constantiaque dubitatis? Quid ergo? Romanos in illis ulterioribus munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri putatis? [11] Si illorum nuntiis confirmari non potestis omni aditu praesaepto, his utimini testibus appropinquare eorum adventum; cuius rei timore exterriti diem noctemque in opere versantur. [12] quid ergo mei consili est? Facere, quod nostri maiores nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque fecerunt; qui in oppida compulsi ac simili inopia subacti eorum corporibus qui aetate ad bellum inutiles videbantur vitam toleraverunt neque se hostibus tradiderunt. [13] cuius rei si exemplum non haberemus, tamen libertatis causa institui et posteris prodi pulcherrimum iudicarem. [14] nam quid illi simile bello fuit? Depopulata Gallia Cimbri magnaque illata calamitate finibus quidem nostris aliquando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt; iura, leges, agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. [15] Romani vero quid petunt aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos fama nobiles potentesque bello cognoverunt, horum in agris civitatibusque considere atque his aeternam iniungere servitutem? Neque enim ulla alia condicione bella gesserunt. [16] Quod si ea quae in longinquis nationibus geruntur ignoratis, respicite finitimam Galliam, quae in provinciam redacta iure et legibus commutatis securibus subiecta perpetua premitur servitute."

a. VII.238.1. at : to mark the change of scene.

b. VII.238.7. crudelitatem : perhaps so in a Gaul, but in a Roman it would be constantiam .

c. VII.238.10. deditionis : a mere "laying down of arms."

d. VII.238.12. cum ... est , I have to do with those .

e. VII.238.14. animi est , etc.: the INF clause following is in app. with ista . From the English idiom we should expect istud , but in Latin such pronouns agree with the predicate.

f. VII.238.16. offerant, ferant : SUB of characteristic.

g. VII.238.17. atque , and yet .— probarem ... viderem : apodosis and protasis in a contrary-to-fact supposition ; see § 517 (308) ; B. 304 ; G. 597 ; H. 579 (510) ; H-B. 581 .

h. VII.238.18. tantum potest : see vocab.— dignitas : i.e. of those who advocate making a sally.

i. VII.238.19. vitae nostrae : depending on iacturam , to be supplied according to the Latin idiom.

j. VII.238.21. quid animi , what heart.

k. VII.238.22. propinquis, consanguineis : dat. of poss. after fore .

l. VII.238.27. prosternere, subicere : connected by nec with exspoliare .

m. VII.239.2. animi causa , for the pleasure of it .— illorum : the Gauls; his : the Romans.— exerceri , are toiling .

n. VII.239.4. testibus , as witnesses , pred. app.

o. VII.239.6. consili : pred. gen.— facere : sc. meum consilium est , from the preceding.

p. VII.239.7. Cimbrorum see note on 7 1 . They did great damage in laying waste Gaul and Spain before they turned to Italy.

q. VII.239.12. pulcherrimum in pred. agreement with the two preceding infinitives.— quid , etc., what was there in that war like this?

r. VII.239.17. quos : the antecedent is horum .

s. VII.239.21. finitimam : "over the border,"—the Province.

t. VII.239.22. securibus : the lictor's axes, the sign not simply of military rule, but of bloody execution (as a servile insurrection would be revenged).

VII.78. Sententiis dictis constituunt ut ei qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sunt bello oppido excedant, atque omnia prius experiantur, quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant: [2] illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si res cogat atque auxilia morentur, quam aut deditionis aut pacis subeundam condicionem. [3] Mandubii, qui eos oppido receperant, cum liberis atque uxoribus exire coguntur. Hi, cum ad munitiones Romanorum accessissent, [4] flentes omnibus precibus orabant, ut se in servitutem receptos cibo iuvarent. [5] At Caesar dispositis in vallo custodibus recipi prohibebat.

a. VII.239.27. illo : observe the emphasis.— potius , with quam .— utendum [esse]: impers., governing the ABL; § 500. 3 (294. c. N.) ; B. 337. 7. b. 1 ; G. 427. N. 4 ; H. 623. 1 (544. N. 5) ; H-B. 600. 3. a .

b. VII.240.4. prohibebat : one of the cruel necessities of war. The wretched creatures must have perished miserably between the city walls and the Roman lines.

VII.79. Interea Commius reliquique duces quibus summa imperi permissa erat cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam perveniunt et colle exteriore occupato non longius mille passibus ab nostris munitionibus considunt. [2] Postero die equitatu ex castris educto omnem eam planitiem, quam in longitudinem tria milia passuum patere demonstravimus, complent pedestresque copias paulum ab eo loco abditas in locis superioribus constituunt. [3] Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum. Concurrunt his auxiliis visis; fit gratulatio inter eos, atque omnium animi ad laetitiam excitantur. [4] Itaque productis copiis ante oppidum considunt et proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent seque ad eruptionem atque omnes casus comparant.

a. VII.240.7. colle : this hill is southwest from Alesia, beyond the Brenne; see plan, Fig. 102 .

b. VII.240.10. demonstravimus : see 233 4 .

c. VII.240.13. concurrunt : i.e. the Gauls in Alesia.

d. VII.240.16. fossam : see 234 26 ff. , and plan, Fig. 102 .

e. VII.240.23. Galli , etc.: the Gauls here adopt the German cavalry tactics; see Bk. i. ch. 26 .

VII.80. Caesar omni exercitu ad utramque partem munitionum disposito, ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et noverit, equitatum ex castris educi et proelium committi iubet. [2] Erat ex omnibus castris, quae summum undique iugum tenebant, despectus, atque omnes milites intenti pugnae proventum exspectabant. [3] Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expeditosque levis armaturae interiecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio succurrerent et nostrorum equitum impetus sustinerent. Ab his complures de improviso vulnerati proelio excedebant. [4] Cum suos pugna superiores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ei qui munitionibus continebantur et hi qui ad auxilium convenerant clamore et ululatu suorum animos confirmabant. [5] Quod in conspectu omnium res gerebatur neque recte ac turpiter factum celari poterat, utrosque et laudis cupiditas et timor ignominiae ad virtutem excitabant. [6] Cum a meridie prope ad solis occasum dubia victoria pugnaretur, Germani una in parte confertis turmis in hostes impetum fecerunt eosque propulerunt; [7] quibus in fugam coniectis sagittarii circumventi interfectique sunt. [8] Item ex reliquis partibus nostri cedentes usque ad castra insecuti sui colligendi facultatem non dederunt. [9] At ei qui ab Alesia processerant maesti prope victoria desperata se in oppidum receperunt.

a. VII.240.26. complures : i.e. of the Roman cavalry.

b. VII.241.5. neque ... ac , etc. (perhaps a misreading for neque ... nec ), and because neither a brave nor a cowardly action , etc.

c. VII.241.8. Germani : for the fourth time in this campaign the Germans decide the day for Caesar; cf. 232 9 and note .

d. VII.241.12. at : what is its force here ? Cf. 240 4 , 238 1, and note .

VII.81. Vno die intermisso Galli atque hoc spatio magno cratium, scalarum, harpagonum numero effecto media nocte silentio ex castris egressi ad campestres munitiones accedunt. [2] Subito clamore sublato, qua significatione qui in oppido obsidebantur de suo adventu cognoscere possent, crates proicere, fundis, sagittis, lapidibus nostros de vallo proturbare reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem pertinent parant administrare. [3] Eodem tempore clamore exaudito dat tuba signum suis Vercingetorix atque ex oppido educit. [4] Nostri, ut superioribus diebus, ut cuique erat locus attributus, ad munitiones accedunt; fundis librilibus sudibusque quas in opere disposuerant ac glandibus Gallos proterrent. [5] Prospectu tenebris adempto multa utrimque vulnera accipiuntur. Complura tormentis tela coniciuntur. [6] At Marcus Antonius et Gaius Trebonius legati, quibus hae partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostros premi intellexerant, his auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis deductos summittebant.

a. VII.242.3. atque , and even .

b. VII.242.4. harpagonum : iron hooks fastened to poles, for tearing down the defences; see Fig. 127 .

c. VII.242.5. campestrīs munitiones : the works in the plain ; i e. the line of circumvallation in the Plain of the Laumes, southwest from Alesia; see plan, Fig 102 .

d. VII.242.6. quā = ut eā : introducing a clause of purpose.

e. VII.242.8. cratīs , hurdles of woven twigs, to cover the trenches.

f. VII.242.13. fundis librilibus : heavy stones fastened to a thong, by which they were hurled with great force.

g. VII.242.14. glandibus : leaden bullets.

h. VII.242.18. his auxilio : two datives.

i. VII.242.19. deductos : sc. milites . The thought is that men were withdrawn from the more distant redoubts to defend those that were in greatest danger.

VII.82. Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galli, plus multitudine telorum proficiebant; posteaquam propius successerunt, aut se stimulis inopinantes induebant aut in scrobes delati transfodiebantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiecti pilis muralibus interibant. [2] Multis undique vulneribus acceptis nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux appeteret, veriti ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus castris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos receperunt. [3] At interiores, dum ea quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptionem praeparata erant proferunt, priores fossas explent, diutius in his rebus administrandis morati prius suos discessisse cognoverunt, quam munitionibus appropinquarent. Ita re infecta in oppidum reverterunt.

a. VII.242.22. stimulis : cf. 236 7-9 .— scrobis : cf. 235 28 ff .

b. VII.242.23. pilis muralibus : large darts perhaps hurled by the engines.

c. VII.242.26. superioribus : on the higher ground to the north and south (see next chapter ).

d. VII.242.29. fossas : this word should probably be fossam . It seems to refer to the ditch twenty feet wide; see 234 26 ff . and plan.— explent : coordinate with proferunt .

VII.83. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli quid agant consulunt; locorum peritos adhibent: ex his superiorum castrorum situs munitionesque cognoscunt. [2] Erat a septentrionibus collis, quem propter magnitudinem circuitus opere circumplecti non potuerant nostri: necessario paene iniquo loco et leniter declivi castra fecerunt. [3] Haec Gaius Antistius Reginus et Gaius Caninius Rebilus legati cum duabus legionibus obtinebant. [4] Cognitis per exploratores regionibus duces hostium LX milia ex omni numero deligunt earum civitatum quae maximam virtutis opinionem habebant; [5] quid quoque pacto agi placeat occulte inter se constituunt; adeundi tempus definiunt, cum meridies esse videatur. [6] His copiis Vercassivellaunum Arvernum, unum ex quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. [7] Ille ex castris prima vigilia egressus prope confecto sub lucem itinere post montem se occultavit militesque ex nocturno labore sese reficere iussit. [8] Cum iam meridies appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra quae supra demonstravimus contendit; eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestres munitiones accedere et reliquae copiae pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt.

a. VII.243.6. collis : see plan; the camp of these two legions was on the southern slope of Mont Rea.

b. VII.243.13. quoque pacto , and in what manner .

c. VII.243.15. Vercassivellaunum : see 237 23-25 .

VII.84. Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido egreditur; crates, longurios, musculos, falces reliquaque quae eruptionis causa paraverat profert. [2] Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis, atque omnia temptantur: quae minime visa pars firma est, huc concurritur. [3] Romanorum manus tantis munitionibus distinetur nec facile pluribus locis occurrit. [4] Multum ad terrendos nostros valet clamor, qui post tergum pugnantibus exstitit, quod suum periculum in aliena vident salute constare: [5] omnia enim plerumque quae absunt vehementius hominum mentes perturbant.

a. VII.243.29. multum valet , tends greatly .

b. VII.244.1. quod ... constare : as the attack is both from without and within, the Romans in their fortifications have enemies both in front and in the tear, and the shouting of those in their rear tends to disconcert them. As they face the enemy they feel that their safety depends on the valor of those who are defending their rear.

VII.85. Caesar idoneum locum nactus quid quaque ex parte geratur cognoscit; laborantibus summittit. [2] Vtrisque ad animum occurrit unum esse illud tempus, quo maxime contendi conveniat: [3] Galli, nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omni salute desperant; Romani, si rem obtinuerint, finem laborum omnium exspectant. [4] Maxime ad superiores munitiones laboratur, quo Vercassivellaunum missum demonstravimus. Iniquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum. [5] Alii tela coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt; defatigatis in vicem integri succedunt. [6] Agger ab universis in munitionem coniectus et ascensum dat Gallis et ea quae in terra occultaverant Romani contegit; nec iam arma nostris nec vires suppetunt.

a. VII.244.4. idoneum locum : i.e. where he can see everything.

b. VII.244.5. utrisque , etc., the thought is present to the minds of both parties that this is the time of all others best suited for the greatest exertion .

c. VII.244.8. si rem obtinuerint , if they (shall) gain the day .

d. VII.244.11. iniquum ... fastigium , the unfavorable downward slope of the ground (see 243 8 ). The Romans always aimed to have their camp where no higher ground could command it.

e. VII.244.13. agger : i.e. earth, stones, or anything else handy.

f. VII.244.15. occultaverant : i.e. the stimuli , scrobes , etc., described in ch. 73 .

VII.86. His rebus cognitis Caesar Labienum cum cohortibus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit: [2] imperat, si sustinere non posset, deductis cohortibus eruptione pugnaret; id nisi necessario ne faciat. [3] Ipse adit reliquos, cohortatur ne labori succumbant; omnium superiorum dimicationum fructum in eo die atque hora docet consistere. [4] Interiores desperatis campestribus locis propter magnitudinem munitionum loca praerupta ex ascensu temptant: huc ea quae paraverant conferunt. [5] Multitudine telorum ex turribus propugnantes deturbant, aggere et cratibus fossas explent, falcibus vallum ac loricam rescindunt.

a. VII.244.17. Labienum : he was encamped on the heights of Bussy. See plan.

b. VII.244.19. deductis ... pugnet , to draw off his cohorts and make a sally .

c. VII.244.22. interiores : i.e. the Gauls within the town.

d. VII.244.23. loca praerupta : probably the Heights of Flavigny.

e. VII.244.24. ex ]: may be omitted.

f. VII.244.26. vallum ac loricam : see 235 10 ff .

VII.87. Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar, post cum aliis Gaium Fabium legatum; postremo ipse, cum vehementius pugnaretur, integros subsidio adducit. [2] Restituto proelio ac repulsis hostibus eo quo Labienum miserat contendit; cohortes quattuor ex proximo castello deducit, equitum partem sequi, partem circumire exteriores munitiones et ab tergo hostes adoriri iubet. [3] Labienus, postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere poterant, coactis una XL cohortibus, quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit, Caesarem per nuntios facit certiorem quid faciendum existimet. Accelerat Caesar, ut proelio intersit.

a. VII.245.1. integros : i.e. troops that had not yet been engaged. The cohorts of Brutus and Fabius were probably of those that had been defending the works in the plain.

b. VII.245.2. eo , etc.: i.e. to the works on Mont Rea.

VII.88. Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo insigni in proeliis uti consuerat, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequi iusserat, ut de locis superioribus haec declivia et devexa cernebantur, hostes proelium committunt. [2] Vtrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor. Nostri omissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt. [3] Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur; cohortes aliae appropinquant. Hostes terga vertunt; fugientibus equites occurrunt. Fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et princeps Lemovicum, occiditur; [4] Vercassivellaunus Arvernus vivus in fuga comprehenditur; signa militaria septuaginta quattuor ad Caesarem referuntur: pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt. [5] Conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum desperata salute copias a munitionibus reducunt. [6] Fit protinus hac re audita ex castris Gallorum fuga. Quod nisi crebris subsidiis ac totius diei labore milites essent defessi, omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent. [7] De media nocte missus equitatus novissimum agmen consequitur: magnus numerus capitur atque interficitur; reliqui ex fuga in civitates discedunt.

a. VII.245.10. ex colore : the purple or scarlet paludamentum . The bracketed words may be omitted.

b. VII.245.12. de locis superioribus , from the high ground occupied by the Gauls.

c. VII.245.13. declivia , the downward slopes .— cernebantur , were in plain sight .

d. VII.245.14. excipit clamor : i.e. the shout of the combatants is taken up and re-echoed all along the lines. Notice the vividness and power of the following description, the short quick sentences, the absence of connectives, and the rapidity of the whole.

e. VII.245.16. equitatus : who had been despatched for that purpose as told in ll. 4 and 5 above .

f. VII.245.22. conspicati : agrees with the subj. of reducunt ; sc. Galli .

g. VII.245.24. quod : lit. as to which , referring to the preceding sentence; § 397. a (240. b) ; B. 185. 2 ; G. 610. R. 2 ; H. 510. 9 (453. 6) ; H-B. 388. a. N ; translate and .

h. VII.245.25. crebris subsidiis , constant service in relief parties .

VII.89. Postero die Vercingetorix concilio convocato id bellum se suscepisse non suarum necessitatium, [2] sed communis libertatis causa demonstrat, et quoniam sit fortunae cedendum, ad utramque rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Romanis satisfacere seu vivum tradere velint. Mittuntur de his rebus ad Caesarem legati. [3] Iubet arma tradi, principes produci. [4] Ipse in munitione pro castris consedit: eo duces producuntur; Vercingetorix deditur, arma proiciuntur. [5] Reservatis Aeduis atque Arvernis, si per eos civitates reciperare posset, ex reliquis captivis toto exercitui capita singula praedae nomine distribuit.

a. VII.246.8. Vercingetorix deditur : the fate reserved for this gallant and ill-fated chieftain was to be kept for six years in chains, and then, after being led in Caesar's triumphal procession, to be put to death. Plutarch in his "Life of Caesar" describes the surrender as follows: "Vercingetorix, who was the chief author of all the war, putting on his best armor, and adorning his horse,.came out of the gate, and rode round Caesar as he sat, then dismounted from his 'horse, threw off his armor, and remained sitting quietly at Caesar's feet until he was led away to be reserved for the triumph."

b. VII.246.9. si [to try], whether , indir. quest.

c. VII.246.10. capita singula , one apiece .

VII.90. His rebus confectis in Aeduos proficiscitur; civitatem recipit. [2] Eo legati ab Arvernis missi quae imperaret se facturos pollicentur. Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. [3] Legiones in hiberna mittit. Captivorum circiter viginti milia Aeduis Arvernisque reddit. [4] Titum Labienum duabus cum legionibus et equitatu in Sequanos proficisci iubet: huic Marcum Sempronium Rutilum attribuit. [5] Gaium Fabium legatum et Lucium Minucium Basilum cum legionibus duabus in Remis collocat, ne quam ab finitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. [6] Gaium Antistium Reginum in Ambivaretos, Titum Sextium in Bituriges, Gaium Caninium Rebilum in Rutenos cum singulis legionibus mittit. [7] Quintum Tullium Ciceronem et Publium Sulpicium Cabilloni et Matiscone in Aeduis ad Ararim rei frumentariae causa collocat. Ipse Bibracte hiemare constituit. His litteris cognitis Romae dierum viginti supplicatio redditur.

a. VII.246.17. huic : i.e. Labienus.

b. VII.246.25. Bibracte : loc. ABL

VIII COMMENTARIUS OCTAVUS

VIII.0 VIII.1 VIII.2 VIII.3 VIII.4 VIII.5 VIII.6 VIII.7 VIII.8 VIII.9 VIII.10 VIII.11 VIII.12 VIII.13 VIII.14 VIII.15 VIII.16 VIII.17 VIII.18 VIII.19 VIII.20 VIII.21 VIII.22 VIII.23 VIII.24 VIII.25 VIII.26 VIII.27 VIII.28 VIII.29 VIII.30 VIII.31 VIII.32 VIII.33 VIII.34 VIII.35 VIII.36 VIII.37 VIII.38 VIII.39 VIII.40 VIII.41 VIII.42 VIII.43 VIII.44 VIII.45 VIII.46 VIII.47 VIII.48 VIII.49 VIII.50 VIII.51 VIII.52 VIII.53 VIII.54 VIII.55

VIII.0. Coactus assiduis tuis vocibus, Balbe, cum cotidiana mea recusatio non difficultatis excusationem, sed inertiae videretur deprecationem habere, rem difficillimam suscepi. [2] Caesaris nostri commentarios rerum gestarum Galliae, non comparantibus superioribus atque insequentibus eius scriptis, contexui novissimumque imperfectum ab rebus gestis Alexandriae confeci usque ad exitum non quidem civilis dissensionis, cuius finem nullum videmus, sed vitae Caesaris. [3] Quos utinam qui legent scire possint quam invitus susceperim scribendos, qua facilius caream stultitiae atque arrogantiae crimine, qui me mediis interposuerim Caesaris scriptis. [4] Constat enim inter omnes nihil tam operose ab aliis esse perfectum, quod non horum elegantia commentariorum superetur: [5] qui sunt editi, ne scientia tantarum rerum scriptoribus deesset, adeoque probantur omnium iudicio ut praerepta, non praebita, facultas scriptoribus videatur. [6] Cuius tamen rei maior nostra quam reliquorum est admiratio: ceteri enim, quam bene atque emendate, nos etiam, quam facile atque celeriter eos perfecerit scimus. [7] Erat autem in Caesare cum facultas atque elegantia summa scribendi, tum verissima scientia suorum consiliorum explicandorum. [8] Mihi ne illud quidem accidit, ut Alexandrino atque Africano bello interessem; quae bella quamquam ex parte nobis Caesaris sermone sunt nota, tamen aliter audimus ea, quae rerum novitate aut admiratione nos capiunt, aliter, quae pro testimonio sumus dicturi. [9] Sed ego nimirum, dum omnes excusationis causas colligo ne cum Caesare conferar, hoc ipsum crimen arrogantiae subeo, quod me iudicio cuiusquam existimem posse cum Caesare comparari. Vale.

VIII.1. Omni Gallia devicta Caesar cum a superiore aestate nullum bellandi tempus intermisisset militesque hibernorum quiete reficere a tantis laboribus vellet, complures eodem tempore civitates renovare belli consilia nuntiabantur coniurationesque facere. [2] Cuius rei verisimilis causa adferebatur, quod Gallis omnibus cognitum esset neque ulla multitudine in unum locum coacta resisti posse Romanis, nec, si diversa bella complures eodem tempore intulissent civitates, satis auxili aut spati aut copiarum habiturum exercitum populi Romani ad omnia persequenda; non esse autem alicui civitati sortem incommodi recusandam, si tali mora reliquae possent se vindicare in libertatem.

VIII.2. Quae ne opinio Gallorum confirmaretur, Caesar Marcum Antonium quaestorem suis praefecit hibernis; ipse equitum praesidio pridie Kal. Ianuarias ab oppido Bibracte proficiscitur ad legionem XIII, quam non longe a finibus Aeduorum collocaverat in finibus Biturigum, eique adiungit legionem XI, quae proxima fuerat. [2] Binis cohortibus ad impedimenta tuenda relictis reliquum exercitum in copiosissimos agros Biturigum inducit, qui, cum latos fines et complura oppida haberent, unius legionis hibernis non potuerint contineri quin bellum pararent coniurationesque facerent.

VIII.3. Repentino adventu Caesaris accidit, quod imparatis disiectisque accidere fuit necesse, ut sine timore ullo rura colentes prius ab equitatu opprimerentur quam confugere in oppida possent. [2] Namque etiam illud vulgare incursionis hostium signum, quod incendiis aedificiorum intellegi consuevit, Caesaris erat interdicto sublatum, ne aut copia pabuli frumentique, si longius progredi vellet, deficeretur, aut hostes incendiis terrerentur. [3] Multis hominum milibus captis perterriti Bituriges; qui primum adventum potuerant effugere Romanorum, in finitimas civitates aut privatis hospitiis confisi aut societate consiliorum confugerant. [4] Frustra: nam Caesar magnis itineribus omnibus locis occurrit nec dat ulli civitati spatium de aliena potius quam de domestica salute cogitandi; qua celeritate et fideles amicos retinebat et dubitantes terrore ad condiciones pacis adducebat. [5] Tali condicione proposita Bituriges, cum sibi viderent clementia Caesaris reditum patere in eius amicitiam finitimasque civitates sine ulla poena dedisse obsides atque in fidem receptas esse, idem fecerunt.

VIII.4. Caesar militibus pro tanto labore ac patientia, qui brumalibus diebus itineribus difficillimis, frigoribus intolerandis studiosissime permanserant in labore, ducenos sestertios, centurionibus tot milia nummum praedae nomine condonanda pollicetur legionibusque in hiberna remissis ipse se recipit die XXXX Bibracte. [2] Ibi cum ius diceret, Bituriges ad eum legatos mittunt auxilium petitum contra Carnutes, quos intulisse bellum sibi querebantur. [3] Qua re cognita, cum dies non amplius decem et octo in hibernis esset moratus, legiones XIIII et VI ex hibernis ab Arare educit, quas ibi collocatas explicandae rei frumentariae causa superiore commentario demonstratum est: ita cum duabus legionibus ad persequendos Carnutes proficiscitur.

VIII.5. Cum fama exercitus ad hostes esset perlata, calamitate ceterorum ducti Carnutes desertis vicis oppidisque, quae tolerandae hiemis causa constitutis repente exiguis ad necessitatem aedificiis incolebant (nuper enim devicti complura oppida dimiserant), dispersi profugiunt. [2] Caesar erumpentes eo maxime tempore acerrimas tempestates cum subire milites nollet, in oppido Carnutum Cenabo castra ponit atque in tecta partim Gallorum, partim quae coniectis celeriter stramentis tentoriorum integendorum gratia erant inaedificata, milites compegit. [3] Equites tamen et auxiliarios pedites in omnes partes mittit quascumque petisse dicebantur hostes; nec frustra: [4] nam plerumque magna praeda potiti nostri revertuntur. Oppressi Carnutes hiemis difficultate, terrore periculi, cum tectis expulsi nullo loco diutius consistere auderent nec silvarum praesidio tempestatibus durissimis tegi possent, dispersi magna parte amissa suorum dissipantur in finitimas civitates.

VIII.6. Caesar tempore anni difficillimo, cum satis haberet convenientes manus dissipare, ne quod initium belli nasceretur, quantumque in ratione esset, exploratum haberet sub tempus aestivorum nullum summum bellum posse conflari, Gaium Trebonium cum duabus legionibus, quas secum habebat, in hibernis Cenabi collocavit; [2] ipse, cum crebris legationibus Remorum certior fieret Bellovacos, qui belli gloria Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant, finitimasque his civitates duce Correo Bellovaco et Commio Atrebate exercitus comparare atque in unum locum cogere, ut omni multitudine in fines Suessionum, qui Remis erant attributi, facerent impressionem, pertinere autem non tantum ad dignitatem sed etiam ad salutem suam iudicaret nullam calamitatem socios optime de re publica meritos accipere, [3] legionem ex hibernis evocat rursus undecimam; litteras autem ad Gaium Fabium mittit, ut in fines Suessionum legiones duas quas habebat adduceret, alteramque ex duabus ab Labieno arcessit. [4] Ita, quantum hibernorum opportunitas bellique ratio postulabat, perpetuo suo labore in vicem legionibus expeditionum onus iniungebat.

VIII.7. His copiis coactis ad Bellovacos proficiscitur castrisque in eorum finibus positis equitum turmas dimittit in omnes partes ad aliquos excipiendos ex quibus hostium consilia cognosceret. [2] Equites officio functi renuntiant paucos in aedificiis esse inventos, atque hos, non qui agrorum colendorum causa remansissent (namque esse undique diligenter demigratum), sed qui speculandi causa essent remissi. [3] A quibus cum quaereret Caesar quo loco multitudo esset Bellovacorum quodve esset consilium eorum, inveniebat Bellovacos omnes qui arma ferre possent in unum locum convenisse, [4] itemque Ambianos, Aulercos, Caletos, Veliocasses, Atrebatas; locum castris excelsum in silva circumdata palude delegisse, impedimenta omnia in ulteriores silvas contulisse. [5] Complures esse principes belli auctores, sed multitudinem maxime Correo obtemperare, quod ei summo esse odio nomen populi Romani intellexissent. [6] Paucis ante diebus ex his castris Atrebatem Commium discessisse ad auxilia Germanorum adducenda; quorum et vicinitas propinqua et multitudo esset infinita. [7] Constituisse autem Bellovacos omnium principum consensu, summa plebis cupiditate, si, ut diceretur, Caesar cum tribus legionibus veniret, offerre se ad dimicandum, ne miseriore ac duriore postea condicione cum toto exercitu decertare cogerentur; [8] si maiores copias adduceret, in eo loco permanere quem delegissent, pabulatione autem, quae propter anni tempus cum exigua tum disiecta esset, et frumentatione et reliquo commeatu ex insidiis prohibere Romanos.

VIII.8. Quae Caesar consentientibus pluribus cum cognosset atque ea quae proponerentur consilia plena prudentiae longeque a temeritate barbarorum remota esse iudicaret, omnibus rebus inserviendum statuit, quo celerius hostis contempta sua paucitate prodiret in aciem. [2] Singularis enim virtutis veterrimas legiones VII, VIII, VIIII habebat, summae spei delectaeque iuventutis XI, quae octavo iam stipendio tamen in collatione reliquarum nondum eandem vetustatis ac virtutis ceperat opinionem. [3] Itaque consilio advocato, rebus eis quae ad se essent delatae omnibus expositis animos multitudinis confirmat. [4] Si forte hostes trium legionum numero posset elicere ad dimicandum, agminis ordinem ita constituit, ut legio septima, octava, nona ante omnia irent impedimenta, deinde omnium impedimentorum agmen, quod tamen erat mediocre, ut in expeditionibus esse consuevit, cogeret undecima, ne maioris multitudinis species accidere hostibus posset quam ipsi depoposcissent. [5] Hac ratione paene quadrato agmine instructo in conspectum hostium celerius opinione eorum exercitum adducit.

VIII.9. Cum repente instructas velut in acie certo gradu legiones accedere Galli viderent, quorum erant ad Caesarem plena fiduciae consilia perlata, sive certaminis periculo sive subito adventu sive exspectatione nostri consili copias instruunt pro castris nec loco superiore decedunt. [2] Caesar, etsi dimicare optaverat, tamen admiratus tantam multitudinem hostium valle intermissa magis in altitudinem depressa quam late patente castra castris hostium confert. [3] Haec imperat vallo pedum XII muniri, loriculam pro [hac] ratione eius altitudinis inaedificari; fossam duplicem pedum denum quinum lateribus deprimi directis; turres excitari crebras in altitudinem trium tabulatorum, pontibus traiectis constratisque coniungi, quorum frontes viminea loricula munirentur; ut ab hostibus duplici fossa, duplici propugnatorum ordine defenderentur, [4] quorum alter ex pontibus, quo tutior altitudine esset, hoc audacius longiusque permitteret tela, alter, qui propior hostem in ipso vallo collocatus esset, ponte ab incidentibus telis tegeretur. Portis fores altioresque turres imposuit.

VIII.10. Huius munitionis duplex erat consilium. Namque et operum magnitudinem et timorem suum sperabat fiduciam barbaris allaturum, et cum pabulatum frumentatumque longius esset proficiscendum, parvis copiis castra munitione ipsa videbat posse defendi. [2] Interim crebro paucis utrimque procurrentibus inter bina castra palude interiecta contendebatur; quam tamen paludem nonnumquam aut nostra auxilia Gallorum Germanorumque transibant acriusque hostes insequebantur, aut vicissim hostes eadem transgressi nostros longius summovebant. [3] Accidebat autem cotidianis pabulationibus (id quod accidere erat necesse, cum raris disiectisque ex aedificiis pabulum conquireretur), ut impeditis locis dispersi pabulatores circumvenirentur; [4] quae res, etsi mediocre detrimentum iumentorum ac servorum nostris adferebat, tamen stultas cogitationes incitabat barbarorum, atque eo magis, quod Commius, quem profectum ad auxilia Germanorum arcessenda docui, cum equitibus venerat; qui, tametsi numero non amplius erant quingenti, tamen Germanorum adventu barbari nitebantur.

VIII.11. Caesar, cum animadverteret hostem complures dies castris palude et loci natura munitis se tenere neque oppugnari castra eorum sine dimicatione perniciosa nec locum munitionibus claudi nisi a maiore exercitu posse, litteras ad Trebonium mittit, ut quam celerrime posset legionem XIII, quae cum T. Sextio legato in Biturigibus hiemabat, arcesseret atque ita cum tribus legionibus magnis itineribus ad se veniret; [2] ipse equites in vicem Remorum ac Lingonum reliquarumque civitatum, quorum magnum numerum evocaverat, praesidio pabulationibus mittit, qui subitas hostium incursiones sustinerent.

VIII.12. Quod cum cotidie fieret ac iam consuetudine diligentia minueretur, quod plerumque accidit diuturnitate, Bellovaci delecta manu peditum cognitis stationibus cotidianis equitum nostrorum [2] silvestribus locis insidias disponunt eodemque equites postero die mittunt, qui primum elicerent nostros, deinde circumventos aggrederentur. [3] Cuius mali sors incidit Remis, quibus ille dies fungendi muneris obvenerat. Namque hi, cum repente hostium equites animadvertissent ac numero superiores paucitatem contempsissent, cupidius insecuti peditibus undique sunt circumdati. [4] Quo facto perturbati celerius quam consuetudo fert equestris proeli se receperunt amisso Vertisco, principe civitatis, praefecto equitum; [5] qui cum vix equo propter aetatem posset uti, tamen consuetudine Gallorum neque aetatis excusatione in suscipienda praefectura usus erat neque dimicari sine se voluerat. [6] Inflantur atque incitantur hostium animi secundo proelio, principe et praefecto Remorum interfecto, [7] nostrique detrimento admonentur diligentius exploratis locis stationes disponere ac moderatius cedentem insequi hostem.

VIII.13. Non intermittunt interim cotidiana proelia in conspectu utrorumque castrorum, quae ad vada transitusque fiebant paludis. [2] Qua contentione Germani, quos propterea Caesar traduxerat Rhenum ut equitibus interpositi proeliarentur, cum constantius universi paludem transissent paucisque resistentibus interfectis pertinacius reliquam multitudinem essent insecuti, perterriti non solum ei qui aut comminus opprimebantur aut eminus vulnerabantur, sed etiam qui longius subsidiari consuerant, turpiter refugerunt, [3] nec prius finem fugae fecerunt saepe amissis superioribus locis quam se aut in castra suorum reciperent, aut nonnulli pudore coacti longius profugerent. [4] Quorum periculo sic omnes copiae sunt perturbatae ut vix iudicari posset, utrum secundis minimisque rebus insolentiores an adverso mediocri casu timidiores essent.

VIII.14. Compluribus diebus isdem in castris consumptis, cum propius accessisse legiones et Gaium Trebonium legatum cognossent, duces Bellovacorum veriti similem obsessionem Alesiae noctu dimittunt eos quos aut aetate aut viribus inferiores aut inermes habebant, unaque reliqua impedimenta. [2] Quorum perturbatum et confusum dum explicant agmen (magna enim multitudo carrorum etiam expeditos sequi Gallos consuevit), oppressi luce copias armatorum pro suis instruunt castris, ne prius Romani persequi se inciperent quam longius agmen impedimentorum suorum processisset. [3] At Caesar neque resistentes adgrediendos tanto collis ascensu iudicabat, neque non usque eo legiones admovendas ut discedere ex eo loco sine periculo barbari militibus instantibus non possent. [4] Ita, cum palude impedita a castris castra dividi videret, quae transeundi difficultas celeritatem insequendi tardare posset, atque id iugum quod trans paludem paene ad hostium castra pertineret mediocri valle a castris eorum intercisum animum adverteret, pontibus palude constrata legiones traducit celeriterque in summam planitiem iugi pervenit, quae declivi fastigio duobus ab lateribus muniebatur. [5] Ibi legionibus instructis ad ultimum iugum pervenit aciemque eo loco constituit unde tormento missa tela in hostium cuneos conici possent.

VIII.15. Barbari confisi loci natura, cum dimicare non recusarent, si forte Romani subire collem conarentur, paulatim copias distributas dimittere non possent, ne dispersi perturbarentur, in acie permanserunt. [2] Quorum pertinacia cognita Caesar XX cohortibus instructis castrisque eo loco metatis muniri iubet castra. [3] Absolutis operibus pro vallo legiones instructas collocat, equites frenatis equis in statione disponit. [4] Bellovaci, cum Romanos ad insequendum paratos viderent neque pernoctare aut diutius permanere sine periculo eodem loco possent, tale consilium sui recipiendi ceperunt. [5] Fasces, ubi consederant (namque in acie sedere Gallos consuesse superioribus commentariis Caesaris declaratum est), per manus stramentorum ac virgultorum, quorum summa erat in castris copia, inter se traditos ante aciem collocarunt extremoque tempore diei signo pronuntiato uno tempore incenderunt. [6] Ita continens flamma copias omnes repente a conspectu texit Romanorum. Quod ubi accidit, barbari vehementissimo cursu refugerunt.

VIII.16. Caesar, etsi discessum hostium animadvertere non poterat incendiis oppositis, tamen id consilium cum fugae causa initum suspicaretur, legiones promovet, turmas mittit ad insequendum; ipse veritus insidias, ne forte in eodem loco subsistere hostis atque elicere nostros in locum conaretur iniquum, tardius procedit. [2] Equites cum intrare fumum et flammam densissimam timerent ac, si qui cupidius intraverant, vix suorum ipsi priores partes animadverterent equorum, insidias veriti liberam facultatem sui recipiendi Bellovacis dederunt. [3] Ita fuga timoris simul calliditatisque plena sine ullo detrimento milia non amplius decem progressi hostes loco munitissimo castra posuerunt. [4] Inde cum saepe in insidiis equites peditesque disponerent, magna detrimenta Romanis in pabulationibus inferebant.

VIII.17. Quod cum crebrius accideret, ex captivo quodam comperit Caesar Correum, Bellovacorum ducem, fortissimorum milia sex peditum delegisse equitesque ex omni numero mille, quos in insidiis eo loco collocaret, quem in locum propter copiam frumenti ac pabuli Romanos missuros suspicaretur. [2] Quo cognito consilio legiones plures quam solebat educit equitatumque, qua consuetudine pabulatoribus mittere praesidio consuerat, praemittit: huic interponit auxilia levis armaturae; ipse cum legionibus quam potest maxime appropinquat.

VIII.18. Hostes in insidiis dispositi, cum sibi delegissent campum ad rem gerendam non amplius patentem in omnes partes passibus mille, silvis undique aut impeditissimo flumine munitum, velut indagine hunc insidiis circumdederunt. [2] Explorato hostium consilio nostri ad proeliandum animo atque armis parati, cum subsequentibus legionibus nullam dimicationem recusarent, turmatim in eum locum devenerunt. [3] Quorum adventu cum sibi Correus oblatam occasionem rei gerendae existimaret, primum cum paucis se ostendit atque in proximas turmas impetum fecit. [4] Nostri constanter incursum sustinent insidiatorum neque plures in unum locum conveniunt; quod plerumque equestribus proeliis cum propter aliquem timorem accidit, tum multitudine ipsorum detrimentum accipitur.

VIII.19. Cum dispositis turmis in vicem rari proeliarentur neque ab lateribus circumveniri suos paterentur, erumpunt ceteri Correo proeliante ex silvis. [2] Fit magna contentione diversum proelium. Quod cum diutius pari Marte iniretur, paulatim ex silvis instructa multitudo procedit peditum, quae nostros coegit cedere equites. Quibus celeriter subveniunt levis armaturae pedites, quos ante legiones missos docui, turmisque nostrorum interpositi constanter proeliantur. [3] Pugnatur aliquamdiu pari contentione; deinde, ut ratio postulabat proeli, qui sustinuerant primos impetus insidiarum hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum ab insidiantibus imprudentes acceperant detrimentum. [4] Accedunt propius interim legiones, crebrique eodem tempore et nostris et hostibus nuntii adferuntur, imperatorem instructis copiis adesse. [5] Qua re cognita praesidio cohortium confisi nostri acerrime proeliantur, ne, si tardius rem gessissent, victoriae gloriam communicasse cum legionibus viderentur; [6] hostes concidunt animis atque itineribus diversis fugam quaerunt. Nequiquam: nam quibus difficultatibus locorum Romanos claudere voluerant, eis ipsi tenebantur. [7] Victi tamen perculsique maiore parte amissa consternati profugiunt partim silvis petitis, partim flumine (qui tamen in fuga a nostris acriter insequentibus conficiuntur), [8] cum interim nulla calamitate victus Correus excedere proelio silvasque petere aut invitantibus nostris ad deditionem potuit adduci, quin fortissime proeliando compluresque vulnerando cogeret elatos iracundia victores in se tela conicere.

VIII.20. Tali modo re gesta recentibus proeli vestigiis ingressus Caesar, cum victos tanta calamitate existimaret hostes nuntio accepto locum castrorum relicturos, quae non longius ab ea caede abesse plus minus octo milibus dicebantur, tametsi flumine impeditum transitum videbat, tamen exercitu traducto progreditur. [2] At Bellovaci reliquaeque civitates repente ex fuga paucis atque his vulneratis receptis, qui silvarum beneficio casum evitaverant, omnibus adversis, cognita calamitate, interfecto Correo, amisso equitatu et fortissimis peditibus, cum adventare Romanos existimarent, concilio repente cantu tubarum convocato conclamant, legati obsidesque ad Caesarem mittantur.

VIII.21. Hoc omnibus probato consilio Commius Atrebas ad eos confugit Germanos, a quibus ad id bellum auxilia mutuatus erat. [2] Ceteri e vestigio mittunt ad Caesarem legatos petuntque, ut ea poena sit contentus hostium, quam si sine dimicatione inferre integris posset, pro sua clementia atque humanitate numquam profecto esset illaturus. [3] Adflictas opes equestri proelio Bellovacorum esse; delectorum peditum multa milia interisse, vix refugisse nuntios caedis. [4] Tamen magnum ut in tanta calamitate Bellovacos eo proelio commodum esse consecutos, quod Correus, auctor belli, concitator multitudinis, esset interfectus. Numquam enim senatum tantum in civitate illo vivo quantum imperitam plebem potuisse.

VIII.22. Haec orantibus legatis commemorat Caesar: Eodem tempore superiore anno Bellovacos ceterasque Galliae civitates suscepisse bellum: pertinacissime hos ex omnibus in sententia permansisse neque ad sanitatem reliquorum deditione esse perductos. [2] Scire atque intellegere se causam peccati facillime mortuis delegari. Neminem vero tantum pollere, ut invitis principibus, resistente senatu, omnibus bonis repugnantibus infirma manu plebis bellum concitare et gerere posset. Sed tamen se contentum fore ea poena quam sibi ipsi contraxissent.

VIII.23. Nocte insequenti legati responsa ad suos referunt, obsides conficiunt. Concurrunt reliquarum civitatium legati, quae Bellovacorum speculabantur eventum; [2] obsides dant, imperata faciunt excepto Commio, quem timor prohibebat cuiusquam fidei suam committere salutem. [3] Nam superiore anno Titus Labienus, Caesare in Gallia citeriore ius dicente, cum Commium comperisset sollicitare civitates et coniurationem contra Caesarem facere, infidelitatem eius sine ulla perfidia iudicavit comprimi posse. [4] Quem quia non arbitrabatur vocatum in castra venturum, ne temptando cautiorem faceret, Gaium Volusenum Quadratum misit, qui eum per simulationem colloqui curaret interficiendum. Ad eam rem delectos idoneos ei tradit centuriones. [5] Cum in colloquium ventum esset, et, ut convenerat, manum Commi Volusenus arripuisset, centurio vel insueta re permotus vel celeriter a familiaribus prohibitus Commi conficere hominem non potuit; graviter tamen primo ictu gladio caput percussit. [6] Cum utrimque gladii destricti essent, non tam pugnandi quam diffugiendi fuit utrorumque consilium: nostrorum, quod mortifero vulnere Commium credebant adfectum; Gallorum, quod insidiis cognitis plura quam videbant extimescebant. Quo facto statuisse Commius dicebatur numquam in conspectum cuiusquam Romani venire.

VIII.24. Bellicosissimis gentibus devictis Caesar, cum videret nullam iam esse civitatem quae bellum pararet quo sibi resisteret, sed nonnullos ex oppidis demigrare, ex agris diffugere ad praesens imperium evitandum, plures in partes exercitum dimittere constituit. [2] M. Antonium quaestorem cum legione duodecima sibi coniungit. C. Fabium legatum cum cohortibus XXV mittit in diversissimam partem Galliae, quod ibi quasdam civitates in armis esse audiebat neque C. Caninium Rebilum legatum, qui in illis regionibus erat, satis firmas duas legiones habere existimabat. [3] Titum Labienum ad se evocat; legionem autem XV, quae cum eo fuerat in hibernis, in togatam Galliam mittit ad colonias civium Romanorum tuendas, ne quod simile incommodum accideret decursione barbarorum ac superiore aestate Tergestinis acciderat, qui repentino latrocinio atque impetu illorum erant oppressi. [4] Ipse ad vastandos depopulandosque fines Ambiorigis proficiscitur; quem perterritum ac fugientem cum redigi posse in suam potestatem desperasset, proximum suae dignitatis esse ducebat, adeo fines eius vastare civibus, aedificiis, pecore, ut odio suorum Ambiorix, si quos fortuna reliquos fecisset, nullum reditum propter tantas calamitates haberet in civitatem.

VIII.25. Cum in omnes partes finium Ambiorigis aut legiones aut auxilia dimisisset atque omnia caedibus, incendiis, rapinis vastasset, magno numero hominum interfecto aut capto Labienum cum duabus legionibus in Treveros mittit, [2] quorum civitas propter Germaniae vicinitatem cotidianis exercitata bellis cultu et feritate non multum a Germanis differebat neque imperata umquam nisi exercitu coacta faciebat.

VIII.26. Interim Gaius Caninius legatus, cum magnam multitudinem convenisse hostium in fines Pictonum litteris nuntiisque Durati cognosceret, qui perpetuo in amicitia manserat Romanorum, cum pars quaedam civitatis eius defecisset, ad oppidum Lemonum contendit. [2] Quo cum adventaret atque ex captivis certius cognosceret multis hominum milibus a Dumnaco, duce Andium, Duratium clausum Lemoni oppugnari neque infirmas legiones hostibus committere auderet, castra posuit loco munito. [3] Dumnacus, cum appropinquare Caninium cognosset, copiis omnibus ad legiones conversis castra Romanorum oppugnare instituit. [4] Cum complures dies in oppugnatione consumpsisset et magno suorum detrimento nullam partem munitionum convellere potuisset, rursus ad obsidendum Lemonum redit.

VIII.27. Eodem tempore C. Fabius legatus complures civitates in fidem recipit, obsidibus firmat litterisque Gai Canini Rebili fit certior quae in Pictonibus gerantur. [2] Quibus rebus cognitis proficiscitur ad auxilium Duratio ferendum. At Dumnacus adventu Fabi cognito desperata salute, si tempore eodem coactus esset et Romanum externum sustinere hostem et respicere ac timere oppidanos, repente ex eo loco cum copiis recedit nec se satis tutum fore arbitratur, nisi flumine Ligeri, quod erat ponte propter magnitudinem transeundum, copias traduxisset. [3] Fabius, etsi nondum in conspectum venerat hostibus neque se Caninio coniunxerat, tamen doctus ab eis qui locorum noverant naturam potissimum credidit hostes perterritos eum locum, quem petebant, petituros. [4] Itaque cum copiis ad eundem pontem contendit equitatumque tantum procedere ante agmen imperat legionum, quantum cum processisset, sine defatigatione equorum in eadem se reciperet castra. [5] Consecuntur equites nostri, ut erat praeceptum, invaduntque Dumnaci agmen et fugientes perterritosque sub sarcinis in itinere adgressi magna praeda multis interfectis potiuntur. Ita re bene gesta se recipiunt in castra.

VIII.28. Insequenti nocte Fabius equites praemittit sic paratos ut confligerent atque omne agmen morarentur, dum consequeretur ipse. [2] Cuius praeceptis ut res gereretur, Quintus Atius Varus, praefectus equitum, singularis et animi et prudentiae vir, suos hortatur agmenque hostium consecutus turmas partim idoneis locis disponit, parte equitum proelium committit. [3] Confligit audacius equitatus hostium succedentibus sibi peditibus, qui toto agmine subsistentes equitibus suis contra nostros ferunt auxilium. Fit proelium acri certamine. [4] Namque nostri contemptis pridie superatis hostibus, cum subsequi legiones meminissent, et pudore cedendi et cupiditate per se conficiendi proeli fortissime contra pedites proeliantur, [5] hostesque nihil amplius copiarum accessurum credentes, ut pridie cognoverant, delendi equitatus nostri nacti occasionem videbantur.

VIII.29. Cum aliquamdiu summa contentione dimicaretur, Dumnacus instruit aciem quae suis esset equitibus in vicem praesidio, cum repente confertae legiones in conspectum hostium veniunt. [2] Quibus visis perculsae barbarorum turmae ac perterritae acies hostium, perturbato impedimentorum agmine, magno clamore discursuque passim fugae se mandant. [3] At nostri equites, qui paulo ante cum resistentibus fortissime conflixerant, laetitia victoriae elati magno undique clamore sublato cedentibus circumfusi, quantum equorum vires ad persequendum dextraeque ad caedendum valent, tantum eo proelio interficiunt. [4] Itaque amplius milibus XII aut armatorum aut eorum qui eo timore arma proiecerant interfectis omnis multitudo capitur impedimentorum.

VIII.30. Qua ex fuga cum constaret Drappetem Senonem, qui, ut primum defecerat Gallia, collectis undique perditis hominibus, servis ad libertatem vocatis, exulibus omnium civitatum adscitis, receptis latronibus impedimenta et commeatus Romanorum interceperat, non amplius hominum duobus milibus ex fuga collectis provinciam petere unaque consilium cum eo Lucterium Cadurcum cepisse, quem superiore commentario prima defectione Galliae facere in provinciam voluisse impetum cognitum est, [2] Caninius legatus cum legionibus duabus ad eos persequendos contendit, ne detrimento aut timore provinciae magna infamia perditorum hominum latrociniis caperetur.

VIII.31. Gaius Fabius cum reliquo exercitu in Carnutes ceterasque proficiscitur civitates, quarum eo proelio, quod cum Dumnaco fecerat, copias esse accisas sciebat. [2] Non enim dubitabat quin recenti calamitate summissiores essent futurae, dato vero spatio ac tempore eodem instigante Dumnaco possent concitari. [3] Qua in re summa felicitas celeritasque in recipiendis civitatibus Fabium consequitur. [4] Nam Carnutes, qui saepe vexati numquam pacis fecerant mentionem, datis obsidibus veniunt in deditionem, ceteraeque civitates positae in ultimis Galliae finibus Oceano coniunctae, quae Armoricae appellantur, auctoritate adductae Carnutum adventu Fabi legionumque imperata sine mora faciunt. [5] Dumnacus suis finibus expulsus errans latitansque solus extremas Galliae regiones petere est coactus.

VIII.32. At Drappes unaque Lucterius, cum legiones Caniniumque adesse cognoscerent nec se sine certa pernicie persequente exercitu putarent provinciae fines intrare posse nec iam libere vagandi latrociniorumque faciendorum facultatem haberent, in finibus consistunt Cadurcorum. [2] Ibi cum Lucterius apud suos cives quondam integris rebus multum potuisset, semperque auctor novorum consiliorum magnam apud barbaros auctoritatem haberet, oppidum Vxellodunum, quod in clientela fuerat eius, egregie natura loci munitum, occupat suis et Drappetis copiis oppidanosque sibi coniungit.

VIII.33. Quo cum confestim Gaius Caninius venisset animadverteretque omnes oppidi partes praeruptissimis saxis esse munitas, quo defendente nullo tamen armatis ascendere esset difficile, magna autem impedimenta oppidanorum videret, quae si clandestina fuga subtrahere conarentur, effugere non modo equitatum, sed ne legiones quidem possent, tripertito cohortibus divisis trina excelsissimo loco castra fecit; [2] a quibus paulatim, quantum copiae patiebantur, vallum in oppidi circuitum ducere instituit.

VIII.34. Quod cum animadverterent oppidani miserrimaque Alesiae memoria solliciti similem casum obsessionis vererentur, maximeque ex omnibus Lucterius, qui fortunae illius periculum fecerat, moneret frumenti rationem esse habendam, constituunt omnium consensu parte ibi relicta copiarum ipsi cum expeditis ad importandum frumentum proficisci. [2] Eo consilio probato proxima nocte duobus milibus armatorum relictis reliquos ex oppido Drappes et Lucterius educunt. [3] Hi paucos dies morati ex finibus Cadurcorum, qui partim re frumentaria sublevare eos cupiebant, partim prohibere quo minus sumerent non poterant, magnum numerum frumenti comparant, nonnumquam autem expeditionibus nocturnis castella nostrorum adoriuntur. [4] Quam ob causam Gaius Caninius toto oppido munitiones circumdare moratur, ne aut opus effectum tueri non possit aut plurimis in locis infirma disponat praesidia.

VIII.35. Magna copia frumenti comparata considunt Drappes et Lucterius non longius ab oppido X milibus, unde paulatim frumentum in oppidum supportarent. [2] Ipsi inter se provincias partiuntur: Drappes castris praesidio cum parte copiarum restitit; Lucterius agmen iumentorum ad oppidum ducit. [3] Dispositis ibi praesidiis hora noctis circiter decima silvestribus angustisque itineribus frumentum importare in oppidum instituit. [4] Quorum strepitum vigiles castrorum cum sensissent, exploratoresque missi quae gererentur renuntiassent, Caninius celeriter cum cohortibus armatis ex proximis castellis in frumentarios sub ipsam lucem impetum fecit. [5] Ei repentino malo perterriti diffugiunt ad sua praesidia; quae nostri ut viderunt, acrius contra armatos incitati neminem ex eo numero vivum capi patiuntur. Profugit inde cum paucis Lucterius nec se recipit in eastra.

VIII.36. Re bene gesta Caninius ex captivis comperit partem copiarum cum Drappete esse in castris a milibus longe non amplius XII. [2] Qua re ex compluribus cognita, cum intellegeret fugato duce altero perterritos reliquos facile opprimi posse, magnae felicitatis esse arbitrabatur neminem ex caede refugisse in castra qui de accepta calamitate nuntium Drappeti perferret. [3] Sed in experiendo cum periculum nullum videret, equitatum omnem Germanosque pedites, summae velocitatis homines, ad castra hostium praemittit; ipse legionem unam in trina castra distribuit, alteram secum expeditam ducit. [4] Cum propius hostes accessisset, ab exploratoribus quos praemiserat cognoscit castra eorum, ut barbarorum fere consuetudo est, relictis locis superioribus ad ripas fluminis esse demissa; at Germanos equitesque imprudentibus omnibus de improviso advolasse proeliumque commisisse. [5] Qua re cognita legionem armatam instructamque adducit. Ita repente omnibus ex partibus signo dato loca superiora capiuntur. [6] Quod ubi accidit, Germani equitesque signis legionis visis vehementissime proeliantur. Confestim cohortes undique impetum faciunt omnibusque aut interfectis aut captis magna praeda potiuntur. Capitur ipse eo proelio Drappes.

VIII.37. Caninius felicissime re gesta sine ullo paene militis vulnere ad obsidendos oppidanos revertitur [2] externoque hoste deleto, cuius timore antea dividere praesidia et munitione oppidanos circumdare prohibitus erat, opera undique imperat administrari. Venit eodem cum suis copiis postero die Gaius Fabius partemque oppidi sumit ad obsidendum.

VIII.38. Caesar interim M. Antonium quaestorem cum cohortibus XV in Bellovacis relinquit, ne qua rursus novorum consiliorum capiendorum Belgis facultas daretur. [2] Ipse reliquas civitates adit, obsides plures imperat, timentes omnium animos consolatione sanat. [3] Cum in Carnutes venisset, quorum in civitate superiore commentario Caesar exposuit initium belli esse ortum, quod praecipue eos propter conscientiam facti timere animadvertebat, quo celerius civitatem timore liberaret, principem sceleris illius et concitatorem belli, Gutruatum, ad supplicium depoposcit. [4] Qui etsi ne civibus quidem suis se committebat, tamen celeriter omnium cura quaesitus in castra perducitur. [5] Cogitur in eius supplicium Caesar contra suam naturam concursu maximo militum, qui ei omnia pericula et detrimenta belli accepta referebant, adeo ut verberibus exanimatum corpus securi feriretur.

VIII.39. Ibi crebris litteris Canini fit certior quae de Drappete et Lucterio gesta essent, quoque in consilio permanerent oppidani. [2] Quorum etsi paucitatem contemnebat, tamen pertinaciam magna poena esse adficiendam iudicabat, ne universa Gallia non sibi vires defuisse ad resistendum Romanis, sed constantiam putaret, neve hoc exemplo ceterae civitates locorum opportunitate fretae se vindicarent in libertatem, [3] cum omnibus Gallis notum esse sciret reliquam esse unam aestatem suae provinciae, quam si sustinere potuissent, nullum ultra periculum vererentur. [4] Itaque Q. Calenum legatum cum legionibus reliquit qui iustis itineribus subsequeretur; ipse cum omni equitatu quam potest celerrime ad Caninium contendit.

VIII.40. Cum contra exspectationem omnium Caesar Vxellodunum venisset oppidumque operibus clausum animadverteret neque ab oppugnatione recedi videret ulla condicione posse, magna autem copia frumenti abundare oppidanos ex perfugis cognosset, aqua prohibere hostem temptare coepit. [2] Flumen infimam vallem dividebat, quae totum paene montem cingebat, in quo positum erat praeruptum undique oppidum Vxellodunum. [3] Hoc avertere loci natura prohibebat: in infimis enim sic radicibus montis ferebatur, ut nullam in partem depressis fossis derivari posset. [4] Erat autem oppidanis difficilis et praeruptus eo descensus, ut prohibentibus nostris sine vulneribus ac periculo vitae neque adire flumen neque arduo se recipere possent ascensu. [5] Qua difficultate eorum cognita Caesar sagittariis funditoribusque dispositis, tormentis etiam quibusdam locis contra facillimos descensus collocatis aqua fluminis prohibebat oppidanos.

VIII.41. Quorum omnis postea multitudo aquatorum unum in locum conveniebat sub ipsius oppidi murum, ubi magnus fons aquae prorumpebat ab ea parte, quae fere pedum CCC intervallo fluminis circuitu vacabat. [2] Hoc fonte prohiberi posse oppidanos cum optarent reliqui, Caesar unus videret, e regione eius vineas agere adversus montem et aggerem instruere coepit magno cum labore et continua dimicatione. [3] Oppidani enim loco superiore decurrunt et eminus sine periculo proeliantur multosque pertinaciter succedentes vulnerant; non deterrentur tamen milites nostri vineas proferre et labore atque operibus locorum vincere difficultates. [4] Eodem tempore cuniculos tectos ab vineis agunt ad caput fontis; quod genus operis sine ullo periculo, sine suspicione hostium facere licebat. [5] Exstruitur agger in altitudinem pedum sexaginta, collocatur in eo turris decem tabulatorum, non quidem quae moenibus aequaret (id enim nullis operibus effici poterat), sed quae superare fontis fastigium posset. [6] Ex ea cum tela tormentis iacerentur ad fontis aditum, nec sine periculo possent aquari oppidani, non tantum pecora atque iumenta, sed etiam magna hostium multitudo siti consumebatur.

VIII.42. Quo malo perterriti oppidani cupas sebo, pice, scandulis complent; eas ardentes in opera provolvunt eodemque tempore acerrime proeliantur, ut ab incendio restinguendo dimicationis periculo deterreant Romanos. [2] Magna repente in ipsis operibus flamma exstitit. Quaecumque enim per locum praecipitem missa erant, ea vineis et aggere suppressa comprehendebant id ipsum quod morabatur. [3] Milites contra nostri, quamquam periculoso genere proeli locoque iniquo premebantur, tamen omnia fortissimo sustinebant animo. [4] Res enim gerebatur et excelso loco et in conspectu exercitus nostri, magnusque utrimque clamor oriebatur. [5] Ita quam quisque poterat maxime insignis, quo notior testatiorque virtus esset eius, telis hostium flammaeque se offerebat.

VIII.43. Caesar cum complures suos vulnerari videret, ex omnibus oppidi partibus cohortes montem ascendere et simulatione moenium occupandorum clamorem undique iubet tollere. [2] Quo facto perterriti oppidani, cum quid ageretur in locis reliquis essent suspensi, revocant ab impugnandis operibus armatos murisque disponunt. [3] Ita nostri fine proeli facto celeriter opera flamma comprehensa partim restinguunt, partim interscindunt. [4] Cum pertinaciter resisterent oppidani, magna etiam parte amissa siti suorum in sententia permanerent, ad postremum cuniculis venae fontis intercisae sunt atque aversae. [5] Quo facto repente perennis exaruit fons tantamque attulit oppidanis salutis desperationem, ut id non hominum consilio, sed deorum voluntate factum putarent. Itaque se necessitate coacti tradiderunt.

VIII.44. Caesar, cum suam lenitatem cognitam omnibus sciret neque vereretur ne quid crudelitate naturae videretur asperius fecisse, neque exitum consiliorum suorum animadverteret, si tali ratione diversis in locis plures consilia inissent, exemplo supplici deterrendos reliquos existimavit. [2] Itaque omnibus qui arma tulerant manus praecidit vitamque concessit, quo testatior esset poena improborum. [3] Drappes, quem captum esse a Caninio docui, sive indignitate et dolore vinculorum sive timore gravioris supplici paucis diebus cibo se abstinuit atque ita interiit. [4] Eodem tempore Lacterius, quem profugisse ex proelio scripsi, cum in potestatem venisset Epasnacti Arverni [5] (crebro enim mutandis locis multorum fidei se committebat, quod nusquam diutius sine periculo commoraturus videbatur, cum sibi conscius esset, quam inimicum deberet Caesarem habere), [6] hunc Epasnactus Arvernus, amicissimus populi Romani, sine dubitatione ulla vinctum ad Caesarem deduxit.

VIII.45. Labienus interim in Treveris equestre proelium facit secundum compluribusque Treveris interfectis et Germanis, qui nullis adversus Romanos auxilia denegabant, principes eorum vivos redigit in suam potestatem [2] atque in his Surum Aeduum, qui et virtutis et generis summam nobilitatem habebat solusque ex Aeduis ad id tempus permanserat in armis.

VIII.46. Ea re cognita Caesar, cum in omnibus partibus Galliae bene res geri videret iudicaretque superioribus aestivis Galliam devictam subactamque esse, Aquitaniam numquam adisset, per Publium Crassum quadam ex parte devicisset, cum duabus legionibus in eam partem Galliae est profectus, ut ibi extremum tempus consumeret aestivorum. [2] Quam rem sicuti cetera celeriter feliciterque confecit. Namque omnes Aquitaniae civitates legatos ad Caesarem miserunt obsidesque ei dederunt. [3] Quibus rebus gestis ipse equitum praesidio Narbonem profectus est, exercitum per legatos in hiberna deduxit: [4] quattuor legiones in Belgio collocavit cum M. Antonio et C. Trebonio et P. Vatinio legatis, duas legiones in Aeduos deduxit, quorum in omni Gallia summam esse auctoritatem sciebat, duas in Turonis ad fines Carnutum posuit, quae omnem illam regionem coniunctam Oceano continerent, duas reliquas in Lemovicum finibus non longe ab Arvernis, ne qua pars Galliae vacua ab exercitu esset. [5] Paucos dies ipse in provincia moratus, cum celeriter omnes conventus percucurrisset, publicas controversias cognosset, [6] bene meritis praemia tribuisset (cognoscendi enim maximam facultatem habebat, quali quisque fuisset animo in totius Galliae defectione, quam sustinuerat fidelitate atque auxiliis provinciae illius), his confectis rebus ad legiones in Belgium se recipit hibernatque Nemetocennae.

VIII.47. Ibi cognoscit Commium Atrebatem proelio cum equitatu suo contendisse. [2] Nam cum Antonius in hiberna venisset, civitasque Atrebatum in officio esset, Commius, qui post illam vulnerationem, quam supra commemoravi, semper ad omnes motus paratus suis civibus esse consuesset, ne consilia belli quaerentibus auctor armorum duxque deesset, [3] parente Romanis civitate cum suis equitibus latrociniis se suosque alebat infestisque itineribus commeatus complures, qui comportabantur in hiberna Romanorum, intercipiebat.

VIII.48. Erat attributus Antonio praefectus equitum C. Volusenus Quadratus qui cum eo hibernaret. Hunc Antonius ad persequendum equitatum hostium mittit. [2] Volusenus ad eam virtutem, quae singularis erat in eo, magnum odium Commi adiungebat, quo libentius id faceret quod imperabatur. Itaque dispositis insidiis saepius equites eius adgressus secunda proelia faciebat. [3] Novissime, cum vehementius contenderetur, ac Volusenus ipsius intercipiendi Commi cupiditate pertinacius eum cum paucis insecutus esset, ille autem fuga vehementi Volusenum produxisset longius, inimicus homini suorum invocat fidem atque auxilium, ne sua vulnera per fidem imposita paterentur impunita, conversoque equo se a ceteris incautius permittit in praefectum. [4] Faciunt hoc idem omnes eius equites paucosque nostros convertunt atque insequuntur. [5] Commius incensum calcaribus equum coniungit equo Quadrati lanceaque infesta magnis viribus medium femur traicit Voluseni. [6] Praefecto vulnerato non dubitant nostri resistere et conversis equis hostem pellere. [7] Quod ubi accidit, complures hostium magno nostrorum impetu perculsi vulnerantur ac partim in fuga proteruntur, partim intercipiuntur; quod malum dux equi velocitate evitavit: graviter adeo vulneratus praefectus, ut vitae periculum aditurus videretur, refertur in castra. [8] Commius autem sive expiato suo dolore sive magna parte amissa suorum legatos ad Antonium mittit seque et ibi futurum, ubi praescripserit, et ea facturum, quae imperarit, obsidibus firmat; [9] unum illud orat, ut timori suo concedatur, ne in conspectum veniat cuiusquam Romani. Cuius postulationem Antonius cum iudicaret ab iusto nasci timore, veniam petenti dedit, obsides accepit. [10] Scio Caesarem singulorum annorum singulos commentarios confecisse; quod ego non existimavi mihi esse faciendum, propterea quod insequens annus, L. Paulo C. Marcello consulibus, nullas habet magnopere Galliae res gestas. [11] Ne quis tamen ignoraret, quibus in locis Caesar exercitusque eo tempore fuissent, pauca esse scribenda coniungendaque huic commentario statui.

VIII.49. Caesar in Belgio cum hiemaret, unum illud propositum habebat, continere in amicitia civitates, nulli spem aut causam dare armorum. [2] Nihil enim minus volebat quam sub decessu suo necessitatem sibi aliquam imponi belli gerendi, ne, cum exercitum deducturus esset, bellum aliquod relinqueretur quod omnis Gallia libenter sine praesenti periculo susciperet. [3] Itaque honorifice civitates appellando, principes maximis praemiis adficiendo, nulla onera iniungendo defessam tot adversis proeliis Galliam condicione parendi meliore facile in pace continuit.

VIII.50. Ipse hibernis peractis contra consuetudinem in Italiam quam maximis itineribus est profectus, ut municipia et colonias appellaret, quibus M. Antoni quaestoris sui, commendaverat sacerdoti petitionem. [2] Contendebat enim gratia cum libenter pro homine sibi coniunctissimo, quem paulo ante praemiserat ad petitionem, tum acriter contra factionem et potentiam paucorum, qui M. Antoni repulsa Caesaris decedentis gratiam convellere cupiebant. [3] Hunc etsi augurem prius factum quam Italiam attingeret in itinere audierat, tamen non minus iustam sibi causam municipia et colonias adeundi existimavit, ut eis gratias ageret, quod frequentiam atque officium suum Antonio praestitissent, [4] simulque se et honorem suum sequentis anni commendaret, propterea quod insolenter adversarii sui gloriarentur L. Lentulum et C. Marcellum consules creatos qui omnem honorem et dignitatem Caesaris spoliarent, ereptum Ser. Galbae consulatum, cum is multo plus gratia suffragiisque valuisset, quod sibi coniunctus et familiaritate et consuetudine legationis esset.

VIII.51. Exceptus est Caesaris adventus ab omnibus municipiis et coloniis incredibili honore atque amore. [2] Tum primum enim veniebat ab illo universae Galliae bello. Nihil relinquebatur quod ad ornatum portarum, itinerum, locorum omnium qua Caesar iturus erat excogitari poterat. [3] Cum liberis omnis multitudo obviam procedebat, hostiae omnibus locis immolabantur, tricliniis stratis fora templaque occupabantur, ut vel exspectatissimi triumphi laetitia praecipi posset. Tanta erat magnificentia apud opulentiores, cupiditas apud humiliores.

VIII.52. Cum omnes regiones Galliae togatae Caesar percucurrisset, summa celeritate ad exercitum Nemetocennam rediit legionibusque ex omnibus hibernis ad fines Treverorum evocatis eo profectus est ibique exercitum lustravit. [2] T. Labienum Galliae togatae praefecit, quo maiore commendatione conciliaretur ad consulatus petitionem. Ipse tantum itinerum faciebat, quantum satis esse ad mutationem locorum propter salubritatem existimabat. [3] Ibi quamquam crebro audiebat Labienum ab inimicis suis sollicitari certiorque fiebat id agi paucorum consiliis, ut interposita senatus auctoritate aliqua parte exercitus spoliaretur, tamen neque de Labieno credidit quidquam neque contra senatus auctoritatem ut aliquid faceret potuit adduci. Iudicabat enim liberis sententiis patrum conscriptorum causam suam facile obtineri. [4] Nam C. Curio, tribunus plebis, cum Caesaris causam dignitatemque defendendam suscepisset, saepe erat senatui pollicitus, si quem timor armorum Caesaris laederet, et quoniam Pompei dominatio atque arma non minimum terrorem foro inferrent, discederet uterque ab armis exercitusque dimitteret: fore eo facto liberam et sui iuris civitatem. [5] Neque hoc tantum pollicitus est, sed etiam per se discessionem facere coepit; quod ne fieret consules amicique Pompei iusserunt atque ita rem morando discusserunt.

VIII.53. Magnum hoc testimonium senatus erat universi conveniensque superiori facto. Nam Marcellus proximo anno, cum impugnaret Caesaris dignitatem, contra legem Pompei et Crassi rettulerat ante tempus ad senatum de Caesaris provinciis, sententiisque dictis discessionem faciente Marcello, qui sibi omnem dignitatem ex Caesaris invidia quaerebat, senatus frequens in alia omnia transiit. [2] Quibus non frangebantur animi inimicorum Caesaris, sed admonebantur quo maiores pararent necessitates, quibus cogi posset senatus id probare, quod ipsi constituissent.

VIII.54. Fit deinde senatus consultum, ut ad bellum Parthicum legio una a Cn. Pompeio, altera a C. Caesare mitteretur; neque obscure duae legiones uni detrahuntur. [2] Nam Cn. Pompeius legionem primam, quam ad Caesarem miserat, confectam ex delectu provinciae Caesaris, eam tamquam ex suo numero dedit. [3] Caesar tamen, cum de voluntate minime dubium esset adversariorum suorum, Pompeio legionem remisit et suo nomine quintam decimam, quam in Gallia citeriore habuerat, ex senatus consulto iubet tradi. In eius locum tertiam decimam legionem in Italiam mittit quae praesidia tueretur, ex quibus praesidiis quinta decima deducebatur. [4] Ipse exercitui distribuit hiberna: C. Trebonium cum legionibus quattuor in Belgio collocat, C. Fabium cum totidem in Aeduos deducit. [5] Sic enim existimabat tutissimam fore Galliam, si Belgae, quorum maxima virtus, Aedui, quorum auctoritas summa esset, exercitibus continerentur. Ipse in Italiam profectus est.

VIII.55. Quo cum venisset, cognoscit per C. Marcellum consulem legiones duas ab se remissas, quae ex senatus consulto deberent ad Parthicum bellum duci, Cn. Pompeio traditas atque in Italia retentas esse. [2] Hoc facto quamquam nulli erat dubium, quidnam contra Caesarem pararetur, tamen Caesar omnia patienda esse statuit, quoad sibi spes aliqua relinqueretur iure potius disceptandi quam belli gerendi. Contendit

Table of Contents

COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS

I.1 Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum una...

I.2 Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissim...

I.3 His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permo...

I.4 Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Morib...

I.5 Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod con...

I.6 Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo e...

I.7 Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam...

I.8 Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque...

I.9 Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis i...

I.10 Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per ag...

I.11 Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum sua...

I.12 Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequa...

I.13 Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut ...

I.14 His Caesar ita respondit: eo sibi minus dubitation...

I.15 Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit C...

I.16 Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum, quod ess...

I.17 Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus quod a...

I.18 Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Diviciaci fr...

I.19 Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones cert...

I.20 Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus ...

I.21 Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes ...

I.22 Prima luce, cum summus mons a [Lucio] Labieno tene...

I.23 Postridie eius diei, quod omnino biduum supererat,...

I.24 Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in...

I.25 Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remo...

I.26 Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum es...

I.27 Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos de de...

I.28 Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant h...

I.29 In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litte...

I.30 Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae leg...

I.31 Eo concilio dimisso, idem princeps civitatum qui a...

I.32 Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita omnes qui aderant...

I.33 His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis c...

I.34 Quam ob rem placuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legatos mi...

I.35 His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum C...

I.36 Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ius esse belli ut qu...

I.37 Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata referebantur et...

I.38 Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ari...

I.39 Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae co...

I.40 Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omniu...

I.41 Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae sunt ...

I.42 Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos ad eum...

I.43 Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrenus sat...

I.44 Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, ...

I.45 Multa a Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt quare...

I.46 Dum haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum ...

I.47 Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos misit: v...

I.48 Eodem die castra promovit et milibus passuum VI a ...

I.49 Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne di...

I.50 Proximo die instituto suo Caesar ex castris utrisq...

I.51 Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio utrisque cast...

I.52 Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et qua...

I.53 Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes te...

I.54 Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi, qui ad r...

COMMENTARIUS SECUNDUS

1. II.1 Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia [in hibernis]...

2. II.2 His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legio...

3. II.3 Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omnium opinione ve...

4. II.4 Cum ab iis quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in ...

5. II.5 Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione pr...

6. II.6 Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax abera...

7. II.7 Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui nu...

8. II.8 Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et pr...

9. II.9 Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium e...

10. II.10 Caesar certior factus ab Titurio onlnem equitatum ...

11. II.11 Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum, strep...

12. II.12 Postridie eius diei Caesar, prius quam se hostes e...

13. II.13 Pro his Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belgarum di...

14. II.14 Caesar honoris Diviciaci atque Haeduorum causa ses...

15. II.15 Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, invenie...

16. II.16 His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque pr...

17. II.17 Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri castris d...

18. II.18 Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus co...

19. II.19 Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum p...

20. II.20 Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortando...

21. II.21 Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura [delectusq...

22. II.22 Legionis VIIII. et X. milites, ut in sinistra part...

23. II.23 Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pe...

24. II.24 Caesar ab X. legionis cohortatione ad dextrum corn...

25. II.25 Caesar, cum VII. legionem, quae iuxta constiterat,...

26. II.26 Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta ut ...

27. II.27 Hoc proelio facto et prope ad internecionem gente ...

28. II.28 Atuatuci, de quibus supra diximus, cum omnibus cop...

29. II.29 Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppid...

30. II.30 Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare muris viderunt, n...

31. II.31 Ad haec Caesar respondit: se magis consuetudine su...

32. II.32 Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex op...

33. II.33 Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una mi...

34. II.34 His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius b...

COMMENTARIUS TERTIUS

1. III.1 Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Ser. Galbam...

2. III.2 Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent frumentu...

3. III.3 His nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hiberno...

4. III.4 Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut iis rebus quas con...

5. III.5 Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur, ...

6. III.6 Quod iussi sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portis ...

7. III.7 His rebus gestis cum omnibus de causis Caesar paca...

8. III.8 Huius est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas om...

9. III.9 Quibus de rebus Caesar a Crasso certior factus, qu...

10. III.10 Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra o...

11. III.11 Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proxim...

12. III.12 Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in ...

13. III.13 Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factae armataeq...

14. III.14 Compluribus expugnatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intelle...

15. III.15 Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totiusque orae mariti...

16. III.16 Hac confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quendam ho...

17. III.17 Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acc...

18. III.18 Eodem fere tempore P. Crassus., cum in Aquitaniam ...

19. III.19 Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sotiates super...

20. III.20 Atque in eam rem omnium nostrorum intentis animis ...

21. III.21 Armis obsidibusque acceptis, Crassus in fines Voca...

22. III.22 Prima luce productis omnibus copiis duplici acie i...

23. III.23 Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii multis telis ...

24. III.24 Crassus equitum praefectos cohortatus, ut magnis p...

25. III.25 Hac audita pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae sese Crass...

26. III.26 Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam a...

27. III.27 Reliquis deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere ins...

COMMENTARIUS QUARTUS

1. IV.1 Ea quae secuta est hieme, qui fuit annus Cn. Pompe...

2. IV.2 Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo ut quae bello cep...

3. IV.3 Publice maximam putant esse laudem quam latissime ...

4. IV.4 In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri, quos ...

5. IV.5 His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem...

6. IV.6 Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello...

7. IV.7 Re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis ite...

8. IV.8 Ad haec Caesar quae visum est respondit; sed exitu...

9. IV.9 Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re de...

10. IV.10 [Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus...

11. IV.11 Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum XII milibu...

12. IV.12 At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt...

13. IV.13 Hoc facto proelio Caesar neque iam sibi legatos au...

14. IV.14 Acie triplici instituta et celeriter VIII milium i...

15. IV.15 Germani post tergum clamore audito, eum suos inter...

16. IV.16 Germanico bello confecto multis de causis Caesar s...

17. IV.17 Caesar his de causis quas commemoravi Rhenum trans...

18. IV.18 Diebus X, quibus materia coepta erat comportari, o...

19. IV.19 Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus, omnib...

20. IV.20 Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his ...

21. IV.21 Ad haec cognoscenda, prius quam periculum faceret,...

22. IV.22 Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa mo...

23. IV.23 His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandu...

24. IV.24 At barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito praemisso e...

25. IV.25 Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum...

26. IV.26 Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, qu...

27. IV.27 Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga re...

28. IV.28 His rebus pace confirmata, post diem quartum quam ...

29. IV.29 Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies ...

30. IV.30 Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui p...

31. IV.31 At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, ...

32. IV.32 Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frume...

33. IV.33 Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes p...

34. IV.34 Quibus rebus perturbatis nostris [novitate pugnae]...

35. IV.35 Caesar, etsi idem quod superioribus diebus accider...

36. IV.36 Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de ...

37. IV.37 Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circ...

38. IV.38 Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum iis leg...

COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS

V.1 L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens ab hi...

V.2 His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis, in ci...

V.3 Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitat...

V.4 Caesar, etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerent...

V.5 His rebus constitutis Caesar ad portum Itium cum l...

V.6 Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo ante ...

V.7 Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Aeduae...

V.8 His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus...

V.9 Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo ca...

V.10 Postridie eius diei mane tripertito milites equite...

V.11 His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque re...

V.12 Britanniae pars interior ab eis incolitur quos nat...

V.13 Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est cont...

V.14 Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi qui Cantium ...

V.15 Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum e...

V.16 Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium a...

V.17 Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus co...

V.18 Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Tamesim in...

V.19 Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni depo...

V.20 Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum region...

V.21 Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum iniur...

V.22 Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad ...

V.23 Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, nave...

V.24 Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobriva...

V.25 Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cui...

V.26 Diebus circiter XV, quibus in hiberna ventum est, ...

V.27 Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa Gaius Arpineius,...

V.28 Arpineius et Iunius, quae audierunt, ad legatos de...

V.29 Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum m...

V.30 Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a ...

V.31 Consurgitur ex consilio; comprehendunt utrumque et...

V.32 At hostes, posteaquam ex nocturno fremitu vigiliis...

V.33 Tum demum Titurius, qui nihil ante providisset, tr...

V.34 At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam duces eorum ...

V.35 Quo praecepto ab eis diligentissime observato, cum...

V.36 His rebus permotus Quintus Titurius, cum procul Am...

V.37 Sabinus quos in praesentia tribunos militum circum...

V.38 Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu...

V.39 Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Gr...

V.40 Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone litter...

V.41 Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum qui aliquem serm...

V.42 Ab hac spe repulsi Nervii vallo pedum IX et fossa ...

V.43 Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto vento ferv...

V.44 Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, ...

V.45 Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugna...

V.46 Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter XI diei sta...

V.47 Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi a...

V.48 Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium ...

V.49 Galli re cognita per exploratores obsidionem relin...

V.50 Eo die parvulis equestribus proeliis ad aquam fact...

V.51 Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias traduc...

V.52 Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque i...

V.53 Interim ad Labienum per Remos incredibili celerita...

V.54 At Caesar principibus cuiusque civitatis ad se evo...

V.55 Treveri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis null...

V.56 Vbi intellexit ultro ad se veniri, altera ex parte...

V.57 Labienus, cum et loci natura et manu munitissumis ...

V.58 Cum maiore in dies contemptione Indutiomarus ad ca...

COMMENTARIUS SEXTUS

1. VI.1 Multis de causis Caesar maiorem Galliae motum exsp...

2. VI.2 Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad eius propi...

3. VI.3 Itaque nondum hieme confecta proximis quattuor coa...

4. VI.4 Cognito eius adventu Acco, qui princeps eius consi...

5. VI.5 Hac parte Galliae pacata totus et mente et animo i...

6. VI.6 Caesar partitis copiis cum Gaio Fabio legato et Ma...

7. VI.7 Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treveri magnis coacti...

8. VI.8 Vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat,...

9. VI.9 Caesar, postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, du...

10. VI.10 Interim paucis post diebus fit ab Vbiis certior Su...

11. VI.11 Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum e...

12. VI.12 Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis pr...

13. VI.13 In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui aliquo sunt nume...

14. VI.14 Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa un...

15. VI.15 Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est usus atque ...

16. VI.16 Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionib...

17. VI.17 Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plurima s...

18. VI.18 Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant ...

19. VI.19 Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine ac...

20. VI.20 Quae civitates commodius suam rem publicam adminis...

21. VI.21 Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam ...

22. VI.22 Agriculturae non student, maiorque pars eorum vict...

23. VI.23 Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime circum ...

24. VI.24 Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute s...

25. VI.25 Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est...

26. VI.26 Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter a...

27. VI.27 Sunt item, quae appellantur alces. Harum est consi...

28. VI.28 Tertium est genus eorum, qui uri appellantur. Hi s...

29. VI.29 Caesar, postquam per Vbios exploratores comperit S...

30. VI.30 Basilus, ut imperatum est, facit. Celeriter contra...

31. VI.31 Ambiorix copias suas iudicione non conduxerit, quo...

32. VI.32 Segni Condrusique, ex gente et numero Germanorum, ...

33. VI.33 Partito exercitu Titum Labienum cum legionibus tri...

34. VI.34 Erat, ut supra demonstravimus, manus certa nulla, ...

35. VI.35 Haec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gerebantur, dies...

36. VI.36 Cicero, qui omnes superiores dies praeceptis Caesa...

37. VI.37 Hoc ipso tempore et casu Germani equites interveni...

38. VI.38 Erat aeger cum praesidio relictus Publius Sextius ...

39. VI.39 Interim confecta frumentatione milites nostri clam...

40. VI.40 Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt. Hinc celer...

41. VI.41 Germani desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nos...

42. VI.42 Reversus ille eventus belli non ignorans unum, quo...

43. VI.43 Caesar rursus ad vexandos hostes profectus magno c...

44. VI.44 Tali modo vastatis regionibus exercitum Caesar dua...

COMMENTARIUS SEPTIMUS

VII.1 Quieta Gallia Caesar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ...

VII.2 His rebus agitatis profitentur Carnutes se nullum ...

VII.3 Vbi ea dies venit, Carnutes Cotuato et Conconnetod...

VII.4 Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius,...

VII.5 His suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu Lucterium...

VII.6 His rebus in Italiam Caesari nuntiatis, cum iam il...

VII.7 Interim Lucterius Cadurcus in Rutenos missus eam c...

VII.8 His rebus comparatis, represso iam Lucterio et rem...

VII.9 At Caesar biduum in his locis moratus, quod haec d...

VII.10 Magnam haec res Caesari difficultatem ad consilium...

VII.11 Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum ve...

VII.12 Vercingetorix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit, o...

VII.13 Caesar ex castris equitatum educi iubet, proelium ...

VII.14 Vercingetorix tot continuis incommodis Vellaunodun...

VII.15 Omnium consensu hac sententia probata uno die ampl...

VII.16 Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus subseq...

VII.17 Castris ad eam partem oppidi positis Caesar, quae ...

VII.18 Cum iam muro turres appropinquassent, ex captivis ...

VII.19 Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis. Hunc ex om...

VII.20 Vercingetorix, cum ad suos redisset, proditionis i...

VII.21 Conclamat omnis multitudo et suo more armis concre...

VII.22 Singulari militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cuius...

VII.23 Muri autem omnes Gallici hac fere forma sunt. Trab...

VII.24 His tot rebus impedita oppugnatione milites, cum t...

VII.25 Cum in omnibus locis consumpta iam reliqua parte n...

VII.26 Omnia experti Galli, quod res nulla successerat, p...

VII.27 Postero die Caesar promota turri perfectisque oper...

VII.28 Hostes re nova perterriti muro turribusque deiecti...

VII.29 Postero die concilio convocato consolatus cohortat...

VII.30 Fuit haec oratio non ingrata Gallis, et maxime, qu...

VII.31 Nec minus quam est pollicitus Vercingetorix animo ...

VII.32 Caesar Avarici complures dies commoratus summamque...

VII.33 Caesar, etsi a bello atque hoste discedere detrime...

VII.34 Hoc decreto interposito cohortatus Aeduos, ut cont...

VII.35 Cum uterque utrimque exisset exercitus, in conspec...

VII.36 Caesar ex eo loco quintis castris Gergoviam perven...

VII.37 Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Convictolitavis Ae...

VII.38 Litaviccus accepto exercitu, cum milia passuum cir...

VII.39 Eporedorix Aeduus, summo loco natus adulescens et ...

VII.40 Magna adfectus sollicitudine hoc nuntio Caesar, qu...

VII.41 Caesar nuntiis ad civitatem Aeduorum missis, qui s...

VII.42 Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Aedui primis nunti...

VII.43 Interim nuntio allato omnes eorum milites in potes...

VII.44 Haec cogitanti accidere visa est facultas bene rei...

VII.45 Hac re cognita Caesar mittit complures equitum tur...

VII.46 Oppidi murus ab planitie atque initio ascensus rec...

VII.47 Consecutus id quod animo proposuerat, Caesar recep...

VII.48 Interim ei qui ad alteram partem oppidi, ut supra ...

VII.49 Caesar, cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque augeri ...

VII.50 Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco et n...

VII.51 Nostri, cum undique premerentur, XLVI centurionibu...

VII.52 Postero die Caesar contione advocata temeritatem c...

VII.53 Hac habita contione et ad extremam orationem confi...

VII.54 Ibi a Viridomaro atque Eporedorige Aeduis appellat...

VII.55 Noviodunum erat oppidum Aeduorum ad ripas Ligeris ...

VII.56 Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar maturandum sibi censu...

VII.57 Dum haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo suppl...

VII.58 Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere...

VII.59 Iam Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur, iam ...

VII.60 Sub vesperum consilio convocato cohortatus ut ea q...

VII.61 Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omni...

VII.62 Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati, et ...

VII.63 Defectione Aeduorum cognita bellum augetur. Legati...

VII.64 Ipse imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides diemque ...

VII.65 Ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia cohorti...

VII.66 Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex Arve...

VII.67 Probata re atque omnibus iureiurando adactis poste...

VII.68 Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias, ut pro ...

VII.69 Ipsum erat oppidum Alesia in colle summo admodum e...

VII.70 Opere instituto fit equestre proelium in ea planit...

VII.71 Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis per...

VII.72 Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis et captivis, Cae...

VII.73 Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et t...

VII.74 His rebus perfectis regiones secutus quam potuit a...

VII.75 Dum haec apud Alesiam geruntur, Galli concilio pri...

VII.76 Huius opera Commi, ut antea demonstravimus, fideli...

VII.77 At ei, qui Alesiae obsidebantur praeterita die, qu...

VII.78 Sententiis dictis constituunt ut ei qui valetudine...

VII.79 Interea Commius reliquique duces quibus summa impe...

VII.80 Caesar omni exercitu ad utramque partem munitionum...

VII.81 Vno die intermisso Galli atque hoc spatio magno cr...

VII.82 Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galli, plus multi...

VII.83 Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli quid agant ...

VII.84 Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex ...

VII.85 Caesar idoneum locum nactus quid quaque ex parte g...

VII.86 His rebus cognitis Caesar Labienum cum cohortibus ...

VII.87 Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Ca...

VII.88 Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo insig...

VII.89 Postero die Vercingetorix concilio convocato id be...

VII.90 His rebus confectis in Aeduos proficiscitur; civit...

COMMENTARIUS OCTAVUS

VIII.0 Coactus assiduis tuis vocibus, Balbe, cum cotidian...

VIII.1 Omni Gallia devicta Caesar cum a superiore aestate...

VIII.2 Quae ne opinio Gallorum confirmaretur, Caesar Marc...

VIII.3 Repentino adventu Caesaris accidit, quod imparatis...

VIII.4 Caesar militibus pro tanto labore ac patientia, qu...

VIII.5 Cum fama exercitus ad hostes esset perlata, calami...

VIII.6 Caesar tempore anni difficillimo, cum satis habere...

VIII.7 His copiis coactis ad Bellovacos proficiscitur cas...

VIII.8 Quae Caesar consentientibus pluribus cum cognosset...

VIII.9 Cum repente instructas velut in acie certo gradu l...

VIII.10 Huius munitionis duplex erat consilium. Namque et ...

VIII.11 Caesar, cum animadverteret hostem complures dies c...

VIII.12 Quod cum cotidie fieret ac iam consuetudine dilige...

VIII.13 Non intermittunt interim cotidiana proelia in cons...

VIII.14 Compluribus diebus isdem in castris consumptis, cu...

VIII.15 Barbari confisi loci natura, cum dimicare non recu...

VIII.16 Caesar, etsi discessum hostium animadvertere non p...

VIII.17 Quod cum crebrius accideret, ex captivo quodam com...

VIII.18 Hostes in insidiis dispositi, cum sibi delegissent...

VIII.19 Cum dispositis turmis in vicem rari proeliarentur ...

VIII.20 Tali modo re gesta recentibus proeli vestigiis ing...

VIII.21 Hoc omnibus probato consilio Commius Atrebas ad eo...

VIII.22 Haec orantibus legatis commemorat Caesar: Eodem te...

VIII.23 Nocte insequenti legati responsa ad suos referunt,...

VIII.24 Bellicosissimis gentibus devictis Caesar, cum vide...

VIII.25 Cum in omnes partes finium Ambiorigis aut legiones...

VIII.26 Interim Gaius Caninius legatus, cum magnam multitu...

VIII.27 Eodem tempore C. Fabius legatus complures civitate...

VIII.28 Insequenti nocte Fabius equites praemittit sic par...

VIII.29 Cum aliquamdiu summa contentione dimicaretur, Dumn...

VIII.30 Qua ex fuga cum constaret Drappetem Senonem, qui, ...

VIII.31 Gaius Fabius cum reliquo exercitu in Carnutes cete...

VIII.32 At Drappes unaque Lucterius, cum legiones Caninium...

VIII.33 Quo cum confestim Gaius Caninius venisset animadve...

VIII.34 Quod cum animadverterent oppidani miserrimaque Ale...

VIII.35 Magna copia frumenti comparata considunt Drappes e...

VIII.36 Re bene gesta Caninius ex captivis comperit partem...

VIII.37 Caninius felicissime re gesta sine ullo paene mili...

VIII.38 Caesar interim M. Antonium quaestorem cum cohortib...

VIII.39 Ibi crebris litteris Canini fit certior quae de Dr...

VIII.40 Cum contra exspectationem omnium Caesar Vxellodunu...

VIII.41 Quorum omnis postea multitudo aquatorum unum in lo...

VIII.42 Quo malo perterriti oppidani cupas sebo, pice, sca...

VIII.43 Caesar cum complures suos vulnerari videret, ex om...

VIII.44 Caesar, cum suam lenitatem cognitam omnibus sciret...

VIII.45 Labienus interim in Treveris equestre proelium fac...

VIII.46 Ea re cognita Caesar, cum in omnibus partibus Gall...

VIII.47 Ibi cognoscit Commium Atrebatem proelio cum equita...

VIII.48 Erat attributus Antonio praefectus equitum C. Volu...

VIII.49 Caesar in Belgio cum hiemaret, unum illud proposit...

VIII.50 Ipse hibernis peractis contra consuetudinem in Ita...

VIII.51 Exceptus est Caesaris adventus ab omnibus municipi...

VIII.52 Cum omnes regiones Galliae togatae Caesar percucur...

VIII.53 Magnum hoc testimonium senatus erat universi conve...

VIII.54 Fit deinde senatus consultum, ut ad bellum Parthic...

VIII.55 Quo cum venisset, cognoscit per C. Marcellum consu...

Table of Contents

COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS
COMMENTARIUS SECUNDUS
COMMENTARIUS TERTIUS
COMMENTARIUS QUARTUS
COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS
COMMENTARIUS SEXTUS
COMMENTARIUS SEPTIMUS
COMMENTARIUS OCTAVUS
I.1
I.2
I.3
I.4
I.5
I.6
I.7
I.8
I.9
I.10
I.11
I.12
I.13
I.14
I.15
I.16
I.17
I.18
I.19
I.20
I.21
I.22
I.23
I.24
I.25
I.26
I.27
I.28
I.29
I.30
I.31
I.32
I.33
I.34
I.35
I.36
I.37
I.38
I.39
I.40
I.41
I.42
I.43
I.44
I.45
I.46
I.47
I.48
I.49
I.50
I.51
I.52
I.53
I.54
II.1
II.2
II.3
II.4
II.5
II.6
II.7
II.8
II.9
II.10
II.11
II.12
II.13
II.14
II.15
II.16
II.17
II.18
II.19
II.20
II.21
II.22
II.23
II.24
II.25
II.26
II.27
II.28
II.29
II.30
II.31
II.32
II.33
II.34
III.1
III.2
III.3
III.4
III.5
III.6
III.7
III.8
III.9
III.10
III.11
III.12
III.13
III.14
III.15
III.16
III.17
III.18
III.19
III.20
III.21
III.22
III.23
III.24
III.25
III.26
III.27
IV.1
IV.2
IV.3
IV.4
IV.5
IV.6
IV.7
IV.8
IV.9
IV.10
IV.11
IV.12
IV.13
IV.14
IV.15
IV.16
IV.17
IV.18
IV.19
IV.20
IV.21
IV.22
IV.23
IV.24
IV.25
IV.26
IV.27
IV.28
IV.29
IV.30
IV.31
IV.32
IV.33
IV.34
IV.35
IV.36
IV.37
IV.38
V.1
V.2
V.3
V.4
V.5
V.6
V.7
V.8
V.9
V.10
V.11
V.12
V.13
V.14
V.15
V.16
V.17
V.18
V.19
V.20
V.21
V.22
V.23
V.24
V.25
V.26
V.27
V.28
V.29
V.30
V.31
V.32
V.33
V.34
V.35
V.36
V.37
V.38
V.39
V.40
V.41
V.42
V.43
V.44
V.45
V.46
V.47
V.48
V.49
V.50
V.51
V.52
V.53
V.54
V.55
V.56
V.57
V.58
VI.1
VI.2
VI.3
VI.4
VI.5
VI.6
VI.7
VI.8
VI.9
VI.10
VI.11
VI.12
VI.13
VI.14
VI.15
VI.16
VI.17
VI.18
VI.19
VI.20
VI.21
VI.22
VI.23
VI.24
VI.25
VI.26
VI.27
VI.28
VI.29
VI.30
VI.31
VI.32
VI.33
VI.34
VI.35
VI.36
VI.37
VI.38
VI.39
VI.40
VI.41
VI.42
VI.43
VI.44
VII.1
VII.2
VII.3
VII.4
VII.5
VII.6
VII.7
VII.8
VII.9
VII.10
VII.11
VII.12
VII.13
VII.14
VII.15
VII.16
VII.17
VII.18
VII.19
VII.20
VII.21
VII.22
VII.23
VII.24
VII.25
VII.26
VII.27
VII.28
VII.29
VII.30
VII.31
VII.32
VII.33
VII.34
VII.35
VII.36
VII.37
VII.38
VII.39
VII.40
VII.41
VII.42
VII.43
VII.44
VII.45
VII.46
VII.47
VII.48
VII.49
VII.50
VII.51
VII.52
VII.53
VII.54
VII.55
VII.56
VII.57
VII.58
VII.59
VII.60
VII.61
VII.62
VII.63
VII.64
VII.65
VII.66
VII.67
VII.68
VII.69
VII.70
VII.71
VII.72
VII.73
VII.74
VII.75
VII.76
VII.77
VII.78
VII.79
VII.80
VII.81
VII.82
VII.83
VII.84
VII.85
VII.86
VII.87
VII.88
VII.89
VII.90
VIII.0
VIII.1
VIII.2
VIII.3
VIII.4
VIII.5
VIII.6
VIII.7
VIII.8
VIII.9
VIII.10
VIII.11
VIII.12
VIII.13
VIII.14
VIII.15
VIII.16
VIII.17
VIII.18
VIII.19
VIII.20
VIII.21
VIII.22
VIII.23
VIII.24
VIII.25
VIII.26
VIII.27
VIII.28
VIII.29
VIII.30
VIII.31
VIII.32
VIII.33
VIII.34
VIII.35
VIII.36
VIII.37
VIII.38
VIII.39
VIII.40
VIII.41
VIII.42
VIII.43
VIII.44
VIII.45
VIII.46
VIII.47
VIII.48
VIII.49
VIII.50
VIII.51
VIII.52
VIII.53
VIII.54
VIII.55